Subtropical forests are highly productive and biodiverse, yet their highly weathered soils are frequently phosphorus (P) limited, rendering microbially mediated P mineralization critical for sustaining soil P availability. Rising atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition and intensified precipitation seasonality are expected to alter this microbial P supply pathway, with their effects strongly constrained by seasonal soil moisture conditions. However, the regulation of microbial P mineralization by the integration of phosphatase-functional communities, enzyme kinetics, and soil P fractions under combined N enrichment and seasonally reorganized rainfall regimes remains unclear. We conducted a factorial field experiment in a low-P subtropical forest, manipulating atmospheric N deposition and seasonal precipitation. The top 20 cm soil was sampled during the dry and wet seasons in the first two years of the experiment and assessed for microbial P mineralization by quantifying phoDharboring microbial communities, phosphatase kinetics, and soil P fractions. Soil P fractions and phoD-harboring microbial communities showed season-dependent responses. During the dry season, only precipitation reduction (PC) reduced moderately labile inorganic P (Pi); during the wet season, only N deposition reduced labile organic P (Po). For the phoD community, wet-season N deposition decreased gene abundance but increased network complexity (average clustering coefficient and centralization of betweenness), whereas dry-season PC increased average connectivity. No significant N & times; PC interaction was observed for P fractions, phoD abundance, or diversity in either season, but all network complexity metrics were significantly affected by the interaction. During the wet season, mediation analysis revealed a positive association between Vmax and labile Po (ACME = 2.15, p = 0.014), indicating that microbial responses tracked P availability rather than driving its decline. The net reduction of labile Po was explained by direct pathways (ADE = -6.48, p = 0.002). In contrast, dry-season precipitation reduction lowered Vmax, but Vmax did not mediate the reduction of moderately labile Pi (ACME = 0.0003, p = 0.552), suggesting drought acts through Vmax-independent pathways. Together, these findings demonstrate that climate and nutrient drivers regulate microbially mediated P cycling through distinct, seasonspecific pathways rather than uniform effects across the year in subtropical forest soils under ongoing global change.

Planktonic microorganisms play a central role in aquatic biogeochemical processes and are commonly divided into particle-attached (PA) and free-living (FL) fractions. Although these two lifestyles differ in ecological strategy, the contribution of plasmids to their niche differentiation remains poorly resolved. Here, we conducted a plasmid-centric metagenomic analysis of two anthropogenically impacted coastal ecosystems in South China, the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), and Daya Bay (DYB), to determine the environmental and biological drivers of plasmid diversity, and their functional potenitial. We found that plasmid diversity was jointly shaped by different fractions and environmental stressors. The PA fraction contained significantly higher plasmid abundance and richness than the FL fraction, and was enriched in multifunctional and conjugative plasmids. These plasmids were associated with genes adapting to the PA lifestyle or microenvironments, suggesting linkage between particle attachment and plasmid maintenance. Structural equation modeling indicated that different fractions shaped plasmid diversity primarily through biofilm-forming genes. Along an anthropogenic gradient from DYB to PRE, increasing pollution levels were accompanied by higher plasmid diversity and greater abundances of antibiotic and metal resistance genes. Plasmid diversity was strongly correlated with resistance gene abundance. The enrichment of transferable plasmids in the PA fraction, where cell densities are high and intercellular distances are close, suggested that particle-associated habitats favor genetic exchange and the persistence of resistance traits. Together, these results demonstrate that particle-associated microbial communities represent key reservoirs of plasmid diversity and resistance potential in coastal ecosystems and highlight the combined influence of lifestyles and anthropogenic stress on plasmid-mediated microbial adaptation. IMPORTANCE:Plasmids play an important role in microbial adaptation by mediating horizontal gene transfer, yet the ecological contexts that favor their persistence and diversification in natural environments remain poorly understood. This study showed that particle-attached microbial communities in coastal waters harbored substantially higher plasmid diversity and resistance potential than free-living communities, and that this enrichment is strongly linked to biofilm-associated traits. By demonstrating how particulate habitats and pollution gradients jointly shape plasmid diversity and resistance gene abundance, our findings identify particle-associated microenvironments as critical reservoirs for plasmid-mediated functions in coastal ecosystems. These results advance understanding of how microbial lifestyle and human activities influence microbial evolution and the environmental dissemination of resistance traits.

