On the basis of reviewing remediation technologies of soil contamination by heavy metals at home and abroad,the major problems and limitations were pointed out.Finally,the development trend for remediation technology polluted by heavy metals in China was put forward.

Estimating runoff from rainfall depth by using Soil Conservation Service(SCS)model is widely used in applied hydrology and environmental protection.The origins and developments of this mode are described from a historical perspective by outlining the basic hydrologic assumptions,intended applications and the acknowledged limitations.This study summarized the research status at home and abroad and discussed the peculiar role of the main parameters such as Ia and CN,and then investigated the method of determining parameters.

The paper introduces the decentralized sewage treatment facilities in Japan—johkasou and rural drainage facilities,and then analyzes their application prospect to China rural sewage treatment according to the practical conditions of rural sewage discharge and treatment in China.

[Objective]The research aimed to solve the problem of the relationship between reach social and economic development and water environment pollutants.[Method]Starting from system analysis,the system of regional social and economic environment was divided into four subsystems of society,economy,water resources,and water environment.Water environment system dynamics model of Qinghe River reach was established by using system dynamics.And four different scenarios of social-economic development of Qinghe River in 2010-2020 was simulated and predicted.[Result]Although the scheme one showed high-speed economic development,heavy environmental cost should be paid.Scheme four could ensure the economic development,while more emphasis should be paid to environmental protection.So scheme four was the optimal solution.[Conclusion]In order to coordinate the basin′s economic and social,environmental development,the economic structure,transform the economic growth as the main line,develop low energy consumption,low pollution,low investment,high efficiency of the industry should be optimized.

The study simulated and compared the changes of water quality(COD)after carrying out different water quality improvement program by WASP model.Took Tieling section of Liao River as example,combining the watershed pollution reduction targets,the reasonable allocation for emissions reduction was back-calculated using WASP model.The back-calculation results showed that Tieling section of Liao River required reducing COD 1.74×104～2.49×104t.If could formulate a flexible monthly plan to cut down COD emissions according to different seasons,the effect of emission reduction programs had significantly improved.

Based on the method of equivalent standard pollution load,the trend of pollutant emission discharged by industrial wastewater in the Liaohe River Basin in Liaoning province during five typical years before and after the policies of Reform and Opening-up and the Industrial Structure Adjustment,was analyzed in terms of spatial characteristics of industrial pollution sources.Detailed discussions were put on the regularity of spatio-temporal variation of major pollutants.Data shows that industrial pollution sources in Liaohe River Basin mainly distribute along the expressway,in the city blocks in central Liaonig province and its coastal areas,and present a trend of unceasing focus.The total amounts of discharged industrial wastewater and the pollutants show a continuously decreasing trend.The main pollutants discharge in the Liaohe River Basin are COD,ammonia nitrogen,volatile phenol and petroleum oil,and the organic pollutant discharged by the industrial wastewater is more than that of inorganic pollutants.There is a big variance in heavy metal pollution with the main heavy metal pollutant of Hg during 1985-1999,Cr,Pb and Cd during 2002-2005,and Pb,As and Cr in 2008.There exists an obvious trend of pollutant discharge transfer in different regions because the main discharge regions of volatile phenol,petroleum oil,lead and arsenic vary completely during these years,although there is no obvious change in the main discharge regions of COD,ammonia nitrogen discharge.

Pollutant emission intensity reflects the environment load of per unit economic value created. By employing the method of variance in determining index weights, regional differences in the emission intensity of main pollutants, which include waste water, COD, and nitrogen in 6 regional unites of the Liao River basins in 2006, were evaluated. The results show that the national average level of the overall emission intensity of these pollutants is 0.4411, and the values of 3 unites are smaller than others. In addition, the minimum values of each pollutant were identified and used as the target value for Liao River basins, from which the reduction potential of each control unit's main pollutants emission intensity was calculated. The results show that there are significant inter-regional differences in the reduction potential of the main pollutants emission intensity. Finally, The paper using the index "pollution contribute rate" analyses the main industry trades that produce COD and NH4-N and their area distribution in Liao River basins, points out the control emphasis.

Underlying surface change caused by land use change had important influence on urban rainfall-runoff process.Based on actual measured rainfall-runoff data,the Soil Conservation Service curve number(SCS-CN) model modified according to initial abstraction and runoff was used to preliminary simulate the rainfall event runoff coefficients at 0.5 to 10 year rainfall recurrence interval,and annual runoff coefficients at wet,normal and dry year condition in central Shanghai from 1947 to 2006.The impact factors of land use type,antecedent moisture condition(AMC) and rainfall on the rainfall-runoff relationship were analyzed.The results exhibited that: 1) The CN value changing process could be driven into slowing increased period(1947 to 1984),rapid increased period(1984 to 1993),rapid decreased period(1993 to 2000) and slowing decreased period(2000 to 2006).The major impact factors in the four periods were the change of cultivated land,cultivated land,water area and industrial land,respectively.2) The rainfall event runoff coefficients of 0.5 to 10 year rainfall recurrence interval rainfall,at AMC Ⅰ,increased relatively from 17.21% to 6.14% from 1947 to 2006.Also the annual runoff coefficients at wet,normal and dry year condition increased relatively by 20.49%,11.83% and 10.02%,respectively.3) Land use type,soil infiltration ability and AMC,and rainfall were the two important influencing factors to the rainfall-runoff relationship.The impact of land use change decreased with the increase of rainfall intensity while AMC from Ⅰto Ⅲ,and the impact of land use change increased with the decrease of rainfall intensity while AMC from Ⅲ to Ⅰ.4) The runoff coefficient increased the with increased CN value at different event rainfall intensities and different annual rainfall conditions.The linear relationship and exponential relationship exist between rainfall event runoff coefficient and CN value,and between annual runoff coefficient and CN value,with R20.999 and R20.987,respectively.

