Negatively environmental impacts of traditional chloride-based deicing salt have become increasingly obvious.The environmentally friendly alternative materials with advantages of low cost,valid snow melting,weak environmental impact are urgently to be developed.This paper reviews the current status of applications,mechanism of environmental impacts on soil-water-plant,and metal corrosion on transport infrastructure of the chloride-based deicing salt.The research progress and applications of non-chloride and mixed alternative snowmelt agent materials are described in detail.Development of environmentally friendly deicing salt and effective countermeasures on alleviating deicing salt environmental influences are presented,in the hope of settling the problems in developing and applying deicing salt alternatives.

Application of chloride deicing salt improves the efficiency of snow removal,but it also causes the corrosion of road infrastructures.Deicing salt concentration and its experimental environment are significant effect on the corrosion detection results.Considering the actual road snow conditions and requirements of road area environmental protection,the carbon steel corrosion detection method is optimized.The tested deicing salt concentration is proposed to 35 g/L,and deicing salt corrosion index adjusted to less than 20% corrosion rate of industrial sodium chloride.Carbon steel corrosion rate of deicing salt which added different ratio of corrosion inhibit ingredients reduced to 0.064~0.442 mm/a,equivalent to only 7.9%~54.7% that of industrial sodium chloride.The optimum deicing salt formula is: 97.5% of industrial chloride salt,0.5% of corrosion inhibitor A,B and D,1.0% of corrosion inhibitor C.

能源和环境的双重压力,使得人类必须开发可再生能源,而生物质能是可再生能源中比较理想的选择.在生物质能利用技术中,快速热解技术可将能量密度低的低品位的生物质转变为高品位能源,被认为是最具发展潜力的生物质能利用技术之一[1-3].

Fast pyrolysis char of larch sawdust was used to prepare activated carbon by steam activation.The optimal activation parameters were obtained as temperature 800 degrees C and activation time 20 min.The activation yield of activated carbon was 51 percent,the adsorption value of methylene blue was 232 mg/g,and iodine adsorption value was 968 mg/g under this condition,which showed an excellent performance in decolorization.Microstructure analysis showed that the fast pyrolysis char was mainly formed by the micropores and its outer surface was surrounded by sedimentary adsorption layers.In the activation process,activator could effectively remove the sedimentary adsorption layers and a large number of mesopores were formed.Moreover,the activated carbon particles were more uniform and tinier compared with the fast pyrolysis char.

In order to determine the chemical components of bio-oil and compare the influence of different material on the components content,this experiment determines the chemical components of the biomass-fast-pyrolysis bio-oil with poplar,larchwood,corn straw and cotton straw as feedstock respectively,by adopting GC-MS for qualitative analysis and GC for quantitative analysis.The results show that raw material exerts certain impact on the chemical component of bio-oil and the components of bio-oils with different material differ in some ways,however,the chemical race of the major components is identical,they are,oxygen-containing functional groups of the phenols,aldehydes,ketones,and organic acids etc.

Phenol-urea-formaldehyde (PUF) resins were synthesized by reacting mixture of methylolureas (MMU), phenol, and formaldehyde. The structure of PUF cocondensed resins at different stages of reaction were analyzed by liquid 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The liquid 13C-NMR analysis indicated that methylolureas had the dominant content in MMU with the reaction between urea and formaldehyde under the alkaline condition. The PUF cocondensed resins had no free formaldehyde. methylolureas were well incorporated into the cocondensed resins by reacting with phenolic units to form cocondensed methylene bridges. The second formaldehyde influenced the further reaction and the structure of the PUF resins. The resins with the prepared method of PUFB possessed relatively high degree of polymerization and low proportion of unreacted methylol groups. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

Wood biomass, which can be recycled, has relatively high energy density, easy to trans-port and storage, is thus the ideal biological resources which can be large - scale alternative to fossil fuels. Direct liquefaction is a new biomass energy utilization technology which is developing rapidly in recent years, with features of relatively mild reaction conditions, simple reaction equipment, partly biodegradable products, etc. , and therefore it has great potential for development. This paper expounded the classification of direct liquefaction of wood biomass, summarized the research status of the technology at home and abroad, and discussed the research trends of wood biomass direct liquefaction technology.

对喷动循环流化床落叶松树皮快速热解过程中反应温度、物料粒径、进料速率及气体流量对热解产物产率的影响以及这4个因素共同作用对生物油产率的影响进行研究.结果表明:反应温度是影响热解产物产率的主要因素,气体流量影响较显著,在试验范围内物料粒径、进料速率影响不显著;喷动循环流化床最佳制备液体产物--生物油快速热解工艺条件为:反应温度550℃,物料粒径0.2～0.3 mm,进料速率20 r·min-1,气体流量25m3·h-1.

Present situations of domestic and foreign researches on biomass fast pyrolysis devices are summarized.Detailed accounts on spouted bed and circulating fluidized bed are stated and more in-depth analysis on spouted circulating fluidized bed is given.The orientation of research on spouted circulating fluidized bed fast pyrolysis devices is explored.

The invention discloses a novel spouted circulating fluidized bed timber quick pyrogenation device and a process method. The device comprises a spouted fluidized bed reactor, a fluidizing agent circulatory system, a monitoring system, a heating system, a feeding system, a gas-solid separation system, a charcoal collecting system, a condensation system, a fluidizing agent dehumidification system, a pressure stabilizing system, an incondensable gas collecting system and other parts. The process method includes process procedures such as putting the pre-processed materials in the feeding system, controlling the reaction temperature, the flow and other process parameters of the device and collecting the products such as bio-oil, charcoal and biogas, etc,. The timber quick pyrogenation device has the advantages of simple and compact structure, stable operation, large material application scope and easy automatic control; and the process method thereof has the advantages of simple operation, low operation cost, high production efficiency and good product quality.