The behavioral effects of α-synuclein oligomers were studied at various times after its chronic intranasal administration to 75-day-old C57BL/6J mice in comparison with the dynamics of changes in the transcriptional activity of caspases genes (Casp9, Casp8, and Casp3) in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum. The negative effects of α-synuclein oligomers on exploratory activity and short-term memory in the novel object recognition test were most pronounced after 90 days from the end of administration, while after 1 and 270 days, partial compensation of the studied cognitive functions was observed. Analysis of the expression of caspase genes suggests that early compensatory mechanisms are associated with suppression of the effector caspase-3 gene expression along with increased activity of the genes encoding initiator caspases-9 and -8. Late compensation processes are associated with a decrease in the activity of initiator caspases in the frontal cortex and cerebellum.

Technical solution were presented for a foil spectrometer installed on the Globus-M2 and TUMAN-3M tokamaks for measuring the electron plasma temperature. Measurements have been carried out of the time dependence of the plasma temperature in the central region of tokamaks. Using of integrated photodetectors and unique beryllium foils with a thickness of 14-80 μm made it possible to increase the sensitivity of the spectrometer. An important quality of the foils used were the increased values of strength, plasticity, homogeneity, and the absence of surface and internal defects. The combined use of the spectrometer with Thomson scattering diagnostics made it possible to carry out regular temperature measurements in the Globus-M2 tokamak with a high spatial and temporal resolution. The influence of impurities is estimated on the measurement of the electron temperature of the plasma. Keywords: foil spectrometry, tokamak, plasma, continuum, bremsstrahlung, electron temperature, soft-X-Ray, Si-photodiode.

A technique is proposed for determining the temperature of a laser diode operating in a continuous mode, as well as thermal resistance of the device by comparing its current-voltage characteristic with pulsed current-voltage characteristics measured at different temperatures. The technique was applied to a ∅200 μm half-disk microlaser with an active region based on InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots. It was found that at currents corresponding to the peak laser power and lasing quenching due to overheating of the active region, the device temperature reaches 101 and 149°C, respectively. The thermal resistance of the laser is 110 K/W.

Here, we present data on the collective of researchers, main research areas, methods, and results of studies performed in the Laboratory of Problems of Functional Neurochemistry, established in 1967 at the Department of Normal Physiology of the Sechenov First Moscow Medical Institute on the initiative of its Head, Academician P.K. Anokhin. In 1974, the Laboratory of Problems of Functional Neurochemistry was included in the Research Institute of Normal Physiology of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR established according to the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and later on, named after P.K. Anokhin. Studies performed in the Laboratory were additionally developed at the Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology.

An avalanche silicon photodiode has been developed for the near IR, visible, UV and VUV light ranges. The external quantum efficiency has been studied in the 114–170 and 210–1100 nm ranges. It has been demonstrated that the avalanche photodiode reaches the quantum yield of 29 to 9300 electrons/photon at the 160 nm wavelength and bias voltage of 190–303 V, respectively.

The results of measurements of the radiation power of a vacuum (p-' 10-4 Pa) arc in the near infrared, visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum (200 nm < ? < 1100 nm) are presented. The arc burned on industrial AMF-electrodes with a diameter of 55 mm. The material of the electrodes was the CuCr30 composition. The arc was fed by a current pulse in the shape close to half of the industrial frequency sine wave (f = 50Hz). The radiation was output through one of the side windows of the vacuum chamber. The window was made of quartz KU-1. The radiation receiver was a silicon photodiode with a diameter of 1.2 mm, located outside the vacuum chamber on an axis intersecting with the axis of symmetry of the discharge in the center of the interelectrode gap. The signal from the photodiode was taken through an amplifier and recorded on an oscilloscope. Considering the spectral sensitivity of the diode, two series of measurements were made: measurements without a filter and through a ZhS-10 yellow filter that cuts off radiation with ? < 400 nm. The results obtained made it possible to analyze the dependence of the radiation power on the arc current at different stages of its development. The results showed that at high currents in the developed vacuum arc with anodic activity (eroding anode), a significant part (up to 15%) of the power released in the arc is transferred by radiation.

