Using Tara pod powder as raw material and methanol as extracting solvent,the effects of different solvents on extraction of tara tannin were studied.The results show that the optimum conditions were extraction temperature 60 ℃,extraction time 40 min,extraction three times and each for 1 h.Tara powder to solvent ratio were 4.5 ∶ 1,4 ∶ 1,4 ∶ 1(mL ∶ g),respectively.The yield of product was 67.2 % to 68.4%,relative error was 1.77%.The tannin purity was 66.0% to 67.5%,relative error was 2.25%.The yield of tannin was 91.5%.

Germanium was widely used in the semiconductor materials,metal materials,infrared optics,optical communications,biomedicals,etc.In this study chestnut shell tannin extract that was prepared from usually abandoned chestnut shell as raw material,was used as a complexing precipitant of geranium ion.The effects of reaction time,reaction temperature,the amount of chestnut shell tannin extract,pH value,ZnSO4 concentration during complexing precipitation were tested respectively.According to single factor and orthogonal experiment results,the optium experimental conditions were as follows:pH value 2.5,the amount of tannin extract to(36 times of germanium),ZnSO4 content of 110 g/L.Under these conditions,the recovery of germanium was up to 99.0%.

Crude tara tannin was extracted by water and ethyl acetate at 60 ℃ for 30 min.The ratio of crude tannin-water-ethyl acetate was 1 ∶ 1.5 ∶ 4(g ∶ mL ∶ mL).The yield of product was 40.2 % and the purity of tannin was 80.4 %.Both yield and purity are low.The yield was still low when ethyl acetate was used to extract the recidual water phase.Refining tara tannin with mixed solvent of ethyl acetate and S-solvent(4 ∶ 1) was studied.The optimum conditions are: solid to liquid ratio of m(crude tara tannin) ∶ V(water) ∶ V(mixed solvent)1 ∶ 1.5 ∶ 5(g ∶ mL ∶ mL),extraction temperature 60 ℃,extraction time 30 min.Under this condition,the yield of product was 67.1 %-69.0 %,the purity of tannin was 85.3 %-86.5 %,the extraction rate of tannin was 87.2 %-88.6 %.The yield and purity has been improved.

The disposing of the tannin-germanium slag,which was obtained during tannin-germanium precipitation process,was studied.The separation of tannin and germanium can be achieved by successively slurrying the tannin-germanium slag,complexation with oxalic acid and adjusting the pH value of the suspension to 8-9 with 10 % aqueous sodium hydroxide.The germanium salt is removed by centrifugal separation,and the aqueous tannin solution can be reused to extract germanium.The result shows that recovery rate of tannin can reach 50 %.Using 28 times of tannin as much as germanium,the recovery rate of germanium can be 98 %.

The ultrasonic-assisted extraction of tannic acid from Chinese gallnut with water as extraction agent were determined on the basis of single factor experiment using response surface method ( RSM ). According to central composite ( Box-Behnken ) design principle, the effect of three independent variables on the Yield of tannic acid, namely liquid to solid ratio, ultrasonic extraction time, and ultrasonic power was investigated. The results showed the optimum ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were: 5 g of Chinese gallnut powder, liquid to solid ratio 38 : 1 ( mL: g), ultrasonic extraction time 32 min, ultrasonic power 250 W. Under the optimum conditions, the extraction yield of tannic acid was 66.0 %.

Purification of chestnut shell tannin from generally abandoned chestnut shell was studied.The effect of adsorbent,pre-column concentration,eluent,pH value of distilled water and flow rate on tannin yield was tested respectively.According to single factor and orthogonal experiment results,the optium experimental conditions were as follows: macroporous resin D301 as adsorbent,acetone as eluent,pre-column concentration 9%,pH value 7.0 of distilled water,flow rate 0.4 L/h.Finally,the best process condition was verified by stability test.Under these conditions,the yield of chestnut shell tannin was up to 82%,and tannin mass fraction was higher than 62%.

Major production processes of pyrogallol were introduced.Pyrogallol products can be produced from processing of forestry resource,and chemical synthesis.Technologies of various preparing processes as well as comparison of these processes are described.In addition,the applications of pyrogallol in the fields of analysis,synthesis,medicine,feed and pesticides,etc.,are introduced,respectively.

The research and processing technologies on tara(Caesalpinia spinosa Kuntze) and tara tannin at home and abroad were reviewed,including botanic peculiarity of tara,utilization and processing of tara bean,chemical composition and its extraction,purification,processing of tara to prepare gallic acid,pyrogallic acid and their utilization,tannage for leather,as well as solid-liquid separation,foam floatation and their reorganizing,coupling technologies.The application and development of tara tannin were prospected.

The processing technologies of reconstituted tobacco were reviewed in this paper.The research progress on evolution,chemical composition,qualities increasing and detection technique,as well as reducing tar and dropping harm,felt additives,waste water disposal and other aspects of reconstituted tobacco were discussed,its future application and development have been prospected.