Organic semiconductor bulk-heterojunction nanoparticles have emerged as promising photocatalysts, due to their strong visible absorption in the Vis-NIR region, excellent optical/electronic adjustability, and spatially abundant interfaces for charge carrier separation. However, organic semiconductors generally suffer from inferior crystallinity and high lattice's susceptibility to molecular vibrations, which leads to the localization of separated charge carriers and severe recombination in nanoparticles, limiting the further improvement of photocatalytic H2 evolution rate. Herein, a methoxy-functionalized electron acceptor, ITIC-OMe, is developed and presents enhanced crystallinity, more compact molecular packing and weaker electron-phonon coupling, compared to the parent ITIC. This enables ZnTPP-3O:ITIC-OMe bulk-heterojunction nanoparticles to afford more ordered molecular stacking, reduced charge transfer resistance, and inhibited charge back transfer for triplet state formation, thereby suppressing charge carrier recombination and facilitating charge transport to the nanoparticle surface for proton reduction. Consequently, the photocatalyst based on ZnTPP-3O:ITIC-OMe bulk-heterojunction nanoparticles achieves an impressive hydrogen evolution rate up to 1017.7 mmol g-1 h-1 under AM 1.5G illumination, which is the record for organic photocatalysts so far. It highlights that suppressing charge carrier recombination via finely molecular design is a powerful route to enhance the photocatalytic H2 evolution performance.

Phototherapy has gained considerable attention in cancer treatment. Molecules with pronounced near-infrared (NIR) absorption are particularly advantageous for laser-induced phototherapy, as their NIR absorption enables deep tissue penetration while minimizing incidental damage to healthy tissues. In this study, we rationally designed and synthesized a non-fused ring A-D-A-type dye (T8IC4F) exhibiting both NIR absorption and fluorescence properties. Through self-assembly of T8IC4F with DSPE-PEG-NH2, water-dispersible nanoparticles (NPs) designated as C4@PEG were fabricated. The resulting C4@PEG NPs exhibit NIR absorption and NIR-II fluorescence properties and demonstrate significant therapeutic efficacy. Upon 808 nm laser irradiation (1 W cm-2), these NPs exhibit a singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yield of 25.9% and a photothermal conversion efficiency of 61%. These properties enable them to mediate both photodynamic and photothermal therapy, leading to robust antitumor efficacy. Moreover, C4@PEG NPs induce immunogenic cell death, facilitate the release of tumor antigens, and activate an antitumor immune response. These findings suggest that C4@PEG NPs could be applied in cancer phototherapy and immunotherapy.

Localized thermal discharge offers a natural analog for extreme warming, providing unique insights into how thermal stress shape microbial metabolism in coastal ecosystems. By examining taxonomic and functional dynamics across a pronounced thermal gradient (30-36°C), we identified a distinct transition near 33°C, marked by a systematic decline in phototrophic cyanobacteria (e.g., Synechococcus) and concurrent downregulation of genes involved in oxygenic photosynthesis and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle in subtropical Daya Bay. This phototrophic collapse coincided with enrichment of chemoautotrophic (Rhodobacteraceae, Halieaceae) and heterotrophic (SAR11 Ia) lineages, alongside upregulation of energy-efficient chemolithoautotrophic pathways (Wood-Ljungdahl and HP/HB cycle). This metabolic transition near 33°C was reinforced by enhanced energy-generating metabolism (glycolysis, TCA cycle, β-oxidation), dissimilatory nitrogen/sulfur reduction (DNRA: narH/nirB/nirD; DSR: aprA/aprB), and thiosulfate oxidation (SOX: soxY/soxZ/soxD), accelerating nutrient cycling. Microbial adaptation was further reinforced by the upregulation of thermal stress-response genes, including hspR, hspQ, rpoH, and cytochrome oxidases. Collectively, local seawater warming induces a survival strategy prioritizing energy conservation and chemotrophy over phototrophic carbon fixation, reprogramming ecosystem function at the expense of primary production and carbon sequestration while accelerating nitrogen/sulfur turnover. This metabolic transition underscores microbial plasticity but signals vulnerability in critical coastal blue carbon sinks under thermal stress.