The activity in the open field, short- and long-term memory in the novel object recognition test, and gait features were evaluated in 6- and 12-month-old male C57BL/6 mice. The levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolites were determined in the cerebellum and frontal cortex. In the observed age range, a decrease in locomotion speed, impairment of gait initiation and stability, and long-term memory deficit were revealed. In the cerebral cortex, reduced levels of dopamine and its metabolites and accelerated metabolism of all neurotransmitters under study were found. In the cerebellum, the content of all studied monoamines was elevated, while dopamine metabolism was decelerated. Analysis of correlations between the neurochemical and behavioral parameters showed that the mechanisms of compensation of brain functions during the early aging may be associated with an increase in activity of the monoaminergic systems in the cerebellum.

Avalanche silicon photodiode have been developted for near ir, visible, UV and VUV light range. External quantum efficiency have been studied in 114 - 170 abd 210 - 1100nm range. It is demonstrated that photodiode reach from 29 to 9300 electrons/photon on 160 nm with bias voltage of 190 and 303 v respectively.

Abstract —Parkinson’s disease is a widespread, progressive, age-related neurodegenerative disease. The neurochemical basis of motor and non-motor disorder in Parkinson’s disease is the dysfunction of many neurotransmitter systems of the brain and, first of all, the functional deficit and imbalance of monoaminergic systems, which result from the degradation and death of certain populations of nerve cells caused by misfolding of the α-synuclein protein and the action of its amyloidogenic neurotoxic conformations. Analysis of age-related changes in monoaminergic systems and the development of motor and non-motor disorders at the preclinical and clinical stages of the disease are of particular interest. We studied the effect of α-synuclein oligomers administered intranasally for 14 days on locomotor activity, emotional state, short- and long-term memory, and the content and metabolism of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum of male C57Bl/6 mice at the age of 3 months. In behavioral experiments, the following tests were used: “open field,” “novel object recognition,” “passive avoidance,” and “elevated plus maze.” The content of monoamines and their metabolites in the brain tissue of animals was determined by high performance liquid chromatography with electromagnetic detection. It was found that mice treated with α-synuclein oligomers showed manifestations of affective-like behavior with signs of apathy. The animals showed no disorders in motor activity, short-term and long-term memory, and no changes in anxiety level. Oligomers of α-synuclein caused a significant decrease in the content of dopamine and its metabolites DOPAC and HVA in the frontal cortex, as well as a decrease in the concentration of the dopamine metabolite, 3-MT, and opposite directed changes in serotonin and dopamine metabolism in the hippocampus. However, a significant increase in the content of 3-MT in the cerebellum was recorded. We performed comparative analysis of the data obtained in this work and the results of our previous study of the neurochemical and behavioral effects of α-synuclein oligomers in 6-month-old mice. The results indicate that oligomers of α‑synuclein, when administered chronically intranasally, induce non-motor disorders and neurochemical changes in mice of 3 months of age, which are also observed at the preclinical stage of PD.

An improved architecture of a hybrid matrix detector that operates in the vacuum ultraviolet-hard X-ray range in the 32 × 32 format for high-speed registration of the radiation profile of high-temperature plasma with photon energies of (Eph = 1–10 000 eV) is described. The detector includes silicon photodiodes, preamplifiers, and a system for digitizing and transmitting information with a frame time of 2 μs and continuous recording of up to 4 s. This work took the experience of using the previous model of a 16 × 16 hybrid matrix detector in the T-11M and Globus-M tokamaks into account. The results of absolute calibrations of the photodiode sensitivity in the 1–60 000 eV energy range are presented. A functioning prototype of a 1 × 32 submodule is demonstrated.

