最大日负荷总量(TMDL)计划制定与实施的目标是识别具体污染控制单元及其土地利用状况,对单元内点源和非点源污染物的排放浓度和总量提出控制措施,从而促进整个流域执行最好的流域管理与污染控制计划,达到水质目标管理要求.以美国纳瓦罗河流域为例,通过对该流域河流温度TMDL计划的分析研究,结合国内水质目标管理技术,提出了对流域内河流温度负荷分配的一些建议和方法,为今后国内在流域水环境的河流温度管理方面提供参考.

针对辽宁省菱镁矿区资源状况与环境问题,提出菱镁矿区土地生态修复技术对策,包括土壤污染等级分类对策、不同立地条件土地复垦适宜性评价与对策、板结土壤复垦技术与对策和排土场贫瘠土壤肥力改良修复对策,进行适宜性复垦植物筛选与复垦效果评价.

The given article is concerned about a renovated method of advanced treatment of vitamins-making pharmaceutical sewage developed by its authors known as acidification integrated anaerobic-flow-separated bio-bed-ozonation three-phase bio-fluid treating method.The so-called three phase of biofluid bed treating can be summarized as follows: First of all,we have to let the sewage pass through a hydrolytic acidification reaction cell,which accounts for the regulation of water quality and water quantity.It is for this purpose,the water entering the cell has to be purified and then the macromolecular and micro-molecule organic compounds were let to be decomposed with the biodegradability of the sewage improved.And then,when the purified sewage flew through the two reaction cells,that is,the hybrid anaerobic reaction cell and the flow-separating biological bed,the organic materials in the sewage would be split into pieces by microorganisms in the two reactors.The pollutant-removing rate should be accelerated in this stage.Thirdly,there will be an ozone oxidation system added to promote the decomposition of the residual refractory organisms and heighten the biodegradability,with which the organisms are to be degraded by the microbiological device in the three-phase bio-fluidized bed.Since the biodegradability of the sewage is poor by nature,it should get easily mixed with the rest part of sewage.But,it is possible to increase the biodegradability of the sewage by adding BOD/COD value from 0.05 to 0.18.In addition,the effluent of flow-separated biological bed can help to increase its COD removal from 14.7% to 43.4% prior to the mixture.Thus,the results of our pilot test prove that the process of hydrolysis pretreatment and the three-step ozonation bio-fluidized bed,when combined with the advanced treating technology,are expected to promote the biodegradability of the sewage and heighten the removing rate.Besides,since the hydrolysis phase is favorable for reducing its COD value with the average COD removing rate of 17.8%,it is also favorable for reducing its volatility.All these factors should contribute to increasing the average COD removing rate to 49.8% in the three ozonation-phase bio-fluidized bed.For the period of 20 d running,the COD concentration of the entire system remains below 50 mg/L,with NH+4N concentration being the lowest at a level of 0.25 mg/L.And,finally,the COD and NH+4N removing rate should be managed to reach about 80% and 90%.The effluent quality of COD and NH+4-N can be managed to achieve class A in the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Urban Sewage Treating Plant(GB 18918—2002).So far as we can see,the treating method developed by us can not only heighten the biodegradability of the sewage,but is able to increase the removing rate of COD and ammonia nitrogen.

Vitamins pharmaceutical wastewater was not able to meet the water quality requirements after a preliminary biochemical treatment because of the features with hard-biodegraded,high COD and ammonia nitrogen.According to these characteristics,the paper adopted hydrolysis acidification and aggrandizement with compound aeration→efficient and anaerobic combination reaction→displaced biological contact oxidation continuous process to deal with the wastewater of vitamin pharmaceutical deeply and study its feasibility.The medium-sized test which processing scale was 7.2 m3/d showed that hydrolysis acidification and aggrandizement with compound aeration process can be made B/C value raise from 0.33 to 0.48,improing next step's biochemical treatment efficiency,when entering water CODcr concentration was 150 to 641 mg/L,ammonia nitrogen was 6 to 115 mg/L,the average removal rate can be achieved 84.28%,93.8% respectively,the effluent water COD concentration can be less than 50 mg/L,ammonia nitrogen concentration can be less than 5 mg/L,achieved the first class of A of the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal wastewater Treatment Plant(GB18918-2002).Last of all,the continuous process on advanced treatment of such wastewater possess feasibility and stability.

Pollutant emission intensity reflects the environment load of per unit economic value created. By employing the method of variance in determining index weights, regional differences in the emission intensity of main pollutants, which include waste water, COD, and nitrogen in 6 regional unites of the Liao River basins in 2006, were evaluated. The results show that the national average level of the overall emission intensity of these pollutants is 0.4411, and the values of 3 unites are smaller than others. In addition, the minimum values of each pollutant were identified and used as the target value for Liao River basins, from which the reduction potential of each control unit's main pollutants emission intensity was calculated. The results show that there are significant inter-regional differences in the reduction potential of the main pollutants emission intensity. Finally, The paper using the index "pollution contribute rate" analyses the main industry trades that produce COD and NH4-N and their area distribution in Liao River basins, points out the control emphasis.

The harmonious development between the economy and water quality is a key for social sustainable development in the future,Tieling city as a research objective,the characters of economic development and a series of water environment problems caused by industrialization in Tieling city were analyzed systematically,Various mathematical functional models were applied to simulate the EKC (Environmental Kuznets Curve) of industrial wastewater and COD discharge in Tieling,then the best one was selected. The IPAT equation proposed by P.Ehrlich was converted,a forecast model about the industrial wastewater and COD discharge was established. the industrial wastewater and COD discharge during the years of 2010,2015 and 2020 in Tieling city were calculated,the measures of Tieling city water environment protection and harmonious development of economic in the future were put forward.

