This paper focuses on the lean managemnet applied to the construction industry for solving the problems of dispersed and inefficient supply chain.By using modern shape distribution concept and lean inventories,modern information flow is run through the overall supply chain,in order to achieve high efficiency,low cost and zero inventory,and win the profits for the enterprise to the greatest extent.

Learning from the successful application of lean thinking in manufacturing and other industries,this article introduces lean management concept into the management of construction material in construction site and set a construction site steel bar management mode to solve the urgent problems of steel management and realize the optimization management of steel bar.

Using Tara pod powder as raw material and methanol as extracting solvent,the effects of different solvents on extraction of tara tannin were studied.The results show that the optimum conditions were extraction temperature 60 ℃,extraction time 40 min,extraction three times and each for 1 h.Tara powder to solvent ratio were 4.5 ∶ 1,4 ∶ 1,4 ∶ 1(mL ∶ g),respectively.The yield of product was 67.2 % to 68.4%,relative error was 1.77%.The tannin purity was 66.0% to 67.5%,relative error was 2.25%.The yield of tannin was 91.5%.

Germanium was widely used in the semiconductor materials,metal materials,infrared optics,optical communications,biomedicals,etc.In this study chestnut shell tannin extract that was prepared from usually abandoned chestnut shell as raw material,was used as a complexing precipitant of geranium ion.The effects of reaction time,reaction temperature,the amount of chestnut shell tannin extract,pH value,ZnSO4 concentration during complexing precipitation were tested respectively.According to single factor and orthogonal experiment results,the optium experimental conditions were as follows:pH value 2.5,the amount of tannin extract to(36 times of germanium),ZnSO4 content of 110 g/L.Under these conditions,the recovery of germanium was up to 99.0%.

Using tara powder from Peru as raw material,rate of Ge precipitation from industrial mining liquor contaning zinc sulfate and germanium ion as index,the effects of extraction,refining and post-processing of tara extracts on the rate of Ge precipitation were studied.The results showed that using organic solvents(methanol,ethanol,ethyl acetate) extraction instead of water extraction,rate of Ge precipitation was more than 98%.Degumming of the extract with activated carbon and salting washing as well as through complexation by adding 1 % sodium chloride ammonium and 1% nitrilotriacetic acid effectively reduced non-tannin content in the product and enhanced the rate of Ge precipitation.When tara powder and gall flower of mixed in 8 ∶ 2 as raw material,followed by complexation of the extract,the rate of Ge precipitation reached 99.05%.The cost of the product was reduced,as well.

Crude tara tannin was extracted by water and ethyl acetate at 60 ℃ for 30 min.The ratio of crude tannin-water-ethyl acetate was 1 ∶ 1.5 ∶ 4(g ∶ mL ∶ mL).The yield of product was 40.2 % and the purity of tannin was 80.4 %.Both yield and purity are low.The yield was still low when ethyl acetate was used to extract the recidual water phase.Refining tara tannin with mixed solvent of ethyl acetate and S-solvent(4 ∶ 1) was studied.The optimum conditions are: solid to liquid ratio of m(crude tara tannin) ∶ V(water) ∶ V(mixed solvent)1 ∶ 1.5 ∶ 5(g ∶ mL ∶ mL),extraction temperature 60 ℃,extraction time 30 min.Under this condition,the yield of product was 67.1 %-69.0 %,the purity of tannin was 85.3 %-86.5 %,the extraction rate of tannin was 87.2 %-88.6 %.The yield and purity has been improved.

The disposing of the tannin-germanium slag,which was obtained during tannin-germanium precipitation process,was studied.The separation of tannin and germanium can be achieved by successively slurrying the tannin-germanium slag,complexation with oxalic acid and adjusting the pH value of the suspension to 8-9 with 10 % aqueous sodium hydroxide.The germanium salt is removed by centrifugal separation,and the aqueous tannin solution can be reused to extract germanium.The result shows that recovery rate of tannin can reach 50 %.Using 28 times of tannin as much as germanium,the recovery rate of germanium can be 98 %.

The ultrasonic-assisted extraction of tannic acid from Chinese gallnut with water as extraction agent were determined on the basis of single factor experiment using response surface method ( RSM ). According to central composite ( Box-Behnken ) design principle, the effect of three independent variables on the Yield of tannic acid, namely liquid to solid ratio, ultrasonic extraction time, and ultrasonic power was investigated. The results showed the optimum ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions were: 5 g of Chinese gallnut powder, liquid to solid ratio 38 : 1 ( mL: g), ultrasonic extraction time 32 min, ultrasonic power 250 W. Under the optimum conditions, the extraction yield of tannic acid was 66.0 %.

Purification of chestnut shell tannin from generally abandoned chestnut shell was studied.The effect of adsorbent,pre-column concentration,eluent,pH value of distilled water and flow rate on tannin yield was tested respectively.According to single factor and orthogonal experiment results,the optium experimental conditions were as follows: macroporous resin D301 as adsorbent,acetone as eluent,pre-column concentration 9%,pH value 7.0 of distilled water,flow rate 0.4 L/h.Finally,the best process condition was verified by stability test.Under these conditions,the yield of chestnut shell tannin was up to 82%,and tannin mass fraction was higher than 62%.

