文章阐述了水环境承载力的概念、研究内容和内涵,辨析了水环境容量、水资源承载力与水环境承载力的区别,论述了水环境承载力的影响因素与研究方法.最后剖析了水环境承载力研究存在的不足,认为应该加深对水环境承载力理论的研究,探索新的综合性的研究方法,完善指标体系,增强对与空气、土壤等其他环境要素研究的结合,加强与政策管理部门的合作进行应用型研究.

在介绍生态足迹的概念和计算方法的基础上,利用《聊城统计年鉴2007》,对聊城市的生态足迹进行了实证研究,最后提出了减缓聊城市生态赤字的对策。结果表明,2006年聊城市人均生态足迹为2.641 7 hm2,可利用的人均生态承载力为0.865 9 hm2,人均生态赤字为1.775 8 hm2。较大的生态赤字反映出聊城市对生物生产土地面积的需求量已经严重超过区域生态系统的承载力。

In this paper,we assess the value of forest ecosystem services of the study area by using market value method,opportunity cost method,shadow price method,cost analysis method,shadow project method,travel cost method and alternative cost method.The results showed that the total annual service value of forest ecosystem in the study area is up to 101.07 × 108 yuan/a,of which 2.19 × 108 yuan/a for material production,33.93 × 108 yuan/a for atmosphere regulation,12 × 108 yuan/a for water regulation,23.66 × 108 yuan/a for environmental purification,8.62 × 108 yuan/a for soil protection,12.17 × 108 yuan/a for maintenance of biological diversity,8.49 × 108 yuan/a for leisure.The results show that the study area's forest ecosystem has perfect function in atmosphere regulation,water conservation,flood storage,soil conservation et al.So it's valuable to protect.

A multi-objective optimization model for industrial structure constrained by environmental capacity of water resources was established based on the structural features of industries and their pollution to water environment of Tieling City in 2006. Taking maximizing total industry output value and minimizing discharge of wastewater, COD and NH_3-N as the optimization objective. The indexes of industrial structure of Tieling City in 2010 were quantified by this model, and the optimum indexes were selected for the Eleventh Five Year Plan of Tieling City in the respects of programmed objective and environmental protection. In this way a reasonable industrial structure fitting economic development and meeting the requirements of water environmental protection was obtained. It provided referential method.

Based on the method of equivalent standard pollution load,the trend of pollutant emission discharged by industrial wastewater in the Liaohe River Basin in Liaoning province during five typical years before and after the policies of Reform and Opening-up and the Industrial Structure Adjustment,was analyzed in terms of spatial characteristics of industrial pollution sources.Detailed discussions were put on the regularity of spatio-temporal variation of major pollutants.Data shows that industrial pollution sources in Liaohe River Basin mainly distribute along the expressway,in the city blocks in central Liaonig province and its coastal areas,and present a trend of unceasing focus.The total amounts of discharged industrial wastewater and the pollutants show a continuously decreasing trend.The main pollutants discharge in the Liaohe River Basin are COD,ammonia nitrogen,volatile phenol and petroleum oil,and the organic pollutant discharged by the industrial wastewater is more than that of inorganic pollutants.There is a big variance in heavy metal pollution with the main heavy metal pollutant of Hg during 1985-1999,Cr,Pb and Cd during 2002-2005,and Pb,As and Cr in 2008.There exists an obvious trend of pollutant discharge transfer in different regions because the main discharge regions of volatile phenol,petroleum oil,lead and arsenic vary completely during these years,although there is no obvious change in the main discharge regions of COD,ammonia nitrogen discharge.

Pollutant emission intensity reflects the environment load of per unit economic value created. By employing the method of variance in determining index weights, regional differences in the emission intensity of main pollutants, which include waste water, COD, and nitrogen in 6 regional unites of the Liao River basins in 2006, were evaluated. The results show that the national average level of the overall emission intensity of these pollutants is 0.4411, and the values of 3 unites are smaller than others. In addition, the minimum values of each pollutant were identified and used as the target value for Liao River basins, from which the reduction potential of each control unit's main pollutants emission intensity was calculated. The results show that there are significant inter-regional differences in the reduction potential of the main pollutants emission intensity. Finally, The paper using the index "pollution contribute rate" analyses the main industry trades that produce COD and NH4-N and their area distribution in Liao River basins, points out the control emphasis.

Taking Tieling City of Liaoning Province as an example,based on the characteristics of agricultural structure and water environmental pollution in 2006,multiple-targets optimization model of agricultural structure was established with the maximization of agricultural total output and minimization of Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) as the goals,so as to realize the quantification of the indices of agricultural structure in 2010 with this model.As a result,a optimization scheme,which was in accord with the objective of Eleventh Five-year Plan of the economic development and environmental protection objective in Tieling City,was obtained.Also,proposals on developing agriculture reasonably were put forward.

随着经济的快速发展和人口的迅速膨胀,流域自然资源与生态环境面临着前所未有的压力.为了更好地协调流域各方的生态、经济利益关系,促进地区间和群体间的和谐、可持续发展,建立稳固的生态补偿激励机制就显得十分必要.以大伙房水库上游流域地区为研究对象,以公共产品理论、外部性理论、生态资本理论和可持续发展理论为理论基础,结合研究区的实际情况,确定研究区生态补偿的主客体和补偿的方式与途径;再分别站在供给方和需求方的角度,通过计算水库上游地区生态系统服务功能价值、生态保护建设总成本和水库下游地区人民的支付意愿价格来确定生态补偿的标准;最后综合考虑受益程度、支付意愿、流域面积等因素确定补偿金的分担率和分配率,并建立了生态补偿机制的配套措施.

Methods for source apportionment in aquatic environments are introduced.The theoretical principles and the applicable conditions of the chemical mass balance,multivariate analysis,hybrid approaches,and other methods are reviewed.Advantages and disadvantages of the different methods are described.Research on source apportionment in aquatic environments was influenced by the shortage of source profiles,lack of historical data,and weakness of instruments and study methods.The development trends of source apportionment in aquatic environments research in China were predicted according to present study status.

进行水资源可持续利用研究首先要建立科学合理的评价指标体系.在总结水资源可持续利用综合评价指标体系建立的原则、方法、分类等基础上,全面分析了水资源可持续利用评价指标体系研究的现状及所存在的问题,并提出了相应的建议,为水资源可持续利用研究提供参考.

磷素在土壤中的积累问题是土壤科学和环境科学普遍关注的热点之一,磷肥的大量施用不仅浪费资源、增加生产成本,而且还通过面源流失对周边水体环境构成潜在威胁。此项研究以沈阳郊区不同利用年限的蔬菜保护地为对象,对集约农业土壤中磷素的积累特征进行了初步探讨。结果表明:蔬菜保护地耕层土壤全磷、速效磷、有机磷随利用年限增加,具有明显的积累趋势;土壤速效磷占全磷的比率增加显著,而有机磷占全磷的比率无显著变化。