В обзоре проанализированы современные достижения в области биологической переработки низко- и среднеактивных жидких радиоактивных отходов с акцентом на процессы биосорбции радионуклидов микроорганизмами, их синтрофными ассоциациями, а также материалами на основе растительной биомассы. Цель работы – систематизация данных о механизмах взаимодействия биологических сорбентов с радионуклидами топливного цикла (U, Cs, Sr, Am, Pu и др.), оценка их эффективности и выявление перспективных направлений для разработки технологий очистки. Рассмотрены результаты исследований за последние десять лет, включая использование живых и термоинактивированных культур бактерий, микроводорослей, дрожжей и мицелиальных грибов, искусственных микробных консорциумов, а также отходов растительного происхождения (солома, шелуха, древесные отходы) и продуктов их переработки. Ключевую роль в связывании актинидов играют фосфатные группы клеточной стенки и кислородсодержащие функциональные группы растительных материалов. Микробные ассоциации и комбинированные сорбенты превосходят монокультуры по эффективности удаления радионуклидов благодаря синергии механизмов связывания. Проанализированы факторы, влияющие на сорбционную емкость (pH, ионная сила, конкурирующие ионы), условия регенерации биосорбентов и последующей иммобилизации насыщенной биомассы. Рассмотрены биогеохимические процессы в хранилищах радиоактивных отходов, где микробная активность может как способствовать фиксации радионуклидов (образование биогенных минеральных фаз), так и повышать их подвижность. Сделан вывод о перспективности гибридных технологических схем, сочетающих биосорбцию с мембранными методами и включением отработанной биомассы в геополимерные матрицы, что обеспечивает экологическую безопасность и экономическую эффективность переработки жидких радиоактивных отходов.

The biophysical and nuclear-physical prerequisites for the transmutation of iodine into xenon in growing microbiological systems are considered. The experimental studies have shown that in the presence of external biochemical action, formed by the influence of a small admixture of heavy water to a water-containing nutrient medium, such nuclear transmutation takes place. It is shown that the most probable mechanism for stimulating such nuclear fusion is associated with the formation of local shock acoustic vibrations associated with DNA breaks due to the action of heavy water. The action of such shock vibrations can lead to the formation of coherent correlated states of nearby protons and the generation of short-term intense energy fluctuations, the amplitude and duration of which are sufficient to implement nuclear fusion.

Novel magnetoactive thin film composites based on silicone elastomer with nano-structured iron fillers have been synthesized. Atomic force microscopy studies have established these composites surface topography unique sensitivity to restructuring induced by the atomic force microscope probe. Application low external magnetic field also resulted in changing the initial composites surface wrinkled structure. Scanning electron microscopy research allowed determine the filler agglomerates average size from about 100 nm to 5 μm and their distributions in the polymer matrix. These composite systems with variable surface properties, possess tunable microstructure morphology as a result of controlling small external influences. Such magnetoactive thin film smart surfaces with dynamic wrinkles can find wide practical applications in tunable optical and electronic devices with responsive microstructures.

This study investigates the implementation of (dd) low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) under the influence of an undamped weak thermal (temperature) wave on a remote TiD target. These waves are generated in the air during the cavitation of a water jet in a closed chamber. The research reveals that the rate of tritium fusion is approximately 10(8) times greater than the rate of helium fusion (c) 2025 ICCF. All rights reserved. ISSN 2227-3123

The physical prerequisites for the existence and features of the propagation of high-frequency temperature waves are investigated. It is demonstrated that considering the real time of local thermodynamic relaxation of thermal excitation in the propagation medium leads to the possibility of the existence of undamped temperature waves at precisely fixed frequencies. In the case of air, the minimum frequency of such waves depends on the relaxation time, as well as the pressure and humidity of the air, and corresponds to the microwave range, specifically 70-80 MHz. The maximum registered frequency of such waves surpasses 1 GHz. Numerous successful experiments have confirmed all the calculated properties of such self-channeling undamped temperature waves. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the impact of these waves can lead to efficient nuclear fusion in remote solid targets possessing an optimal isotopic composition.

