Background Influenza remains a recurring threat to global health with pandemic potential, yet the predictive causal associations of climate factors and air pollutants on its transmission remains not fully quantified. Thus, this study aimed to quantify the nonlinear and delayed effects of these factors, as well as their predictive causal signals, on global influenza epidemics. Methods This study is a longitudinal time-series analysis conducted across 48 countries from 2022 to 2024. Weekly influenza positivity rates were derived from the FluNet database and integrated with climate variables and air pollutants. Spatiotemporal Bayesian models were constructed separately for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres to quantify the nonlinear and lagged effects of climate variables and air pollutants while accounting for socioeconomic conditions. Predictive causal relationships were further assessed using convergent cross mapping to identify potential environmental drivers of influenza transmission. Results In Northern Hemisphere countries, the highest odds ratio (OR) for influenza was 1.74 (95% CI: 1.34–2.26) at an SO2 concentration of 3100μg/m3 with a 1.6-week lag, and 2.36 (95% CI: 1.53–3.64) at a temperature of –27 °C with a 2.2-week lag. In Southern Hemisphere countries, the highest OR was 1.72 (95% CI: 0.65–4.58) at an OC concentration of 5800μg/m3 with a 3.2-week lag, and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.00–1.71), corresponding to a temperature of 14 °C with a lag of 2 weeks. CCM analysis identified PM2.5 in dust and wind speed as the dominant drivers among air pollutants and climate factors, respectively. PM2.5 in dust influenced influenza in 19 countries, while wind speed did so in 15 countries across the study area. Conclusions Climate variables and air pollutants exhibited nonlinear and lagged effects on influenza transmission, with key air pollutants varying across hemispheres. Predictive causal signals of selected climate variables were further modulated by specific socioeconomic conditions. These findings highlight the importance of integrating environmental and socioeconomic conditions, providing practical guidance for implementing targeted influenza control strategies.

Malayan pangolin populations have fallen to a critically endangered level, and illegal trafficking of wild pangolins is a global problem. Little is known about antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (MDRB) harbored by pangolins, although pangolins are frequently consumed as food or used in traditional medicine. In this study, we report for the first time that strains of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli were found in a captured Malayan pangolin in Shenzhen, China (December 2018). Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were found in great diversity and abundance on conjugative plasmids, according to genomic analysis. IncX1-type replicon plasmids carrying numerous ARGs and conserved mobile genetic elements predominated in MDR E. coli isolates. Their ability to transport genes horizontally was further strengthened by structural characteristics such class 1 integron-like gene clusters, IS26, and Tn1721, which may have made cross-species dissemination easier. Overall, our findings suggest that illegal transboundary trafficking of Malayan pangolins may contribute to the dissemination of MDRB and highlight the potential public health risks associated with uncontrolled wildlife trade.

γ- poly glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a high molecular weight polymer, is synthesized by microorganisms and secreted into the extracellular space. Due to its excellent performance, γ-PGA has been widely used in various fields, including food, biomedical and environmental fields. In this study, we screened natto samples for two strains of Bacillus subtilis N3378-2at and N3378-3At that produce γ-PGA. We then identified the γ-PGA synthetase gene cluster (PgsB, PgsC, PgsA, YwtC and PgdS), glutamate racemase RacE, phage-derived γ-PGA hydrolase (PghB and PghC) and exo-γ-glutamyl peptidase (GGT) from the genome of these strains. Based on these γ-PGA-related protein sequences from isolated Bacillus subtilis and 181 B. subtilis obtained from GenBank, we carried out genotyping analysis and classified them into types 1–5. Since we found B. amyloliquefaciens LL3 can produce γ-PGA, we obtained the B. velezensis and B. amyloliquefaciens strains from GenBank and classified them into types 6 and 7 based on LL3. Finally, we constructed evolutionary trees for these protein sequences. This study analyzed the distribution of γ-PGA-related protein sequences in the genomes of B. subtilis, B. velezensis and B. amyloliquefaciens strains, then the evolutionary diversity of these protein sequences was analyzed, which provided novel information for the development and utilization of γ-PGA-producing strains.

