Currently, soil heavy metal contamination is a severe issue, particularly with Cd pollution. The metal tolerance protein (MTP) proteins, as plant divalent cation transporters, play a crucial role in the transport and tolerance of heavy metals in plants. This study conducted comprehensive identification and characterization of the MTP gene family in the tulip. A total of 11 TgMTP genes were identified and phylogenetically classified into three subfamilies. Conserved motif and gene structure analyses unveiled commonalities and variations among subfamily members. Expression profiling demonstrated several TgMTPs were markedly upregulated under Cd exposure, including the TgMTP7.1. Heterologous expression in yeast validated that TgMTP7.1 could ameliorate Cd sensitivity and enhance its tolerance. These results provide primary insights into the MTP gene family in tulip. Phylogenetic relationships and functional analyses establish a framework for elucidating the transporters and molecular mechanisms governing Cd accumulation and distribution in tulip. Key TgMTPs identified, exemplified by TgMTP7.1, may illuminate molecular breeding efforts aimed at developing Cd-tolerant cultivars for the remediation of soil Cd contamination.

Tulip cut flowers are mainly produced through hydroponic cultivation. The accumulation of nutrient substances in hydroponic solution generally resulted in ion stress and osmotic stress, which in turn affected the growth and ornamental characteristics of tulip plants. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the salt stress sensitivities of tulip cultivated varieties. The results indicated that most of tulip cultivars showed relatively high sensitivity to low concentrations of NaCl treatment, while the root growth and floral stalk elongation were significantly inhibited by 15 mM NaCl and flowering opening was completely prevented under 75 mM NaCl conditions. Salt stress caused differential accumulations of osmotic regulators including proline, soluble sugars and ions concentrations between two contrasting varieties. We further identified the function of TgPYR1-like8 which showed differential expression patterns among tulip cultivars and displayed the most expression abundance in flower petals. TgPYR1-like8 over expressed Arabidopsis lines showed hypersensitivity to salt treatment during seed germination and young seedlings growth when compared with wild-type plant. Transient silencing of endogenous TgPYR1-like8 in tulip petal discs decreased salt sensitivity and delayed salt-induced petal senescence. These findings provide evidences for revealing the function of TgPYR1-like8 in tulip salt stress responses and more clues on how to improve the hydroponic cultivation of different tulip varieties.

老鸦瓣[Amana edulis(Miq.)Honda]为百合科(Liliaceae)郁金香属(Tulipa)的一种多年生球根花卉,主要分布于江西、浙江、湖北、安徽、江苏、陕西、山东、辽宁等地.去除鳞茎皮后的干燥鳞茎即为中药"光慈姑",是中国传统的中药材.目前,研究者对老鸦瓣的研究主要集中在分类、生理、组培、栽培及繁殖等方面,对其药用成分的研究较少,尤其对分布在辽宁的老鸦瓣的营养成分和生物活性物质研究未见报道.为了探讨老鸦瓣的药食用开发价值,以分布在辽宁省大连市境内的老鸦瓣为试验材料,分别在萌芽期和盛花期取母鳞茎、在枯萎期和休眠期取更新鳞茎,进行了营养成分和生物活性物质含量测定.结果表明:老鸦瓣鳞茎中的蛋白质、淀粉、多糖、维生素C、钙和粗纤维等营养成分含量丰富.在萌芽期,母鳞茎维生素C含量最高,为488.513 μg·g-1,显著高于盛花期,极显著高于枯萎期和休眠期;在盛花期,钙和粗纤维含量最高,分别为1 333.412 μg·g-1和53.930 mg·g-1,两种物质含量均极显著高于其他3个时期;在休眠期,更新鳞茎的蛋白质、淀粉和多糖含量最高,分别为191.162,160.581,115.332 mg·g-1,其中,蛋白质含量显著高于萌芽期,极显著高于盛花期和枯萎期,淀粉和多糖2种物质含量均极显著高于其他3个时期.此外,鳞茎中还含有氨基酸、还原糖、皂苷、黄酮、鞣质、脂肪、铁、锌及秋水仙碱等成分,其中,秋水仙碱在不同时期的含量为0.067～0.094 μg·g-1.综上,老鸦瓣鳞茎含有丰富的营养成分和多种药用成分,具有较高的药食用开发潜力.

