Interest in studying multiparticle-production processes in lepton and hadron interactions has not faded to date. The development of strong-interaction theory in the form of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) permits describing these interactions at the level of quarks and gluons. The transition from partons to observed hadrons at the hadronization stage is very difficult. The gluon-dominance model describing multiparticle production of secondaries and including the hadronization stage is proposed in the present study. This model is applied to describing electron–positron annihilation. It confirms an active role of the gluon component in the formation of secondaries, is indicative of the fragmentation mechanism of hadronization occurring in a vacuum, and describes experimental data on multiplicity distributions.

In conjunction with recognition (sensing) and transport, the signaling properties of nitrate (NO3-) in species that differ in evolutionary and taxonomic terms, from primitive prokaryotes to flowering plants, are examined. On the basis of a comparative physiological analysis, the authors make assumptions about some pathways of the phylogenetic formation of signaling cascades triggered by the indicated ion. It is possible that nitrate arose on Earth as early as the Catarchea during the anaerobic nature of the primary atmosphere. Then oxygenic photosynthesis appeared, creating the prerequisites for nitrification as the main source of NO3-. The increasing gradient of nitrate levels in the medium contributed to the creation of polymorphism of its low- and high-affinity sensors and transporters. The system of sensing and signaling of nitrate from prokaryotes was inherited by eukaryotes and received further development from them. In flowering plants, the formation of new regulatory mechanisms is evident; they determine the possibility of fine tuning sensing and absorption of different doses of NO3- with the participation of transporters of appropriate affinity. Depending on the organo-tissue localization of a given ion, the spectrum of its sensors expands, which determines the metabolic direction of the main functions of plants associated with nitrogen assimilation, photosynthesis, and growth and production processes.

Ion exchange and field-assisted ion migration in glasses are simulated on the basis of a physical and mathematical model using the methods of a propagating beam and mode analysis. Photonic integrated circuits that operate at a wavelength of 1550 nm are fabricated on K-8 optical glass substrates (made in Russia). The main passive waveguide components, including single-mode waveguide dividers of optical signals, directional couplers, polarization converters, etc., are made and studied. Multichannel waveguide splitters of optical beams and arrays ( 512× 512 ) of long-focal plano-convex microlenses for Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensors are made by field-assisted ion migration in glass substrates.

The Spin Physics Detector, a universal facility for studying the nucleon spin structure and other spin-related phenomena with polarized proton and deuteron beams, is proposed to be placed in one of the two interaction points of the NICA collider that is under construction at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna, Russia). At the heart of the project there is huge experience with polarized beams at JINR. The main objective of the proposed experiment is the comprehensive study of the unpolarized and polarized gluon content of the nucleon. Spin measurements at the Spin Physics Detector at the NICA collider have bright perspectives to make a unique contribution and challenge our understanding of the spin structure of the nucleon. In this document the Conceptual Design of the Spin Physics Detector is presented.

The latest results on the search for collective phenomena in proton interactions at the U-70 accelerator at IHEP (Protvino) are presented. This long-term experiment has been carried at the SVD-2 setup. Our study was aimed at a high multiplicity region where the series of collective phenomena is predicted. We have received an evidence of the formation of a pion (Bose-Einstein) condensate. We have observed two noticeable peaks in the angular distribution of charged pions interpreted as Cherenkov radiation of gluons by quarks and others phenomena.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.062301.

This paper contains suggestions for experiments with usage of the Spin Physics Detector (SPD) at the first stage of the SPD NICA Programme developing at JINR. Double polarized pp-, dd- and pd- collisions at c.m.s. NN energies of 3.4-10 GeV, which will be accessible at the initial stage of experiments, allow one to study spin dependence of the NN interaction, search for multiquark states at double strangeness, charm and beauty thresholds, study the short-range structure of the deuteron. Double polarized pd scattering offer a possibility to test the Standard Model through the search for T-invariance violation.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.132301.

(SVD-2 Collaboration) A. G. Afonin, E. N. Ardashev, V. F. Golovkin, S. N. Golovnya, S. A. Gorokhov, A. A. Kiryakov, A. G. Kholodenko, V. V. Konstantinov, L. L. Kurchaninov, I. S. Lobanov, E. V. Lobanova, G. A. Mitrofanov, V. S. Petrov, A. V. Pleskach, M. K. Polkovnikov, V. N. Riadovikov*, V. N. Ronzhin, V. A. Senko,N. A. Shalanda, M. M. Soldatov, Yu. P. Tsyupa, A. P. Vorobiev, V. I. Yakimchuk, and V. N. Zapolskii∗ IHEP, Protvino, Moscow region, Russia.