Little is known about the pathogenic microorganisms carried by wild animals. This study found that the multidrug resistance phenotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates carried by wild birds was mainly attributed to multidrug resistance plasmids, and these multidrug resistance plasmids from wild birds were closely related to human-infecting bacteria.

H1N1 influenza has brought serious threats to people's health and a high socioeconomic burden to society. Oseltamivir, a kind of neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor, is the second-generation specific drug that is broadly used currently. However, H1N1 influenza viruses have exhibited oseltamivir resistance in the past decades, which might be a hidden danger. To understand the frequency and distribution laws of oseltamivir-resistant viruses, we conducted a thorough and deep analysis of the available NA protein sequences of H1N1 influenza viruses worldwide from 1918 to 2020. The differences and similarities before and after 2009 were also considered since the dominant viruses changed in this period. Results showed that 3.76% of H1N1 viruses harbored oseltamivir resistance currently. Among various significative mutations, H274Y had the highest frequency of 3.30%, while the frequencies of the other mutations were far below this whether before or after 2009. The oseltamivir resistance was mainly found in three hosts, humans, swine, and avian. Different mutation sites could exhibit different distributions in each host. Our results showed that the resistance level reached a peak during the 2007-2008 influenza season and then quickly decreased in 2009. The resistance also displayed a global distribution. The densely populated countries usually had a high resistance level. However, frequent significative mutations were also found in some small countries. Our findings indicated the necessity of monitoring oseltamivir resistance around the world. The study could provide a unique perspective toward the cognition of viruses and facilitate the future study of both pandemic and drug development.

The emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in Proteus mirabilis clinical isolates is a growing public health concern and has serious implications for wildlife. What is the role of wildlife has been become one of the hot issues in disseminating antimicrobial resistance. Here, 54 P. mirabilis isolates from 12 different species were identified. Among them, 25 isolates were determined to be MDR by profile of antimicrobial susceptibility; 10 MDR P. mirabilis isolates were subjected to comparative genomic analysis by whole genome sequencing. Comprehensive analysis showed that chromosome of P. mirabilis isolates mainly carries multidrug-resistance complex elements harboring resistance to carbapenem genes blaOXA-1 , blaNDM-1 , and blaTEM-1 . Class I integron is the insertion hotspot of IS26; it can be inserted into type I integron at different sites, thus forming a variety of multiple drug resistance decision sites. At the same time, Tn21, Tn7, and SXT/R391 mobile elements cause widespread spread of these drug resistance genes. In conclusion, P. mirabilis isolates from wildlife showed higher resistance to commonly used clinic drugs comparing to those from human. Therefore, wild animals carrying MDR clinical isolates should be paid attention to by the public health.

The study was aimed to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which can detect specifically Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1). The primers were designed based on the conserved sequence of FHV-1 glycoprotein B gene. The recombinant protein with reactogenicity was purified as coating antigen of the assay. The indirect ELISA, characterized by high sensitivity showed no cross-reaction with two types of feline virus, had detection limit at 1:2000 dilution. The positive rate of the assay, according to the determined cutoff value (0.25), was basically consistent with Feline Herpes Virus Antibody ELISA kit. In conclusion, the indirect ELISA with high repeatability and reproducibility can be used for detecting FHV-1, and can provide necessary support to related research.

犬细小病毒(canine parvovirus,CPV)已流行近40年,由于VP2基因不断变异,产生了多种变异毒株并广泛流行于全世界,给CPV的防控带来巨大挑战.因此,本文以CPV的起源进化、变异毒株的突变特点及CPV变异株在国内外流行特点进行综述分析,以期阐明CPV流行态势,为有效的精准防控提供支持.