Interspecific hybridization is an important means of breeding new cultivars with novel characteristics introduced from their parents. The interspecific hybridization was carried out between five tulip cultivars 'Heart of Poland', 'Golden Parade', 'Purple Dream', 'Crystal Star', 'Bolroyal Dream' and wild specie Tulipa altaica. In five combinations, the compatibility was observed including pollen germinability, stigma receptivity, fruit-setting, hybrid seed germination and bulblet formation in this paper. The results showed that T. altaica has the highest germination rate (69.58%) compared with any other parents. The highest stigmatic receptivity of five female cultivars was recorded on 10:00 am one day after flowering. The crosses of 'Heart of Poland' x T. altaica and 'Bolroyal Dream' x T. altaica displayed a higher percentage of fruit setting with 79.32 and 82.23%, respectively. A total of 698 hybrid seeds were obtained from interspecific hybridization combinations, including 'Heart of Poland' x T. altaica, 'Purple dream' x T. altaica and 'Bolroyal Dream' x T. altaica. In contrast, other two crosses were completely unsuccessful when 'Golden Parade' and 'Crystal Star' were used as female parents. The higher rates of seed germination and bulblet formation were recorded in two crosses with 63.45 and 55.63% in 'Heart of Poland' x T. altaica, 58.35 and 61.88% in 'Bolroyal Dream' x T. altaica. The results of this paper could provide some useful information about the interspecific cross between T. altaica and tulip cultivars.

To investigate the cold response mechanism and low temperature regulation of flowering in tulips, this study identified 32 MADS-box transcription factor family members in tulips based on full-length transcriptome sequencing, named TgMADS1-TgMADS32. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes can be divided into two classes: type I and type II. Structural analysis showed that TgMADS genes from different subfamilies have a similar distribution of conserved motifs. Quantitative real-time PCR results demonstrated that some TgMADS genes (e.g., TgMADS3, TgMADS15, TgMADS16, and TgMADS19) were significantly upregulated in buds and stems under cold conditions, implying their potential involvement in the cold response of tulips. In summary, this study systematically identified MADS family members in tulips and elucidated their evolutionary relationships, gene structures, and cold-responsive expression patterns, laying the foundation for further elucidating the roles of these transcription factors in flowering and the cold adaptability of tulips.

郁金香是风靡世界的球根花卉,既可以做鲜切花、盆花生产,又可以用于园林绿化和庭院居室的美化.随着我国鲜切花市场日趋成熟,郁金香切花的需求量也呈逐年上升的趋势.传统的郁金香切花集中在春节前上市,往往由于供过于求而出现价格下跌的情况,且郁金香花期较短、不宜长时间贮存,一旦滞销会给花农花企造成极大的损失.因此,开展郁金香切花周年生产技术的研究,可以有效延长郁金香切花的上市时期,实现切花的周年供应.

为克服郁金香种间杂交障碍,提高杂交结实率,以野生种阿尔泰郁金香(Tulipa altaica)为父本,以栽培品种爱斯基摩首领、世界真爱和纯金为母本进行种间杂交,研究了不同授粉处理和不同植物生长调节剂处理对种间杂交亲和性的影响.结果表明,不同杂交组合及处理对郁金香种间杂交结实率影响较大.在正常授粉条件下,以世界真爱和纯金为母本的2个杂交组合子房不能膨大,以爱斯基摩首领为母本的杂交组合子房膨大率为20.00％,但未能获得杂交种子.蕾期授粉对克服郁金香种间杂交障碍效果不明显,3个杂交组合子房均未膨大,未能获得杂交种子.延期授粉、刮伤柱头后授粉、植物生长调节剂处理等对克服种间杂交障碍具有一定的积极作用,其中,以二倍体爱斯基摩首领为母本时,延期授粉和刮伤柱头后授粉2个处理分别获得杂交种子26、19粒,结实率分别为13.33％、6.67％,有胚率分别为42.31％、21.05％;以三倍体世界真爱和纯金为母本时,虽然各处理的子房均有一定比例膨大,但都未获得种子,表明不同倍性之间的种间杂交存在更严重的杂交障碍.

郁金香为名贵的早春观赏花卉,研究沈阳地区郁金香露地栽培技术有利于其在沈阳地区的推广应用.该文以9个郁金香品种为材料,开展栽培试验.栽培结果显示,郁金香抗寒性较强,在沈阳地区能露地安全越冬,生长发育正常,并能正常开花.总结了郁金香在沈阳地区露地栽培的品种选择、栽培前准备、种球栽植、栽培后管理等关键技术,可为郁金香在沈阳地区的引种栽培提供参考.

[目的]为了提高郁金香植株生长势和种球繁殖质量,开展不同浓度正根源生物菌肥对郁金香生物学性状和种球繁殖的影响研究.[方法]以郁金香主栽品种'紫旗'和'纯金'为试验材料,采用叶面喷施和灌根2种方法,分别于展叶期和摘除花蕾后施用正根源生物菌肥,正根源生物菌肥浓度设25倍、50倍、100倍、150倍、300倍和500倍6个梯度,以清水为对照,研究对郁金香生物性状的影响.[结果]施用300倍和150倍的正根源生物菌肥能够明显提高'紫旗'和'纯金'植株的生长势,并促进种球发育,提高种球繁殖质量,灌根对郁金香植株生物学性状和种球繁育的效果优于叶面喷施.[结论]正根源生物菌肥对郁金香植株生长和种球繁殖具有明显的促进作用.