The limited charge carrier diffusion length of organic photovoltaic materials cannot afford separated charge carriers to efficiently diffuse to be collected at electrodes, which impedes the further enhancement of power conversion efficiencies of organic solar cells. Herein, a giant-molecule electron acceptor with heavy atoms, viz. GMA-Se-Cl, is developed and incorporated into L8-BO to prolong charge carrier diffusion length and improve power conversion efficiencies via taking advantage of giant molecules and heavy-atom effects. Introducing GMA-Se-Cl endows L8-BO:GMA-Se-Cl with a lower molecular diffusion coefficient, suppressed molecular thermal motion, and higher crystallinity, compared with the pristine L8-BO. Such enables L8-BO:GMA-Se-Cl to afford weaker electron-phonon coupling, reduced Huang-Rhys factor, and lower trap density, thus contributing to enhanced charge carrier mobilities and lifetime for the prolonged charge carrier diffusion length. It helps to inhibit charge carrier recombination and facilitate charge transport in devices. Therefore, D18:L8-BO:GMA-Se-Cl based organic solar cells achieve a higher power conversion efficiency of 20.24%, compared with D18:L8-BO based ones (18.50%). It indicates that introducing giant-molecule acceptors with heavy atoms is an efficient strategy to restrain molecular thermal motion and electron-phonon coupling for prolonged charge carrier diffusion length and thus boost power conversion efficiencies of organic solar cells.

The laggard advancement in electron transport layer materials is one of the bottleneck problems, impeding the further improvement of photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Fullerene derivatives are widely used as electron transport layer materials for PSCs, but significant imperfections remain unresolved. Herein, an efficient and facile method was developed to prepare isomer-free multi-adduct fullerene derivatives, C60(NHR)4O, with high yield and meet the multifunctional requirements of electron transport layer materials of PSCs. Among the multi-adduct fullerene derivatives, tetra[methyl 2-amino-3-(thiophen-2-yl)propanoate]C60 epoxide (TATPC) was selected to incorporate into PCBM as an electron transport material for PSCs. Benefiting from multi-adduct groups, TATPC presents a higher LUMO energy level, superior passivation capability, and stronger interaction with perovskite than the classical PCBM. It enables PCBM:TATPC to afford improved coverage and a smoother surface, increased contact potential difference, reduced trap density, higher electron mobility, and inhibited self-aggregation, thus facilitating electron extraction, suppressing charge carrier recombination, and enhancing durability for PSCs. Therefore, PCBM:TATPC-based PSCs achieve an impressive efficiency of 26.66% (25.81% for devices with an area of 1.04 cm2) with enhanced operational stability. This work highlights an efficient molecular design strategy to develop isomer-free multi-adduct fullerenes and thus regulate the electron transport layer for high-efficiency and stable PSCs.