The 1918 "Spanish" pandemic is the earliest known influenza H1N1 virus. Since then H1N1 viruses circulated between humans and animals continuously. With the increased amount of samples of H1N1 viruses and technology development, researchers have been studying how the viruses evolved. Here, we analyzed HA and NA genes of H1N1 viruses from three aspects: host distribution, geographical distribution and phylogenetic analysis. The data showed hosts were predominantly human, swine and poultry, and other hosts were mainly cat, ferret, wild bear, canine, cheetah and seal. In terms of geographical distribution, the North America and Eurasia were the main H1N1 influenza pandemic areas. Of them, the United States, China, Japan, Canada, the United Kingdom, India and Singapore were the most affected. The phylogenetic analysis of surface genes of influenza H1N1 viruses from 1918 to 2017 worldwide revealed the distribution of all avian influenza viruses (AIVs) showed a clear geographical difference, mainly concentrated in Eurasia and America. American and Eurasian swine viruses might be the ancestors of the 2009 pandemic virus' HA and NA genes. Swine influenza viruses played an important role in the spread of influenza viruses across species. To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale phylogenetic analysis of HA and NA genes of influenza H1N1 viruses worldwide until now. Our findings further emphasize the importance of surveillance of the genetic diversity of influenza H1N1 viruses in different hosts and raised more concerns about the long-time monitoring. Keywords: influenza H1N1 viruses; HA genes; NA genes; phylogenetic analysis; evolution.

Gyroviruses (GyVs) are small, single-stranded, circular DNA viruses in the genus Gyrovirus, which consists of the chicken anemia virus (CAV) prototype and nine other viral species. These different GyV species have been reported in chickens, humans, mice, and companion animals. To date, CAV has been identified in the feces of domestic cats, while the circulation of other GyV species in cats is currently unknown. In the present study, 197 fecal samples were collected from pet cats in northeast China, and samples were screened for different GyV species by PCR. Twelve GyV strains were identified from the feces of pet cats. These included 4 positive for CAV, 3 for HGyV/AGV2, 3 for GyV3 and 2 positive for GyV6. The complete genome sequences of the 12 cat-sourced GyV strains showed 93.9–99.7% nucleotide identities to the homologous reference GyV strains. Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete genomes, VP1, VP2 and VP3 genes showed the identical classification of GyV species with previous reports. Moreover, one and four unique amino acid substitutions were identified in the VP1 protein of the cat-sourced HGyV/AGV2 and GyV6 strains, respectively, and one substitution was also observed in the VP2 protein of one GyV6 strain identified in this study. In conclusion, our investigation demonstrates that the diverse GyV species were circulating in domestic cats, and provides the first molecular evidence for the circulation of HGyV/AGV2, GyV3 and GyV6 in domestic cats. These cat-origin GyVs possessed considerable genetic diversity. This study also raises the possibility that domestic cats, as reservoirs for gyroviruses, may inadvertently disseminate viruses to other species, e.g., humans and chickens.

宠物用血液制品是由健康动物的血液或经特异免疫的动物血浆,经分离、提纯或由重组DNA技术制成的血浆蛋白成分,以及血液细胞有形成分的统称.文中对血液生物制品的概念及作用、宠物血液生物制品的种类及临床应用、宠物血液生物制品的制备技术及工艺进行论述,为我国宠物用血液生物制品的研发提供参考.

CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs control the immune response and maintain immune homeostasis. This study examined whether Tregs can affect mouse enteritis and the Foxp3 (Forkhead transcription factor) transcriptional pathway. Mouse CD4+CD25+ Treg cells were labelled using CFSE (5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester) and transferred to enteritis model mice. The mice were randomly divided into an enteritis group, a Treg-infusion group, a Treg-inhibiting group, and a control group. Histopathology, ELISA, flow cytometry, western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were performed. Our results demonstrated that CD4+CD25+ Tregs were successfully transferred. The disease activity index (DAI) scores in the Tregs-infusion group were lower than those of the enteritis and Tregs-inhibiting groups. The number of goblet cells and inflammatory cells was reduced, and the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, NO, and PGE2 were significantly decreased in the Tregs-infusion group compared to those in the enteritis group (p<0.05). The number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs and CD4+IL-17A+ Th17 cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes differed significantly from the enteritis and Tregs-inhibiting groups (p<0.05). There were more Foxp3+ Tregs and Smad3 and NFAT2 infiltrated into the duodenum after adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25+ Tregs, which was a significant difference relative to the enteritis group (p<0.05). This study demonstrated that adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25+ Tregs can decrease mouse enteritis. Foxp3 expression may be improved through the Smad3 and NFAT2 signalling pathways.