Methods for source apportionment in aquatic environments are introduced.The theoretical principles and the applicable conditions of the chemical mass balance,multivariate analysis,hybrid approaches,and other methods are reviewed.Advantages and disadvantages of the different methods are described.Research on source apportionment in aquatic environments was influenced by the shortage of source profiles,lack of historical data,and weakness of instruments and study methods.The development trends of source apportionment in aquatic environments research in China were predicted according to present study status.

It is of significance for the water pollution control to study source apportionment of pollutants in water environment due to the more and more severe river pollution in watershed.Based on advances in the research and application of source apportionment of pollutants in water environment,theoretical methods and models which can be applied to the source appointment of different kinds of pollutants in water environment are reviewed in this paper.The advantages,shortcomings,applicability,and application status of multivariable statistical and chemical mass balance models are described.The development trend of source apportionment and its application in water environmental research are prospected.In the past,source apportionment studies of pollutants in water environment were mainly focused on persistent organic pollutants,related studies on non-persistent pollutants should be emphasized in the future work.For the technical aspect of source apportionment of pollutants in water environment,more basic studies on components of pollution sources should be conducted.

Suitable land use is useful for urban drainage and storage of excessive rainfall.A laboratory simulated rain experiment shows that the water retention capacity of green land is higher than that of bare soil with the same rainfall intensity,especially with a low rainfall intensity of 20～25 mL/min.The difference in the water retention capacity of different underlying surfaces indicates that land use can adjust and store rainfall runoff,and provides a reference for future land use planning and ecological city construction planning.

下凹式绿地是一种具有渗蓄雨水、削减洪峰流量、减轻地表径流污染等优点的生态型排水设施。对不同设计参数的下凹式绿地雨水渗蓄能力的计算和分析表明:下凹式绿地面积比例f、绿地下凹深度Δh、绿地土壤稳定入渗速率K和设计暴雨重现期P是影响其雨水渗蓄效率N的主要因素。经分析计算,一般情况下的下凹式绿地设计参数选择范围为:绿地面积比例10%～30%,下凹深度0.1～0.3m,土壤稳定入渗速率大于5×10-7m/s,设计暴雨重现期可选择一年、三年和五年一遇标准。

Willingness to pay (WTP) and Willingness to accept (WTA) are the main two measures when using contingent valuation method (CVM) for valuation of environmental goods and ecosystem services, however, in most CVM cases there does exist a significant disparity between the two measures. Taking an urban river in Shanghai as a case, this paper using CVM values the ecosystem services of the river in both WTP and WTA measures. The comparative study of the two measures shows that, (1)There clearly exists a disparity between WTA and WTP, with a WTA/WTP ratio of 7.02, which is very consistent with some lastly international study results; (2)There is no significantly relationship between WTA and some important social-economic variables of respondents such as income, but WTA clearly related with population of respondents family, and education level, especially there is a remarkable relationship between WTA and WTP, all this indicates that the WTA may be a appropriate measure to value environmental change; (3)The WTA/WTP disparity may be caused by respondents income and education level, the WTA/WTP ratio is positively related with education level while negatively related with income of respondents. One important environmental management implication for the WTA/WTP disparity is that, when the same degree of quality or quantity of environment or ecosystem is changed, the welfare loss caused by damage or pollution will be many times greater than the welfare gain brought by protection or restoration.

Based on the comparison of urban rainwater resource utilization management systems of Germany,USA and Japan,four inspirations to set up Chinese urban rainwater resource utilization ma-nagement system and to realize the ecological environment functions of rainwater resource were drawn.The first is to establish nationwide law and rule to guarantee rainwater resource utilization;the second is to support development of rainwater resource utilization technology to promote rainwater resource utilization;the third is to establish economic adjustment and control means to motivate rainwater resource utilization;the fourth is to establish uniform specialized functional management department to standardize rainwater resource utilization.

相对于建设项目来说,规划具有更高的综合性、宏观性和前瞻性,因此,规划环评工作也面临更多的不确定性和可变因素.我国目前的规划环评研究难点主要集中于环境评价与不同类型规划本身的理论与技术特点的结合问题,由于规划环评开展时间尚短,缺乏实践经验累积,实际工作开展中难免存在一些问题.我们对上海市2003-2005年间完成的24本规划环境影响评价报告书进行分析,提出了提高规划环境影响评价有效性的建议.

The utilization of urban rainwater resources is one of the effective approaches to alleviate water shortage and improve urban water environment.Green space system plays a significant role in rainwater utilization.Through analysing the actual regulations and criteria relating to greening the paper discussed the approaches of combining rainwater utilization and green space construction,and analyzed the feasibility of using hollow grassland and water body to store rainfall.Based on the analysis,some suggestions were provided for formulating and perfecting relevant regulations and laws of greening.