以“白梦”“塞克”“逃离”等15个郁金香品种为试材,以留地栽培1年植株为对照,通过对留地栽培5年植株生物学性状和种球繁育的调查,研究了多年留地栽培后不同郁金香品种的退化情况,以期为辽宁地区郁金香品种引进和种球扩繁提供参考依据.结果 表明:经过5年留地栽培,“牛津精华”未出现退化现象,开花植株数量增加了100％,株高、叶宽等5个性状指标与对照差异不显著,收获的种球总数为144个,周径≥11 cm的种球数量达到30个;“白梦”“塞克”“逃离”“国王的礼物”“比赛”5个品种退化程度较轻,开花植株数量减少了10％～20％,至少4个性状指标与对照差异不显著;“普瑞斯玛”“金阿波罗”“撒哈拉赛车”3个品种退化较重,开花植株数量分别减少90％、80％和70％,但“金阿波罗”获得的种球总数最多,达到153个;“小黑人”“阿波罗”“斯纳达之爱”“朱迪思”“构思的印记”“里约嘉年华”6个品种退化严重,其中,“小黑人”和“阿波罗”2个品种种球全部消失,其它4个品种植株矮小,无开花植株.

郁金香是百合科郁金香属多年生草本植物,是世界著名的球根花卉,是花海最常用的植物材料,近年来越来越受到人们关注.该文综述了郁金香的起源、分类和我国分布的重要种质资源,介绍了近年来应用多种手段进行郁金香育种所取得的研究进展,并对今后郁金香资源的利用与育种方向进行了展望,为我国优异的野生郁金香种质资源的开发、保护和利用提出了思路.

郁金香因花色艳丽,花型优美,深受各国人民的喜爱.我国在20世纪末开始从国外进口郁金香种球,且引进数量呈逐年上升趋势,1992年进口种球约300万粒,2000年增至4000万粒,2005年达到1.5亿粒,目前年进口量已超过了4亿粒.郁金香已成为我国园艺博览会和园林造景中不可缺少的花卉种类.但在郁金香绿化应用中存在着栽培管理不到位,不同地区的景观效果参差不齐等问题,降低了郁金香观赏效果,增加了郁金香绿化应用的成本.因此,提高绿化郁金香的栽培管理技术,可以进一步提高郁金香的栽培质量,发挥郁金香在园林景观绿化中的价值.

The innate physiological dormancy of Tulipa thianschanica seeds ensures its survival and regeneration in the natural environment. However, the low percentage of germination restricts the establishment of its population and commercial breeding. To develop effective ways to break dormancy and improve germination, some important factors of seed germination of T. thianschanica were tested, including temperature, gibberellin (GA3) and/or kinetin (KT), cold stratification and sowing depth. The percentage of germination was as high as 80.7% at a constant temperature of 4 °C, followed by 55.6% at a fluctuating temperature of 4/16 °C, and almost no seeds germinated at 16 °C, 20 °C and 16/20 °C. Treatment with exogenous GA3 significantly improved the germination of seeds, but KT had a slight effect on the germination of T. thianschanica seeds. The combined treatment of GA3 and KT was more effective at enhancing seed germination than any individual treatment, and the optimal hormone concentration for the germination of T. thianschanica seeds was 100 mg/L GA3 + 10 mg/L KT. In addition, it took at least 20 days of cold stratification to break the seed dormancy of T. thianschanica. The emergence of T. thianschanica seedlings was the highest with 82.4% at a sowing depth of 1.5 cm, and it decreased significantly at a depth of >3.0 cm. This study provides information on methods to break dormancy and promote the germination of T. thianschanica seeds.

我国是郁金香消费大国,但郁金香产业应用的品种和种球基本上依赖国外进口,自主知识产权品种匮乏和配套栽培技术落后,制约了我国郁金香产业发展.为此,辽宁省农业科学院郁金香团队经过近20年的不懈努力,建成了“中国郁金香种质资源库” (2016年中国花卉协会认定),成为目前国内最全的郁金香基因库.辽宁省在郁金香种质收集、资源保存、遗传进化、优异种质发掘、种质创新以及配套栽培技术等方面做了大量的研究工作,为我国郁金香种质创新和产业升级做出了贡献,取得了一系列丰硕成果.