Tannin is an integral part of beer.Its existence affects the flavor and colloidal stability of beer.Addition of vegetable tannin has become one of the traditional crafts in beer brewing.Longyuan 99A Tannins are made from Chines gallnut.Purification,separation and other high-tech are used to create Longyuan 99A as a natural food additive.It has the characteristics of high content of tannin(≥99.5 %),low content of gallic acid(≤0.12 %),light color(Lovibond value≤1.0),low ignition residue(≤0.02 %)and good cold-solubility.In the application of beer production,it has achieved remarkable results.It is an ideal choice for beer brewing.

Polysulfone membrane was used to treat the solution of tara tannin.The influencs of several factors such as the mole-cular weight cutoff,trans-membrane pressure,flow velocity,and temperature on membrane property and product quality were studied.The experimental results showed that,under the conditions of molecular weight cutoff of 10000,trans-membrane pressure of 0.2MPa,flow velocity of 2.0m/s,and temperature of 40-45℃,the tara tannin with turbidity≤0.5NTU,and purity ≥85% was obtained.

Preparation method of 2,3,4-trimethoxybenzoic acid is introduced,which was synthesized from 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid by methylation,hydrolysis,acidification and purification.The results showed that the optimal methylating condition was as follows:dosage ratio of dimethyl sulfate to 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid 4∶1,dosage of calalyst 5 % of 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid.The structure of the refined product was confirmed by IR and 1H NMR.The purity was 99.54 % by HPLC.

Pollution status of gallotannin industrialization in China was summarized.The characteristics of pollutants and key technologies of pollution control were discussed.The technique route of pollution control and implement policy were put forward.

Purification of tannin from Chinese gall nut was studied through treatment with granulated Fuller'earth and activated carbon. The results indicated that the sample with purity of tannin ≥98 %,color 0.6 (Lovibond total color),content of main metal ions ≤0.5 μg/g was obtained respectively by extracting Chinese gall nut solution by 95 % alcohol at 60 ℃,30 mL/min flow rate with combined columns of granulated Fuller'earth and activated carbon.

Method of extraction,separation and purification of lutein from marigold(Tagetes erecta Linn.)flowers by hexane-ethanol,or petroleum ether were investigated.The optimum processing conditions are:hexane(as extraction solvent)and 95 % ethanol(volume ratio 3 ∶2),extraction temperature 60 ℃,extraction time 4-5 h,extraction times 5-6 times,ratio of extraction solvent to marigold 15 ∶1(mL ∶g),lutein yield 7.5 %-7.9 % of dry marigold flowers.

[Objective]To investigate the acute oral toxicity of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan in chicken and evaluate the security of the drug;[Method]chickens were given 10.5% N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan 20ml/(kg·bw) (2.1g/(kg·bw) per time) orally within 24 hours, which was the maximum concentration and volume that could be allowed;[Results]Following exposure, animals were observed for a further 7 days, all the animals survived and no abnormal clinical signs were observed. At the end of the treatment, all surviving animals were necropsied and also no macroscopic effects on organs or tissues were observed. LD50 couldn't be determined. Therefore, according to the requirements of the new drug method of examination and approval, MTD was determined. The maximal tolerance dose of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan given orally was 10.5g/(kg·bw), which was 3500 times higher than its clinical recommended dose;[Conclusion]In broiler chickens N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan showed a low toxicity and adverse effect. Its clinical use is safe.

N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖(N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan,NOCC)是一种水溶性的壳聚糖衍生物,是用羧甲基同时取代壳聚糖结构中氨基葡萄糖单元(glucosamine units)的一些氨基和羟基而得到的壳聚糖羧化产物[1].有报道,羧甲基壳聚糖具有抗癌作用而不损伤正常细胞[2];有抗菌作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌及枯草杆菌等常见致病菌均有较强的抑制作用,其中以对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果最好[3～5],对口腔变形链球菌和口腔乳酸杆菌也有明显的抑制作用[6].最近的研究显示,羧甲基壳聚糖还能使炎性环境中的软骨细胞维持正常的生理功能[7],可有效抑制OA软骨基质降解,减轻软骨退变程度[8].基于其医学上的上述功能,可以预测将其引入兽医领域必然会有广阔的应用前景,产生巨大的经济效益.目前,在畜牧业NOCC主要用作饲料添加剂使用,有提高动物机体抗病力、促进动物生长的作用.然而,至今尚未见国内外有关NOCC对畜禽毒性的文献报道.为进一步了解该化合物对靶动物的安全性,本试验根据《兽药技术规范》[9]有关急性毒性试验的要求,参考有关文献[10～12],以肉鸡作为研究对象,研究NOCC对靶动物的急性毒性作用,为该化合物的临床研究与合理应用提供理论基础.

This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of NO-carboxymethyl chitosan supplement on immune function of the broilers.The results showed that the diet with 0.1% NO-carboxymethyl chitosan could significantly increase the immune organ index compared to the diet with antibiotic(P0.05),and also present a rising tendency compared with the vacant control.Diet with 0.1% and 0.2% NO-carboxymethyl chitosan could improve leucocyte and lymphocyte counting significantly(P0.05).And supplement with NO-carboxymethyl chitosan could enhance the protective rates of broilers against experimental colibacillosis.The experiment suggested that NO-carboxymethyl chitosan could improve the immune function of broilers.

卫生间是家中最隐秘的一个地方,精心对待卫生间,就是精心捍卫自己和家人的健康与舒适.