Coral reef ecosystems are facing increasing environmental and anthropogenic pressures worldwide. Their health and prosperity depend, at least partly, on the surrounding water environment, where the free-living (FL) and particle-attached (PA) bacterial communities play essential yet distinct ecological roles. However, these communities' distributions and variations across coral reef ecosystems with large environmental and anthropogenic gradients remain scarcely understood. In this study, we investigated FL and PA communities in coral reef waters from three regions of the South China Sea (SCS): Hainan, ZhongXisha, and Nansha. Among the various factors influencing bacterial communities, the region exhibited the greatest impact when compared to lifestyle (PA versus FL) and layer (surface versus bottom water). The Hainan waters exhibited higher contents of total organic carbon (TOC) and ammonia yet lower temperature, which likely contributes to the higher alpha diversity and the increase of Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. While stochastic processes showed dominance for communities' assembly, the relative importance of homogeneous selection increased particularly for the Hainan PA community. Network analyses showed that the Hainan PA community network was more complex and densely connected than other community networks. The anthropogenic (TOC and ammonia as proxies) and environmental contexts in the region of Hainan may elevate the robustness of the PA network but reduce that of the FL network. In conclusion, our results indicated that the regional environmental heterogeneity under contrasting anthropogenic pressures had differential effects on PA than FL bacteria communities in coral reef waters, which may provide clues for understanding ecosystem resilience and targeted management strategies for coral reef conservation.IMPORTANCEParticle-attached (PA) and free-living (FL) represent two basic lifestyles for waterborne bacteria. While the knowledge about their differences in community diversity, assembly processes, and network structure is increasing, their variations and responsive patterns in coral reef waters in a large area with environmental heterogeneity and anthropogenic pressure differences remain scarcely understood. Here, we investigated their community dynamics in coral reef waters in the South China Sea. We found that the regional environmental heterogeneity had more prominent effects on PA than FL communities. In Hainan waters with lower temperature and higher contents of TOC and ammonia-N, the PA other than FL communities showed a more connected and robust network structure. The rich organics and specialized microniches within particles might help PA communities adapt and resist environmental perturbations under high anthropogenic pressure. Our results would help provide insights into understanding ecosystem resilience and inform targeted management strategies for coral reef conservation.

Non-fused ring electron acceptors (NFREAs) promise to meet the requirement of scale-up fabrication of organic solar cells (OSCs), due to potentially lower synthetic complexity and cost. Nevertheless, the rotational conjugated backbone and weak intermolecular interaction negatively impact the molecular stacking of NFREAs, leading to inferior photovoltaic performance, compared to their fused counterparts. Herein, an NFREA, TTIC-PhX, having asymmetric structure is developed to manipulate molecular conformation via replacing half of phenyl chains on TTIC-BPh with alkyls. The larger steric hindrance and superior flexibility of alkyl chains endow TTIC-PhX with improved molecular conformation modulation to achieve 3D packing model having more compact molecular stacking and stronger electronic coupling. TTIC-PhX presents larger dielectric constant and enhanced intramolecular/intermolecular interaction to afford weaker electron-phonon coupling and higher crystallinity, compared to TTIC-BPh. Thus, D18:TTIC-PhX based devices achieve lower trap density, higher mobilities, reduced charge recombination rate, and smaller recombination-to-extraction ratio to facilitate exciton dissociation and suppress charge recombination. Therefore, D18:TTIC-PhX based OSCs realize higher J SC and FF (81.05%, the record for NFREAs) for impressive power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 17.71%, among the highest values for NFREAs. It indicates that manipulating molecular conformation is an efficient strategy to regulate the molecular aggregation of NFREAs for higher PCEs.

The high synthesis complexity and production costs of organic photovoltaic materials hinder the commercial viability of organic solar cells (OSCs). In this work, two novel non-fused ring electron acceptors (NFREAs), A1C4 and A1C6 with simple molecular structure, were designed and synthesized by short synthetic route. After blended with the polymer electron donor PBDB-T, A1C6 forms a finer phase separation, leading to lower trap density and suppressed charge recombination. Thus, PBDB-T:A1C6 based OSCs exhibit enhanced exciton dissociation and charge transport. Consequently, PBDB-T:A1C6-based OSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.73 %, significantly outperforming A1C4-based devices (9.95 %). Furthermore, ternary OSCs based on D18:L8-BO:A1C6 provide a striking PCE as high as 19.40 %, which is among the highest values for OSCs involving NFREAs. This work indicates that fine-tuning alkyl side-chain length is an effective and easily accessible strategy to optimize the photovoltaic performance of NFREAs, providing a viable pathway toward the commercialization of OSCs.