The interspecific hybridization was performed between five tulip cultivars, including ‘Judith Leyster,’ ‘World’s Favorite,’ ‘Heart of Poland,’ ‘Crispa Fabio’ and ‘Jumbo Pink,’ and five wild species, including Tulipa thianschanica Regel, T. sinkiangensis Z. M. Mao, T. altaica Pall. ex Spreng, T. buhseana Boiss. and T. schrenkii Regel., to explore the cross-compatibility between tulip cultivars and wild species. In this experiment, pollen size and germinability, pollen storage life, stigma receptivity, fruit-setting, hybrid seed germination and bulblet formation were observed. The chromosome count and karyotype of hybrids were also examined. The results showed that T. altaica and five cultivars had closer genetic relationship than the other four wild species. Among the five wild Tulipa species T. altaica has the largest pollen and the highest germination rate (65.23%) compared with any other four species. The pollen viability of all five pollen parents decreased slowly across all stages at − 20 °C and decreased rapidly at 25 °C and 4 °C. A total of 1066 hybrids were obtained from interspecific hybridization combinations, including ‘Heart of Poland’ × T. thianschanica, ‘Heart of Poland’ × T. altaica, ‘Crispa Fabio’ × T. altaica, ‘Jumbo Pink’ × T. altaica, ‘Crispa Fabio’ × T. schrenkii and ‘Jumbo Pink’ × T. schrenkii. According to the chromosome count, approximately 20% and 12% aneuploidy hybrids were produced from ‘Heart of Poland’ (2n = 3x = 36) × T. thianschanica (2n = 2x = 24) and ‘Heart of Poland’ (2n = 3x = 36) × T. altaica (2n = 2x = 24), respectively, and the any other hybrids were diploid (2n = 24) in these two crosses. All the hybrids from crosses of diploid parents were diploid (2n = 24). Meanwhile, the karyotype characteristics of six parents and their six progenies were also elaborated, which had similar 3A and 3B karyotypes. The results of this study may facilitate tulip interspecific hybridization in the future.

郁金香是早春最重要的观赏花卉之一,其独特的花型、丰富的色彩越来越受到大众的喜爱.但我国应用的郁金香种球主要依靠进口,进口种球退化现象严重、种球贮藏越夏困难、成本较高等问题突出,因此郁金香的种球繁育复壮技术研究至关重要.该文综述了我国郁金香种球繁育、离体培养、种球复壮、种球收获及处理等研究,并结合荷兰郁金香种球生产情况,对我国郁金香种球国产化进行了展望,为我国郁金香产业发展提出了思路.

以郁金香品种“世界真爱”和“黄玉”为试材,采用低温处理的方法,研究了低温处理时间对植株生物学性状及种球繁殖的影响,以期探索出不同郁金香品种的最低需冷量,为郁金香盆花、切花周年生产提供参考依据.结果表明:“世界真爱”不经过低温处理(CK)的植株和低温处理2周的植株不能现蕾开花,低温处理4、6、8周的植株开花率分别为63.3％、80.0％、93.3％,低温处理10周,能够满足植株正常生长开花所需全部冷量,植株开花率同处理12周的植株开花率,均为100.0％;“黄玉”不经过低温处理(CK)的植株和低温处理2、4周的植株不能现蕾开花,低温处理6、8周的植株开花率分别为73.3％和83.3％,低温处理10周,能满足植株正常生长开花所需全部冷量,与处理12周的植株在开花率方面差异不显著,二者的开花率分别为96.7％和100.0％.低温处理不仅可以缩短郁金香生长周期,提高植株的生物学性状质量,而且能促进新球的形成和发育.随着低温处理时间的延长,“世界真爱”的种球繁殖系数由2.1增加至4.2,“黄玉”的种球繁殖系数由2.4增加至4.4.但对供试的2个品种植株而言,低温处理10周的植株,与处理12周的植株在开花、生物学性状和子球繁殖系数方面差异不明显.

以老鸦瓣、阿尔泰郁金香和准噶尔郁金香的种子、鳞茎、叶片及花茎为试材,研究我国野生郁金香的繁殖方法,以期为我国野生郁金香的利用提供参考依据.结果表明:种子繁殖是我国野生郁金香的主要繁殖方式,5℃低温能够促进老鸦瓣、阿尔泰郁金香和准噶尔郁金香种子的萌发,在培养皿试验中,萌发率分别达到75.6％、74.5％和70.1％;3种郁金香的种子播种在草炭土+细沙(2:1)的基质中萌发率最高,分别为50.5％、57.6％和68.3％;老鸦瓣的鳞茎是进行组织培养较为理想的外植体,接种在MS+TDZ 2.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.5 mg·L-1 +BA 1.0 mg·L-1培养基上时,诱导与分化率最高,分别为67.4％和72.4％;而阿尔泰郁金香和准噶尔郁金香的离体再生均很困难.

近年来,随着我国对郁金香需求量的增大,引进郁金香种球的数量也呈逐年上升的趋势,1992年进口种球约300万粒,1995年增至3000万粒,2000年近4000万粒,2005年达到1.5亿粒,目前年进口量超过3亿粒. 辽宁作为郁金香生产和消费的大省,已经从事郁金香栽培生产近20年.