The review deals with the mechanisms of nitrate signaling covering its sensing by transceptors located in the plasma membrane, intracellular signal transduction, and multiplication by a cascade of intermediates as well as regulation of expression of target genes and transduction between the organs involving major phytohormones with consideration for spatial separateness of their biosyntheses in the whole plant. The contribution of signaling into C/N balance of the organism based on key reactions of carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism are discussed.

Over 30 years there has been no comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of soft photons (energy smaller than 50 MeV) formation. Experimental data indicate an excess of their yield in hadron and nuclear interactions in comparison with calculations performed in QED. For a more thorough study of this phenomenon at the Nuclotron (a superconducting accelerator in JINR), preliminary measurements have been carried out with using an electromagnetic calorimeter based on BGO crystals. These results are consistent with the world data. In JINR, in connection with the building of a future accelerator complex NICA, it has become possible to carry out such studies in pp , p A and AA interactions at energies up to 25 A GeV. Our group develops the conception of an heterogeneous electromagnetic calorimeter as “spaghetti” and “shashlik” types based on gadolinium gallium garnet (GaGG) crystals with a low threshold for registration of photons. The first tests of prototypes of them manufactured at JINR on the basis of the GaGG and a mixture of tungstate and copper as an absorber are reported.

Multiparticle production is studied experimentally and theoretically in QCD that describes interactions in the language of quarks and gluons. In the experiment the real hadrons are registered. Various phenomenological models are used for transfer from quarks and gluons to observed hadrons. In order to describe the high multiplicity region, we have developed a gluon dominance model (GDM). It represents a convolution of two stages. The first stage is described as a part of QCD. For the second one (hadronization), the phenomenological model is used. To describe hadronization, a scheme has been proposed, consistent with the experimental data in the region of its dominance. Comparison of this model with data on e+e- annihilation over a wide energy interval (up to 200 GeV) has confirmed the fragmentation mechanism of hadronization, the development of the quark-gluon cascade with energy increase and domination of bremsstrahlung gluons. The description of topological cross sections in pp collisions within GDM testifies that in hadron collisions the mechanism of hadronization is being replaced by the recombination one. At that point, gluons play an active role in the multiparticle production process, and valence quarks are passive. They stay in the leading particles, and only the gluon splitting is responsible for the region of high multiplicity. GDM with inclusion of intermediate quark charged topologies describes topological cross sections in pp̅ annihilation and explains initial linear growth in the region of negative values of a secondary correlative momentum vs average pion multiplicity with increasing of energy. The proposed hadronization scheme can describe the basic processes of multiparticle production.

The review discusses ecological aspects of nitrate pools in the soil as an evolutionary basis of emergency and manifestation of the nitrate’s signaling function in plants. The historiography and modern state of the problem of signaling are considered in respect to such processes as sensing, consumption, transport, and storage of nitrate as well as regulation of nitrogen, carbon, and secondary metabolisms.

In this paper we present the method for obtaining and the results of application of a new nanomodifier for concrete mixes plasticizers, which is the composition of the DEALTOM material with branched bulk structure and the high-reactive carbon-carbon composite by SPSUACE (Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering). As a result, we have obtained a product that has more powerful influence on rheology of concrete mix and structure of cement rock than the DEALTOM and SPSUACE nanomaterials used separately in the same concentration.

Gram quantities of a new adduct based on light fullerene tris-malonate samarium salt С60 [C60(=C(COO)2)3]Sm2 are obtained via the reaction of ion exchange. The obtained adduct is studied by means of electron and infrared spectroscopy, X-ray and elemental analysis, electron microscopy, and thermogravimetry. The polythermal solubility of [C60(=C(COO)2)3]Sm2 in water is determined in ampoules via saturation within 20–70°C. The composition of crystalline hydrate [C60(=C(COO)2)3]Sm2 · 36Н2О, which exists in equilibrium with the saturated solution, is estimated.

Generally accepted methods of single-cell microsurgery in terms of their compliance with the task of preserving cell integrity and minimizing possible damage in various microsurgery manipulations on embryos and somatic cells, namely, during microsurgical transfer of nuclei for cloning, production of monozygotic twins, and microinjections into the cell, are analyzed in detail. The problems regarding the cell contacts with microtools, perforation as a factor of cell damage (when a microtool penetrates a cell), the influence of light on the cell, and retention of the cell during microsurgery (and the resulting effect of negative pressure on the cell) are discussed. The question of how long a single cell can persist in a microchamber in vitro is considered, as well as the impact of mineral oil used as a barrier against solvent evaporation. The effect of the physicochemical composition of the glass that is used for microtools is addressed for the first time, as well as the impact of thermal shock and fresh culture medium on a living cell.