This article summarizes the results of long-term integrated research performed by the Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (SIPPВ SB RAS), to study the composition, structure, and dynamics of biodiversity in Siberia and adjacent regions at the level of populations, species, biocoenoses, and ecosystems and reveal the responses of organisms and their coenoses to changes in environmental conditions caused by natural and anthropogenic factors. The sequestration of carbon dioxide by conifer forests growing on the territory of Baikal Natural Region (BNR) is estimated. Forest fires in Transbaikalia are reconstructed on the basis of tree-ring chronology with an annual resolution of 351 years. The concept of paragenesis is justified, as it characterizes the formation of phytocoenoses that, in regards to their structural–dynamic organization, are not related to a zonal type (or altitudinal belt) of vegetation. The data can serve as an information base while determining basic vectors of regional ecological policy, and they are important for assessing the present state of biodiversity in Baikal Siberia and its changes under the conditions of anthropogenic pressure, as well as for developing measures for its protection.

Обобщаются результаты многолетних комплексных исследований, проводимых СИФИБР СО РАН по изучению состава, структуры, динамики биоразнообразия Сибири и сопредельных регионов на уровне популяций, видов, биоценозов, экосистем и выявлению ответных реакций организмов и их сообществ на изменение условий среды при воздействии природных и антропогенных факторов. Оценена секвестеризация диоксида углерода хвойными лесами, произрастающими на территории Байкальского природного региона. Произведена реконструкция лесных пожаров в Забайкалье на основе древесно-кольцевой хронологии с ежегодным разрешением в 351 год. Обосновано понятие парагенеза, которое понимается как развитие растительных сообществ, по структурно-динамической организации не относящихся к зональному типу (или высотному поясу) растительности. Полученные данные могут служить информационной базой при определении основных направлений региональной экологической политики, имеют значение для оценки современного состояния биоразнообразия Байкальской Сибири, его изменений в условиях пресса антропогенных факторов, разработки мер его сохранения. This article summarizes the results of long-term integrated research performed by SIPPВ of SB RAS studying composition, structure and dynamics of biodiversity in Siberia and adjacent regions at the level of populations, species, biocoenoses, and ecosystems and revealing of responses of organisms and their coenoses to changes in environmental conditions caused by natural and anthropogenic factors. The sequestration of carbon dioxide by conifer forests growing on the territory of Baikal Natural Region was estimated. Forest fires in Transbaikalia were reconstructed on the basis of tree-ring chronology with an annual resolution of 351 years. The concept of paragenesis was justified as it characterizes the formation of phytocoenoses which by their structural-dynamic organization are not related to a zonal type (or altitudinal belt) of vegetation. The data obtained can serve as an information base while determining basic vectors of regional ecological policy, and they are important for the assessment of the present state of biodiversity in Baikalian Siberia and its changes under the conditions of anthropogenic factor press as well as for development of measures for its protection.

The "Flora of Russia" project on iNaturalist brought together professional scientists and amateur naturalists from all over the country. Over 3800 people participate in data collection. In one year, the participants collected over 220000 photo observations on 5689 species of the Russian flora. This is the third largest dataset of open distributional data on the country's biodiversity (and the second largest for plants), a leading source of data on the current state of the nation's flora. For most alien species, the resulting maps are the most reliable distribution maps within Russia. For many municipalities, the resulting species lists are the most complete and accurate floristic information. All project data are available under free licenses and can be freely used in scientific, educational and environmental activities.

In the paper, we evaluated the results of changes in the microbial community using molecular research methods. The authors analyzed strains of microorganisms isolated from different parts of the ecosystem of Lake Baikal: pelagial, littoral and benthic sediments. While analyzing we identified the presence of restriction endonuclease (RE) enzymes. It was established that RE were detected in bacteria isolated from samples taken in places of anthropogenic influence (Listvyanka, Baikalsk). As a result, 28 types of different RE were identified. When reviewing the results obtained, it was established that the formation of these enzymes in bacteria is associated neither with the season of the year nor with the year of sampling. The condition for the synthesis of RE enzymes in microorganism strains is the appearance of allochthonous microflora in the lake ecosystem. These are the littoral parts of the lake, where anthropogenic influence is observed. As a result, it was established that the biosynthesis of RE enzymes occurred in bacterial strains under the influence of human activity. It is especially significant that anthropogenic changes can be identified in the early stages of impact on the ecosystem of Lake Baikal.

It is shown that the analysis of a large number of the obtained data, it is possible variance and correlation methods. It allows to reveal fluctuations of antibiotic resistance in seasonal and interannual differences also calculate pair-wise correlation coefficients. It is identified that the correlation between the number of bacteria and antibiotic resistance is absent.

The use of information-technology-based methods is substantiated and a method based on systems analysis is developed with the use of computer models to optimize the conditions and parameters of the operations in aluminum production. The method of minimizing the Gibbs free energy of a thermodynamic system is used to create an algorithm which determines the order of metastable equilibrium of the components in the production process and the dynamics of the mobile heterogeneous phases. The physicochemical laws that govern structural changes in the composition of the condensed phases and the equilibrium phases are examined in relation to the cryolite ratio (NaF/AlF 3 ). The results make it possible to correct the cryolitealumina melt (electrolyte) and predict the volume of emissions and waste products. A method of measuring and stabilizing the characteristic temperatures is also developed. The optimum conditions and parameters for the use of fluoride salts (fluoroaluminates) and the recycling of fluorine compounds and impurities in “dry” gas-cleaning and electrolysis are determined. Fluorine-bearing wastes are grouped in three different classes based on the proportions of the main phases and the impurities that are present. Thermochemical methods are proposed for their waste-free processing to obtain additional products and process additives that can serve as valuable components in the production of alumina and aluminum. Improved technologies for cleaning gases and recycling wastes can help make more thorough use of raw materials and reduce emissions of harmful substances during aluminum manufacturing.