Экспериментально изучены и теоретически обоснованы условия, а также особенности генерации незатухающих тепловых волн при кавитации воды, которые связаны с особенностями процессов релаксации таких волн в воздухе. Минимальная частота таких волн при нормальном давлении и температуре воздуха соответствует 70-80 МГц. Показано, что взаимодействие бегущей тепловой волны в воздухе с лицевой поверхностью металлического экрана приводит к формированию сильных акустических волн в его объеме. В экспериментах удаленные и экранированные металлической пластиной образцы дейтерированного титана, в которых концентрация дейтерия в 1.5 раза превышала концентрацию базовых ядер титана, подвергались воздействию высокочастотных тепловых волн. Изучены состояния ядер дейтерия, находящихся в потенциальной яме в решетке титана в результате данного воздействия.

Synthesized polyphenylene oxide asymmetric hollow fiber membranes with an outer diameter 500- 600 μm and an inner diameter 200 μm were investigated. The membrane wall structure asymmetry and the outer diffusion layer thickness were determined using atomic force microscopy. The results obtained are important for improving the performance of membrane selective gas separation and enrichment apparatuses for gas mixtures.

A potential raw material for producing hydrogen (the main carrier for the accumulation, storage and transportation of energy) is methane from biogas. An approach to producing biogas with a high methane content (69-72%) from waste commercial dry and wet food for dogs and cats under mesophilic conditions has been demonstrated. For 27-28 days under anaerobic conditions, the degree of biotransformation of waste was 60-88%. As a result of mineralization of watered organic waste, the content of ammonium nitrogen and phosphorus in the form of phosphates amounted to 676-887 mgNH4+/l and 77-160 mgPO43-/l, respectively. In anaerobically treated effluent, accumulation of sulfide ions up to 22 mg/l was observed. The solid sediment and anaerobically treated effluent (liquid fraction) obtained upon completion of the biotransformation of pet food waste are a potential organic fertilizer for agricultural needs, and methane from biogas is a raw material for producing hydrogen and pure carbon for the needs of the nanoindustry.

Nitrocellulose accumulated in sludge accumulators does not undergo any changes and remains explosive for decades but it can be used as initial recourse for H2 and nanocarbon production through biogas. Anaerobic biotransformation of waste with a nitrocellulose content of about 75% with native microflora, consortia of mesophilic or thermophilic microorganisms from industrial bioreactors under various volume loading of microorganisms and temperature conditions has been studied. Stimulation by an additional source of biogenic elements and the development of native microflora made it possible to reduce the concentration of nitrocellulose by 44% at 35 degrees C in 100 days. With a biocatalyst volume loading of 30% at 35 degrees C with mesophilic biocatalyst 39% of nitrocellulose (with 50% initial volume loading) was conversed to biogas, at 55 degrees C with thermophilic biocatalyst-99%. The rate constant of decomposition of nitrocellulose using a thermophilic biocatalyst was 0.0248 day-1, while the half-life of nitrocellulose was 28 days. (c) 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The assessment of anaerobic biotransformation in thermophilic mode (55 degrees C) of agricultural waste was carried out. It has been established that organic wastes (wheat distillery vinasse, cow manure and chicken manure) have a great potential for producing biogas with a high content of methane and carbon dioxide with a low content of impurities. Biogas can be recommended as a raw material for hydrogen production. With the ratio of components in the composition of the mixed substrate of distillery vinasse, cow manure and chicken manure - 6: 3: 1 for 21-29 days of anaerobic digestion, the best indicators of the efficiency of methanogenesis for methane (61-63%) and biogas (70-73%) were provided, the share of methane in composition of biogas was 61%. With the biotransformation of alone vinasse, the nitrogen mineralization efficiency (58-67%) was lower than when using a mixture of organic waste (63-69%). From the point of view of obtaining the maximum amount of biogas, it is advisable to add a carbonate buffer or limestone flour (9% wt.) to the substrate to shift the pH of the working solution towards slightly alkaline values. From the point of view of the accumulation of free phosphates in the final solution, the use of a carbonate buffer is more preferable. The anaerobically treated solid sludge remaining after biogas production, as well as liquid effluents (anaerobically treated effluents) can be considered as potential organic and biogenic fertilizers or their components. (c) 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

New anisotropic magnetically active elastomers using carbonyl iron micrometer size ferromagnetic fillers in the silicone matrix were synthesized. Samples with orientation of the outer magnetic field strength vector applied in perpendicular or in parallel direction to the mold surface during polymerizing composite mass were investigated. These composites surface structure was studied using the topography and phase contrast images in the atomic force microscope. Significant surface magnetodeformation effects in these composites, comparable with Terphenol-D, under the application of small external magnetic fields were visualized by atomic force microscopy methods. The transverse magneto-deformation constant value was determined for both samples. Greatly periodically deformed surface structure background was observed in these composites. The obtained experimental results analysis show that significant component of these materials unique properties is due to the ferromagnetic fillers restructuring in both isotropic and anisotropic magnetically active composites under small external magnetic fields influence.