The lower redox potential and higher theoretical specific capacity of the sodium metal anode make sodium metal batteries highly promising. However, the uneven plating/stripping behavior of sodium resulted in the growth of sodium dendrites and the decrease in Coulombic efficiency (CE). In this study, LiBF4 was used as an additive in an ether-based electrolyte. Theoretical calculations and experimental results demonstrate that the introduction of Li+ facilitates the formation of an electrostatic shielding effect and induces Na+ deposition, while the decomposition of BF4- forms inorganic salts such as NaF, which contribute to the formation of an ideal solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The Na||Na symmetric battery with the addition of LiBF4 achieved stable cycling for 3000 h at a current density of 1.0 mA cm-2. This study demonstrates the efficacy of LiBF4 as an electrolyte additive for sodium metal batteries, providing new insights into the advancement of sodium-based energy storage systems.

Microbial life-history strategies [inferred from ribosomal RNA operon (rrn) gene copy numbers] and associated genomic traits and metabolism potentials in soil significantly influence ecosystem properties and functions globally. Yet, the differences in microbial strategies and traits between disturbed (cropland) and pristine soils, along with their dominant driving factors, remain underexplored. Our large-scale survey of 153 sites, including 84 croplands and 69 pristine soils, combined with long-term field experiments demonstrates that cropland soils support microbial communities with more candidate r-strategies characterized by higher rrn copy numbers and genomic traits conducive to rapid resource utilization. Conversely, pristine soils tend to host communities aligned with more candidate K-strategies marked by high resource use potentials. Elevated nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels in cropland soils emerge as key factors promoting these candidate r-strategies, overshadowing the influence of organic carbon content, soil structure, or climatic conditions. Results from four long-term field experiments also corroborate that sustained N and P inputs significantly elevate rrn copy numbers, favoring these candidate r-strategists. Our findings highlight that land use and fertilization practices critically shape microbial life-history strategies, with nutrient availability being a decisive factor in increasing the r-strategists in cropland soils.IMPORTANCEMicrobial life-history strategies and genomic traits are key determinants shaping the response of populations to environmental impacts. In this paper, 84 cropland and 69 pristine soil samples were studied, and microorganisms in two ecosystems were categorized into two types of ecological groups using the classical copiotroph-oligotroph dichotomy, promoting a general understanding of the ecological roles of microorganisms. This study is the first to investigate the microbial life-history strategies under different land uses across five climatic zones in China. The results showed that the microbes in cropland soils are more copiotrophic than pristine soils. It also demonstrates that elevated levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in cropland soils are the key factors promoting these r-strategies. This observation emphasizes the critical role of nutrient management in shaping microbial community dynamics and ecosystem functioning and lays the foundation for predicting the response of microbial community composition under resource perturbation.

IntroductionMollusk shells represent a major substrate for the colonization of microbial communities and the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. However, our knowledge of the shell microbiome is very limited.MethodsHere, we selected Bellamya aeruginosa and Corbicula fluminea as two types of snails and clams, respectively, to explore their shell epiphytic bacteria by 16S amplicon sequencing.ResultsWe found different shell bacterial communities between snails and clams, which were also distinct from those in the surrounding environment. Source tracking analysis indicated that snail-shell bacteria were mostly derived from sediments, whereas clamshells originated from tissues. There was a site-specific difference in the shell bacteria within the habitat. Temporal variation in clamshell bacteria was observed, but not in snail shells, which corresponds to their source dynamics in the water column and stable surface sediment bacterial communities, respectively. The genus Nitrospira is mostly enriched in shell bacteria, particularly in eutrophic lakes. Taxa related to carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling were recognized as the keystone species in the co-occurrence network associated with the shell surface. Our results demonstrate that mollusk shells represent a unique ecological niche for microbiomes in aquatic ecosystems and may serve as hotspots for biogeochemical cycling.