[Objective]The condition of the polyphenol extracted from chestnut shell was preferred through the experiment.[Method] The effect of extraction solvent and its concentration,the extraction time and temperature,the ratio of solid to liquid and other factors on the extraction of polyphenol from chestnut shell as raw material was researched with the orthogonal experimental method for the optimal design of experimental factor.[Result]The best extracting condition of the polyphenol from chestnut shell was that the concentration of ethanol solution was 40%;the ratio of solid to liquid,1∶20;and the temperature of water-bathing,80 ℃ for 120 minutes' extraction,under which condition,the extraction amount of tannins was up to 71.53% and the content of tannin was 49.83%.[Conclusion] The extraction of the polyphenol from chestnut shell was feasible and it was really available for raw material,which had important economic and social significance in its extensive use.

Gallic acid(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) was widely used in the fields of biological,medical,chemical industries,etc.More and more researchers have concerned on the study of gallic acid.The progress on preparation and application of gallic acid in recent years were introducted and its future developments were also expected.

After discoloration, crude 2,3,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, was adsorbed and separated by chromatographic column and micro-porous membrane, the impacts of membrane aperture and operating pressure on separation effect were studied. Furthermore, the adsorption-desorption regenerating test of the used column was done, the impacts of temperature and the amount of eluate on elution results were investigated. The results showed that the optimum separation conditions were: membrane aperture 0.2μm, pressure 0.06MPa, working the column in series with micro-porous membrane. Under these conditions the indices of the product were as follows: mass fraction ≥99.5%, impurities of Ca2+, Fe3+, Na+≤200μg/L. Using 300mL 50% ethanol as eluant for the regeneration of the used column, the desired results were obtained.

Pharmaceutical tannic acid was prepared from industrial tannic acid through methanol extraction and chromatography adsorption.The optimum conditions were determined as follows:ratio of industrial tannic acid to methanol 1∶5(g∶mL),temperature of actived carbon-adsorption column 60℃,and the flow rate 25mL/min.The content of tannic acid of product was over 93%.The other items had reached the requirements of pharmaceutical tannic acid.

Tannin is an integral part of beer.Its existence affects the flavor and colloidal stability of beer.Addition of vegetable tannin has become one of the traditional crafts in beer brewing.Longyuan 99A Tannins are made from Chines gallnut.Purification,separation and other high-tech are used to create Longyuan 99A as a natural food additive.It has the characteristics of high content of tannin(≥99.5 %),low content of gallic acid(≤0.12 %),light color(Lovibond value≤1.0),low ignition residue(≤0.02 %)and good cold-solubility.In the application of beer production,it has achieved remarkable results.It is an ideal choice for beer brewing.

Polysulfone membrane was used to treat the solution of tara tannin.The influencs of several factors such as the mole-cular weight cutoff,trans-membrane pressure,flow velocity,and temperature on membrane property and product quality were studied.The experimental results showed that,under the conditions of molecular weight cutoff of 10000,trans-membrane pressure of 0.2MPa,flow velocity of 2.0m/s,and temperature of 40-45℃,the tara tannin with turbidity≤0.5NTU,and purity ≥85% was obtained.

The application of seismic exploration technique ranged from tectonic description to reservoir prediction and evaluation.The technique of seismic attribute analysis was used to handle and reverse various reservoir parameters, and different parameters were used to characterize the different reservoir characters and lithologies for the purpose of parameter process.The technique is used in NP Area for predicting the reservoir distribution, its physical property and oil-bearing property, new geologic understanding is obtained and reference is provided for oilfield exploration and development.

The reservoirs of Dongying Formation are deeply buried, thin, and laterally changed rapidly in Beipu area, Nanpu depression. Reflection events are weak in amplitude, high in frequency, and poor in continuity. Previous studies showed that single attribute cannot reveal the characteristics of reservoir distribution. We proposed using composite seismic attribute to do reservoir prediction, and singled out amplitude and frequency to form a new composite attribute by their quotient. Using this new attribute, we predicted the reservoir distribution in the fluvial facies delta in Beipu area. The coincidence rate between the predictions and drilling result is as high as 80%.

Purification of tannin from Chinese gall nut was studied through treatment with granulated Fuller'earth and activated carbon. The results indicated that the sample with purity of tannin ≥98 %,color 0.6 (Lovibond total color),content of main metal ions ≤0.5 μg/g was obtained respectively by extracting Chinese gall nut solution by 95 % alcohol at 60 ℃,30 mL/min flow rate with combined columns of granulated Fuller'earth and activated carbon.

Seismic attribute analysis was successfully used for reservoir physical and hydrocarbon property prediction as well as reservoir physical property prediction. The principle of seismic attribute analysis technique is described and used for sedimentary facies analysis and reservoir prediction in WY Region, while the attribute data that can be used for accurately presenting reservoir changing characters are extracted.

[Objective]To investigate the acute oral toxicity of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan in chicken and evaluate the security of the drug;[Method]chickens were given 10.5% N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan 20ml/(kg·bw) (2.1g/(kg·bw) per time) orally within 24 hours, which was the maximum concentration and volume that could be allowed;[Results]Following exposure, animals were observed for a further 7 days, all the animals survived and no abnormal clinical signs were observed. At the end of the treatment, all surviving animals were necropsied and also no macroscopic effects on organs or tissues were observed. LD50 couldn't be determined. Therefore, according to the requirements of the new drug method of examination and approval, MTD was determined. The maximal tolerance dose of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan given orally was 10.5g/(kg·bw), which was 3500 times higher than its clinical recommended dose;[Conclusion]In broiler chickens N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan showed a low toxicity and adverse effect. Its clinical use is safe.