The work is dedicated to the search for strains producing enzymes mikroorganizmov-restriction endonucleases (RE) (restriction enzymes) among microorganisms Lake Baikal. The results suggest that bacteria-producing enzymes ER previously known only in theory, be found in the strains of bacteria isolated from water samples taken in the areas of anthropogenic. The strains of bacteria isolated from clean areas of the lake, we found all the restriction enzyme are well known. The attention is focused on the study of the spectrum of the restriction enzymes with sufficient efficiency and accessibility for biotechnological development. The study of bacterial strains revealed a unique and rare enzymes ER. Part producing strains isolated from the lake. Baikal is used for the isolation of enzymes which have found use in genetic engineering and molecular biology work.

Приводятся новые сведения о распространении 9 аборигенных и 27 адвентивных видов растений в Иркутской области. Среди них 7 видов являются новыми для флоры Восточной Сибири, 7 – для флоры Иркутской области.

Rhizobia are Gram-negative soil microorganisms that form intracellular nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with leguminous plants.Investigations of symbiotic systems with the participation of endemic or relict species have a particular importance for understanding of the evolution of plantmicrobe interactions.The purpose of our work was to create a representative collection of microsymbionts of endemic Baikal legumes, as well as to estimate their biodiversity.The study of taxonomic positions of 69 isolates from root nodules Lathyrus humilis, Vicia baicalensis, Astragalus mongholicus and Oxytropis sylvatica was conducted.For primary identification of these isolates the methods of ITS-RFLP analysis was used that divided strains into 33 groups with identical DNAprofile.Then the taxonomy positions of isolates were determined by the 16S rRNA gene (rrs) and ITS region sequencing.Phylogenetic analysis revealed the considerable genetic diversity among microsymbionts of plants studied.Rhizobial isolates belonged to 5 genera: Rhizobium (family Rhizobiaceae), Mesorhizobium and Phyllobacterium (family Phyllobacteriaceae), Bosea and Tardiphaga (family Bradyrhizobiaceae).In addition, non-rhizobial isolates belonging to the genera Herbiconiux, Leifsonia, Burkholderia and Stenotrophomonas were obtained.It is known that some species of these genera may be present in the nodules of legumes, but also be inhabitants of rhizosphere or phyllosphere of different plants.The presence of atypical rhizobial microsymbionts in the studied plants was noted, which may indicate the active formation of relationships between partners in the legumerhizobial systems of Baikal region.

Genetic differentiation based on allozyme data was detected between species of the genus Astragalus L., section Cenantrum Bunge (Fabaceae): A. frigidus (L.) A. Gray s. l., A. mongholicus Bunge s. 1., and A. sericeocanus Gontsch, which is endemic to the northeast coast of Lake Baikal. The results of allozyme analysis confirm the natural division of the section into subsections based on morphological features. Differences between A. frigidus (subsection Elliptica Gontsch.) and A. mongholicus and A. sericeocanus (subsection Semilunaria Gontsch.) were observed. These differences were caused by the presence of species-specific alleles and the allele frequencies of the primary alleles, D N = 1.24. The genetic distance obtained for A. mongholicus and A. sericeocanus (0.10) corresponds to the status of closely related species of one subsection. Between populations of A. frigidus and between populations of A. mongholicus from the central part of areal, D N = 0.02 and 0.03 respectively. This genetic distance corresponds to the interpopulation level and was determined by the allele frequencies. The peripheral population of A. mongholicus is separated (D N = 0.36), which is probably due to the long isolation and the “founder effect.”

The article presents the results of study of antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from the lake Baikal ecosystem. It was revealed that in the littoral zone of the lake Baikal (area of Listvyanka, Baikalsk, Slyudyanka) under the anthropogenic impact there are strains of microorganisms resistant to a wide range of antibiotics. Strains resistant to all antibiotics are 1 % of the isolated bacterial strains; strains sensitive to all antibiotics are 6 %; strains isolated from the drill samples of bottom sediments are 80 %. This phenomenon can be considered as an indicator of anthropogenic influence.

Приводятся данные о новом таксоне для Флоры России и Средней Азии — дремлике тангутском, Epipactis helleborine var. tangutica. Обсуждаются его признаки и распространение. Выбран лектотип взамен материала, утраченного в Берлине. Несмотря на хорошие отличительные признаки, ввиду нечеткой отграниченности от типичного E. helleborine и не вполне отчетливого ареала, полностью находящегося в пределах ареала E. helleborine, мы вслед за «флорой Китая» считаем ранг разновидности оптимальным для данного таксона.

Приводятся новые сведения о распространении 7 аборигенных и 17 адвентивных видов растений в Иркутской области и Республике Бурятия. Среди них 3 вида являются новыми для флоры Восточной Сибири, 1 – Байкальской Сибири, 11 –Республики Бурятии, 1 – Иркутской области.