A photosensitizer that exhibits high singlet oxygen (1O2) generation efficiency under moderate aggregation holds promise for combined photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy. Here, we develop a phenoxazine-modified helical boron-dipyrromethene (PH-BODIPY) and manipulate its aggregation state to enhance the 1O2 generation efficiency. It demonstrates that under the moderately aggregated state, PH-BODIPY affords the highest 1O2 generation capability with a quantum yield of 53%. This is due to the inhibition of nonradiative transition and the reduction of the energy gap between the lowest singlet state and the triplet excited state. This unique property enables PH-BODIPY to persist with excellent 1O2 production capability when assembled with a chemotherapeutic drug, such as tamoxifen (TAM). By finely regulating the molar ratio of TAM and PH-BODIPY to 3:7 to optimize molecular aggregation, the resulting nanoparticles (NPs) achieve a 1O2 quantum yield of 55%. Subsequently, these NPs are successfully applied in the combined PDT and chemotherapy of tumor mice. This study highlights the design and aggregation-state regulation of a photosensitizer for enhanced photodynamic activity, paving the way for the development of combined chemotherapy strategies.

The individual effects of N deposition and changes in precipitation pattern (PC) on soil microbial community composition and activity have been extensively studied, but the combined effects of the two global change factors have rarely been detected. We conducted a randomized complete block experiment (n = 4) in a subtropical forest to reveal how soil enzyme kinetics and microbial composition would respond to N addition (100 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and shift in the seasonal precipitation pattern (PC: − 67

Particle-attached bacterial (PAB) communities play pivotal roles in water organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling, and the natural self-purification processes. However, we know little about their responses to seasonal environmental fluctuations, under eutrophication in reservoir ecosystems. In this study, we studied the shifts of PAB communities to seasonal environmental fluctuations in tropical China. Trophic state index (TSI) indicated that the studied reservoirs ranged from mesotrophic to eutrophic state with a gradual increase in TSI from 31 to 58. In eutrophic reservoirs, Cyanobacteria, especially Raphidiopsis raciborskii, significantly increased in its relative abundance from the wet to dry season, but Synechococcales and Microcystaceae decreased. In contrast, the relative abundance of Clostridia, Bacilli, Coriobacteriia, Enterobacteriales, and Vibrionales were more susceptible to seasonal environmental fluctuations in mesotrophic than eutrophic reservoirs. PAB co-occurrence relationships in mesotrophic reservoirs varied more greatly in response to seasonal environmental fluctuations, compared with eutrophic reservoirs, in terms of topological properties of connectedness, average degree, robustness, and vulnerability. Our results further demonstrated that the seasonal stability of PAB co-occurrence relationships was strongly correlative with TSI through mediating key bacterial taxa and community biodiversity. We proposed that eutrophication dramatically reduced the seasonal variation of PAB community compositions and co-occurring relationships in reservoir ecosystems. Eutrophication dramatically reduced the seasonal variation of particle-attached bacterial communities and destroyed the composition succession of particle-attached bacterial communities in reservoir ecosystems.

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of an organic solar cell (OSC) mainly depends on the chemical structures and intrinsic properties of its active layer materials. The development of new nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) has significantly boosted the PCEs of OSCs over the last decade. Herein, two carbon-oxygen-bridged fused nonacyclic donor units were developed to synthesize two NFAs, namely TTPIC-Ar and iTTPIC-Ar, respectively. The PM6:iTTPIC-Ar blend film displays clearer phase separation with subtler and narrower nanofiber structure, which shortens the exciton diffusion distance to donor/acceptor interfaces, reduces trap density and improves charge carrier mobilities in its devices, compared with the PM6:TTPIC-Ar counterpart. These features help to achieve a higher exciton dissociation probability and to inhibit charge carrier recombination, leading higher short-circuit current density and fill factor values for its OSCs. As a result, the PM6:iTTPIC-Ar-based OSC shows a higher PCE, of 12.80%, than PM6:TTPIC-Ar-based one. Our work demonstrates that designing fused ring donor units is an efficient strategy for developing high-performance NFAs and thus further improving the PCEs of OSCs.