New anisotropic silicone magneto active composites have been synthesized and investigated. A significant increase in the composites elastic moduli depending on the ferromagnetic carbonyl iron filler concentration and filler orientation functions was established. These materials surface structure and filler sizes were visualized by atomic force microscopy. The investigated composites elastic strengthening nature is discussed.

Waste containing explosive chemicals are hazardous to the environment. We suggested and implemented a hybrid approach for the destruction of nitrocellulose-containing sewage sludge (NCS) from a real chemical industrial complex. Combining chemical alkaline hydrolysis and mesophilic anaerobic digestion in a up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor allowed us to successfully achieve the balance between the environmental safety and economic efficiency of the stages of the treatment. After the alkaline treatment of waste at 50 °C with 1.5 M KOH, the solid residue contained mostly just sand and no nitrocellulose (NC). The liquid phase accumulated 2869 ± 24 mg N-NO2−/L and 1698 ± 51 mg N-NO3−/L. Bioconversion of the liquid phase neutralized with acetic acid and diluted with water by a factor of 50 in a 1 L UASB reactor ensured 99% efficiency of extracting N(NO2− + NO3−) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Further, biogas with high methane content (>70%) was obtained. The establishment of the operational regime in the UASB reactor was achieved in two stages. The suggested hybrid approach to denitrification and methanogenesis is aimed at implementing the sustainable development concept in industrial chemical cycles. The results of this study are significant for researchers and technologists interested in developing hybrid processes for waste treatment that involve chemical catalysis as the first stage.

New anisotropic silicone magnetoactive composites were synthesized and studied. The surface structure and filler microdimensions in these elastomers were determined by electron microscopy. The atomic force microscopy use made it possible to determine significant surface deformations and magnetostrictive effects when small external magnetic fields are applied to the composites. Mössbauer spectroscopy on iron isotope nuclei made it possible to identify the fillers hyperfine parameters.

The potential for creating anti-infective impregnation based on aminopolysaccharide and silver ions is shown. Thanks to a unique water-insoluble complex of silver clusters (Ag 0.034 mg/cm2 of mask material) in natural aminopolysaccharide, the impregnated material exhibits significant antibacterial properties. It has been shown that impregnation does not interfere with the effective removal of carbon dioxide, which can accumulate on the inside of the mask during breathing. It is noted that the use of a new nature-like anti-infective impregnation opens up the possibility of increasing the wear resistance of the impregnated material, while the impregnation is not removed from the surface of the mask material during intensive use of the mask.

New anisotropic silicone magnetically active elastomers were synthesized and studied. Significant surface deformations and magnetostrictive effects in the obtained composites under the application of small external magnetic fields were visualized by the atomic force microscopy methods. This opens up the controlled wrinkling possibility for micro- and nanostructured surfaces. The use of nuclear gamma resonance made it possible to identify the iron filler electronic configuration in these anisotropic composites.

This review considers the features of excitation, propagation over a long distance, and the action of non-dissipative high-frequency temperature waves in relation to their influence on the efficiency of the system for remote recognition of critical cells by viruses. It is shown that the action of such waves leads to screening of critical cells due to a change in their surface atomic and molecular structure, which leads to a significant change in the dispersion and other electromagnetic characteristics of these cells. This leads to a very strong weakening of the efficiency of the system of remote recognition of such cells by viruses, which corresponds to the effective "passive" self-defense of the body and blocking the activity of viruses. It is also shown that the effect of such temperature waves can be an "active" method of self-defense of the body, which reconfigures the virus recognition system to extraneous (non-critical) cells or other macrocomplexes. In this case, the result of the attack by the virus will be the mutual destruction of the "false target" and the virus due to the natural apoptosis of this non-critical object when the virus penetrates it.

Синтезированы и исследованы новые анизотропные силиконовые магнитоактивные композиты. Методом сканирующей электронной микроскопии определена структура поверхности и микроразмеры наполнителей из карбонильного железа этих эластомеров. Использование атомно-силовой микроскопии позволило определить значительные деформации поверхности и магнитострикционные эффекты при наложении небольших внешних магнитных полей на полученные композиты. Использование ядерного гамма резонанса позволило определить электронную конфигурацию железного наполнителя в этих анизотропных композитах.