沙门氏菌病的感染范围很广,在家畜和野生动物中均有发生,多以败血症和肠炎为主要临床表现,因此该病在世界上引起了广泛的关注.本文总结了猪、牛、禽、狐和貉这五种易感动物的临床特征和病理变化,同时对传统检测方法、免疫学检测方法和分子生物学检测方法进行了介绍,并从多个方面总结动物沙门氏菌病的防制办法.本文综述了动物发生沙门氏菌病的情况,为有效控制动物沙门氏菌病提供理论参考.

one isolate was obtained from the lung of weaning rabbits. Which were collected from a extensive rabbit farm in Hailaer of Inner Mongolia, and this isolate was identified as Bordetella broncbispetica by cultural performance,gram straining,biochemical reaction and specific PCR. To further study the drug resistance of this isolate, drug susceptibility test was carried out using Kirby-Bauer method, and drug resistance genes were detected in this study. The results showed that this isolate was highly resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, including penicillin G, amoxicillin and cefradine, and tetracyclines. And it was highly sensitive to aminoglycosides and quinolones,including kanamycin and norfloxacin. In addition,resistance genes of blaTEM and tetB were detected in this isolate,and the results were consistant with drug-resistant phenotype. In conclusion,these results will be helpful for clinical guide of reasonable antibiotic use to reat bordetellosis of rabbit.

细小病毒作为一种宿主广泛的病毒,流行已将近一个世纪.而今,已成为侵染动物最频繁的病毒之一.第一例猫细小病毒(Feline parvovirus virus,FPV)是在20世纪初期由法国学者Verge发现,随后由Bilin和Johnson于1957年成功分离培养出该病毒[1].FPV属于细小病毒科、细小病毒属成员,该属病毒是自然分布极广的一种微小的单股负链DNA病毒粒子.自FPV被发现以来,相继衍生出犬细小病毒(Canine parvovirus,CPV)、水貂肠炎病毒 (Mink enteritis virus,MEV)和浣熊细小病毒(Raccon parvovirus,RaPV)等[2].近几年研究发现该属病毒成员不断增多,如博卡病毒(Bocavirus)等,严重危害了人兽健康.由于细小病毒的迅速传播和基因突变等变化,导致病毒产生较强的致病力和抗原漂移现象[3].同时细小病毒宿主范围仍在不断地扩大更新,现在已成为猫科、犬科、经济动物和珍稀野生动物的主要疫病之一.

随着犬细小病毒变异亚型毒株的增多及所呈现的复杂的流行态势,提高犬细小病毒(CPV)检测方法的实用性、敏感性、特异性和简单快捷性迫在眉睫.通过对传统分子生物学和免疫学检测方法的优化改进,相继衍生出了MT-PCR、iiPCR、IC-LAMP、CPV-GIA、PCR-RFLP和RPA等新型方法,明显提高了检测的时效性及便捷性.就衍生出的多种新型检测方法优势特点进行了综述,以期为CPV的临床和实验室快速检测提供参考.

猪流行性腹泻(PED)是由猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)感染引起的一种以急性腹泻、呕吐、严重脱水为主要临床症状的急性、高度传染性、高致死性病毒性肠道传染病.PEDV可感染各年龄段的猪,以哺乳仔猪最易感,经口鼻感染后病毒直接进入小肠,在肠绒毛上皮细胞增殖进而对细胞器造成损伤,导致的细胞功能障碍引起肠黏膜细胞坏死、肠绒毛脱落,从而引起腹泻,脱水,小肠臌气、扩张、积液等临床症状,严重者可导致仔猪死亡[1].自PEDV首次报道至今的近40年内,已经给亚洲、欧洲等国家和地区的养猪业造成了严重的经济损失,是制约养猪业发展的重要病毒性传染病之一.