The radiation of a vacuum arc was measured in the spectral region 200nm ≤ λ ≤ 1100 nm. The arc was initiated in the center of the cathode by ignition discharge, by breaking the current in the auxiliary circuit, and was fed by the rectangular current pulse with a duration of 10 ms. The contact gap was fixed at 4mm, the butt D=30mm CuCr30 contacts were used. The arc was stabilized by an external uniform axial magnetic field. Radiation was removed through KU-1 quartz window of the vacuum chamber. The radiation detector was a silicon photodiode 1.2 mm in diameter located outside the vacuum chamber on an axis intersecting the axis of symmetry of the discharge at the center of the interelectrode gap. The signal from the photodiode was taken through an amplifier and recorded on an oscilloscope. The measurements were made in a range of currents from 10 kA to 25 kA, which corresponds to a mean current density in the developed discharge of 1.5 kA/cm 2 ≤ j ≤ 3.5 kA/cm 2 . Considering the type of the spectral sensitivity of the diode, two series of measurements were made - measurements without a filter and through a ZhS-10 filter that cuts off radiation with λ ≤ 400nm. The results obtained made it possible to analyze the dependence of the radiation power on the arc current at different stages of the development of the arc. The results showed that at high current densities in the developed vacuum arc with anodic activity, a significant part of the power is transferred by radiation.

Technical solution were presented for a foil spectrometer installed on the Globus-M2 and TUMAN-3M tokamaks for measuring the electron plasma temperature. Measurements have been carried out of the time dependence of the plasma temperature in the central region of tokamaks. Using of integrated photodetectors and unique beryllium foils with a thickness of 14–80 µm made it possible to increase the sensitivity of the spectrometer. An important quality of the foils used were the increased values of strength, plasticity, homogeneity, and the absence of surface and internal defects. The combined use of the spectrometer with Thomson scattering diagnostics made it possible to carry out regular temperature measurements in the Globus-M2 tokamak with a high spatial and temporal resolution. The influence of impurities is estimated on the measurement of the electron temperature of the plasma.

A silicon photodiode, was used to measure the power emitted by a vacuum arc in the ultraviolet and visible spectral regions. The measurements were carried out with the high-current vacuum arc stabilized by an axial magnetic field in regimes with developed anode activity. The power of radiation coming out of the arc through the side surface was measured. The results show that when analyzing the energy balance of a high-current vacuum arc, radiation must be taken into account.

The prognostic models assessing the risk of prehypertension in coming 1-2-year period for 30-60-year-old subjects were developed with the help of computer recognition technology using 6 recognition methods. These models are based on the content of molecular markers in blood serum and the risk factors for the development of prehypertension in men and women who had "optimal" BP for last 3 years and in patients with newly diagnosed prehypertension. The models were compared for their prediction power. The most effective model was obtained with gradient boosting method based on the content of molecular markers. It is characterized with a high predictive power (ROC AUC=0.76), specificity (96.4%), and overall accuracy (86.6%) accompanied with close relationship between prognosis and actual symptoms of prehypertension (p=0.001).

An experimental system for detection of back-scattered electrons (BSE) in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for three-dimensional (3D) visualization of the microstructure topography is described. The 3D surface topography reconstruction is carried out according to the algorithm of profile reconstruction from the preliminarily determined angular dependencies of BSE with the use of a calibration specimen. It is shown that the instrument function of the detector system, i.e., the detector response function, as well as the geometric factor, that takes the transformation of the angle distribution for single and multiple scattering of BSEs into consideration, cause a significant impact on the detected signal.

Using a silicon photodiode, we have performed measurements of the power emitted by a vacuum arc in the UV and visible spectral ranges. Measurements have been carried out upon stabilizing the arc by an axial magnetic field in high-current modes with developed anodic activity. The power of radiation emerging from the arc through the side surface is measured. The results obtained show that, when analyzing the energy balance of a high-current vacuum arc, the radiation must be taken into account.