Solar-driven water evaporation, especially for seawater desalination, is promising for sustainable purification. However, the demand for cost-effective, high-performance photothermal materials, and scalable evaporator designs is often overlooked. Here, we successfully assembled the organic photothermal cocrystal DTQ (1,5-DAP-TCNQ), utilizing charge-transfer (CT) interactions directly between donors (D) and acceptors (A). The strong CT interactions enable broad light absorption range extending to the second near-infrared region (up to 2400 nm) and facilitates ultrafast non-radiative transitions, exhibiting superior photothermal conversion properties (similar to 120 degrees C@808 nm). Incorporating DTQ into a three-dimensional (3D) porous Janus interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) achieves a remarkable evaporation efficiency of 2.3 kg m(-2)h(-1) using real seawater (Bohai, China) under 1 sun (100 mW cm(-2)), exceeding the thermodynamic limit and representing the highest reported value for a single organic cocrystal-based evaporator. Moreover, extended outdoor experiments validate the practical viability of this approach.

The low open-circuit voltage (VOC) imposed by the large energy loss, especially non-radiative recombination energy loss (Delta Enr), accounts for the behindhand power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs), compared to those of silicon/perovskite solar cells. Hence, it is vital to reduce Delta Enr to remedy the gap and further improve the PCEs. Herein, two terpolymer donors, DQ20 and DQ40, are developed via introducing a dimethyl dithieno[3,2-f:2 ',3 '-h]quinoxaline-2,3-dicarboxylate unit (TQC) into the backbone of D18 in consideration of the features of TQC. The introduction of TQC endows DQ20 and DQ40 with down-shifted energy levels and improved miscibility with the electron acceptor, L8-BO. As a result, the VOC increases from D18:L8-BO (0.895 V) to DQ20:L8-BO (0.906 V) to DQ40:L8-BO (0.920 V)-based OSCs, mainly ascribed to the gradually decreased Delta Enr. Moreover, the DQ20:L8-BO blend film exhibits fine phase separation with ordered molecular stacking, and thus achieves the highest charge carrier mobility and weakest charge recombination in devices for the best JSC (27.11 mA cm-2) and FF (78.73%). Consequently, DQ20:L8-BO based OSCs afford a higher PCE of 19.35%, compared with D18:L8-BO and DQ40:L8-BO counterparts. This work demonstrates that ternary copolymerization is an effective strategy to realize suppressed Delta Enr and high efficiency via finely tuning the energy level offset and miscibility between the donor and acceptor.

Immuno-photothermal therapy (IPTT) has emerged as a promising cancer treatment strategy. Developing photothermal agents (PTAs) with high performance is crucial in IPTT. Herein, a facile and efficient strategy is developed to enhance the photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of PTAs via multifluorination. Four BODIPY-based PTAs with different fluorine atoms, viz. B-0F, B-1F, B-3F, and B-5F, are developed. Increasing fluorination atoms on BODIPY not only red-shifts the absorption/emission wavelengths (B-5F: 786/940 nm) and improves the molar extinction coefficient but also facilitates the nonradiative transition for enhancing PCE. Hydrophobic B-5F was nanoassembled with PF-127, achieving water-dispersible nanoparticles (NPs) with a remarkable PCE of 67.4%. Under 808 nm laser irradiation, B-5F NPs demonstrate potent photothermal tumor ablation while inducing immunogenic cell death with the release of a damage-associated molecular pattern, resulting in significant tumor growth suppression. This work highlights a valuable approach to design efficient PTAs for IPTT of tumors.