Antarctic penguins are ″bio-indicators″ of environmentalchange in the Southern Ocean. The abundance of nutrients such as carbon(C) and nitrogen (N) in their excreta promotes the emission of greenhousegases (GHGs), which makes penguin colonies an important source ofcarbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), and nitrousoxide (N 2 O) emissions. Since the 15th Chinese Antarcticaresearch expedition, studies have been conducted via field observationsand laboratory incubation experiments to determine the soil nutrientcontent in typical penguin colonies, and GHG production and emissionsin these regions. These studies have indicated that the depositionof large amounts of penguin guano strongly influences the physicaland chemical properties of soils in the Antarctic and creates favorableconditions for the production of CH 4 and N 2 Oin the soils and their subsequent emission. These studies have alsoshown that penguin activity significantly promotes CH 4 andN 2 O emissions when compared with sites such as tundra ecosystemswhere penguins are absent. However, due to the lack of penguin populationdata, the total GHG emissions from penguin colonies at the regionaland even circum-Antarctic scale have not been estimated. With thedevelopment of remote sensing technology, penguin colonies and theirpopulation changes have been identified by satellite images sincethe 1980s. In recent years, with the application of very high resolution(VHR) satellite images and aerial photographs, the identificationof penguin populations at the regional scale has gradually been established.Based on previous research, this study comprehensively analyzed GHGemissions from penguins via field observations and laboratory incubationexperiments, and introduced a method to estimate GHG emissions frompenguin colonies via parameters such as guano deposition rates, CH 4 and N 2 O emission factors, and penguin populations.This study also summarized the satellite data-based population estimationsof five Antarctic penguin species: Adelie ( Pygoscelisadeliae ), Chinstrap ( Pygoscelis Antarctica ), Gentoo ( Pygoscelis papua ), emperor ( Aptenodytesforsteri ), and Macaroni ( Eudyptes chrysolophus ). Taking Adelie penguin as an example, Antarctic penguin colonieswere investigated by considering the relationship between penguinguano areas and the number of breeding pairs, which determined a globaltotal Adelie penguin population of 3.79 millionbreeding pairs. Some studies have shown that Adelie penguin populationshave been declining rapidly on the islands of the northern AntarcticPeninsula, but have been increasing in the southern Antarctic Peninsulaand the Ross Sea regions. The factors driving penguin populationswere studied in terms of the physical and biological changes in thepenguins′ environment, including changes in sea-ice conditions(concentration, extent, and thickness), air temperature, wind speed,and sea surface temperature, all of which are likely to limit theabundance of Adelie penguins. Competition for food resourcessuch as Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) and continuouschanges in the abundance of these resources also impacts on the numberand density of Adelie penguins. Some of the factors that influencepenguin population changes were discussed, including environmentalfactors (sea surface temperature, sea ice area, and Chlorophyll aconcentration), human activities (the tourism and fishing industries),and other factors (food sources, volcanic eruptions, and iceberg calving).VHR remote sensing data-based estimations of penguin populations andGHG emissions will become a research focus in the field of polar ecology,and synthesizes the disciplines of remote sensing, biology, soil science,ecology, and geography.

Feline viral rhinotracheitis ( FVRs ) is a viral infection caused by feline herpesvirus type 1 which constitutes a great threat on feline health, and its characteristics of spread quickly and latent infection have always been a difficulty in clinical diagnosis and treatment of pet. At present, there are many anti-feline herpesvirus agents, but the evaluations of treatment effects are disputed. So it is necessary to understand fully the research status and treatment effects of anti-feline herpesvirus agents to make treatment plan of FVRs. In this paper, the progress in research of anti-feline herpesvirus agents and treatment effects were expound, it will be helpful to the clinic treatment of FVRs.