进行水资源可持续利用研究首先要建立科学合理的评价指标体系.在总结水资源可持续利用综合评价指标体系建立的原则、方法、分类等基础上,全面分析了水资源可持续利用评价指标体系研究的现状及所存在的问题,并提出了相应的建议,为水资源可持续利用研究提供参考.

<正>文化的生态内涵与生态文化在历史长河中,人类以不同的生产和生活方式形成了特色鲜明的自然、民族和科学文化,成为不同时代历史进程的主导。与其他动物不同,人以文化和道德的方式生存,通过利用和改造环境以满足生存与发展的需要。人对环境的适应

尽管在国际上,在一个国家、地区或社会团体颁布了环境法律、建立了规则,然而仍然有人在缺乏监督的情况下随意把周围的环境弄脏,甚至酿成环境与发展的尖锐冲突。可能人与自然相处永远也达不到尽善尽美的程度,但由于人与自然的关系协调一部分包含在法律中,而大部分作为一种感受和良心的生态道德存在,对环境法律条文的恪守,可以通过生态道德的调整来加以补充和完善。换言之,应该将每个人引导到遵从生态道德的方向上去,以推动人与自然无限接近并和谐共生。

准确识别省情,广泛开展生态系列创建活动 我国正处于新一轮经济增长的上升期,消费结构与产业结构不断升级,工业化与城镇化加速推进,给以装备制造业和原材料工业为主体的辽宁省带来了巨大的经济增长空间;国际产业分工、调整和转移的加速进行,给辽宁这个东北沿海省带来了得天独厚的承接国际产业转移、参与国际竞争、利用国内外资源和市场加快发展的战略机遇.

论述了辽宁省生态功能分区图编制的技术路线.分析了遥感信息直接提取的增强处理方法,自动监督分类与目视判读相结合的景观解译方法,问接提取与直接提取配合的分区信息提取方法.遥感与非遥感信息的迭加复合方法.介绍了生态功能分区的制图原则、方法及成果.

By using hiberarchy analysis and comprehensive index method, the ecosystem service importance and its regional diversities in Liaoning Province were quantitatively assessed, based on the comprehensive analysis of biodiversity protection, water resources conservation, soil conservation, desertification control, and nutrients conservation. Overall, the ecosystem service in the Province was in importance. 60.66% and 30.71% of the total area of Liaoning Province had the ecosystem service in high and medium importance, respectively; while the rest had the one in certain extent importance.

在分析辽宁省新农村建设中面临的主要环境问题的基础上,从村镇环境规划、居住区综合整治、污染防治、环境监管等方面提出了环境保护对策,认为需要从农村环境保护目标责任制度、环境管理筹资机制、污染治理的市场化机制、生态补偿机制、公众参与机制等5个方面建立农村环境制度保障体系.

In order to accelerate the harmonious development of regional economic and ecological environment,ecological function regions were divided in Liaoning province based to the actual status.It could be be divided into 4 ecological regions,15 ecological subregions and 47 ecological function regions.At the same time,the key regions based on ecological service function were determined.

Public environmental awareness is of significance in formulating and implementing the policies of national environmental protection.In this study,an environmental awareness survey was made in five heavy chemo-industrial cities of Liaoning Province.The target groups included residents,policy-decision makers,teachers,students,enterprise staffs and farmers,and the main survey contents were public evaluation on the changes of environmental quality,satisfaction degree on the environment of living communities,environmental issues concerned about,types of environmental pollution,origins of environmental pollution and ecological degradation,causes of the differences in regional environmental quality,and cognition levels of environmental protection and its national development objectives.The results showed that 78.7% of the publics considered that the environmental quality was getting better during last 5 years,but 65.3% of them didn't satisfy their living environment.The publics held that the fund use for environmental protection should be in order of garbage disposal tree plantingwaste water treatmentair quality control.The survey also demonstrated that most of the publics lacked of needful knowledge about environmental protection,and sufficient understanding on water and food contamination.The weak public environmental awareness had an adverse effect on the improvement of environmental quality,and the publics strongly called for the propaganda of environmental awareness.This study would provide bases to the administrations of Liaoning Province for regional environmental protection,ecological construction,sustainable economic development,and formulation of the policies and regulations on environmental protection.

Based on the formation mechanisms of the main eco-environmental problems in Liaoning Province,this paper studied the regional differentiation patterns of ecosystem sensitivity,and analyzed the sensitivities of manifold eco-environmental problems in the Province.The results showed that the areas of high,medium,and low ecosystem sensitivity in the Province occupied 34%,62.66%,and 3.34 % of its total terrestrial area,respectively.High ecosystem sensitivity area mainly distributed in east Liaoning mountainous region,Liaodong peninsula,west Liaoning hilly region,northwest Liaoning,Liurao area,and Dawa County,among which,east Liaoning mountainous region,Liaodong peninsula and west Liaoning hilly region were of high sensitivity on soil erosion,northwest Liaoning and Liurao area were of high tenderness on desertification,and Dawa County was delicate in soil salinization.

Based on the analysis of the basic eco-environmental characteristics of Liaoning Province,and by means of remote sensing,Geological Information System(GIS) software,and comprehensive analysis methods,this paper made an ecological zoning of this province on three levels,namely,ecological zone,ecological subzone,and ecological function zone.There were 4 ecological zones,21 ecological subzones,and 52 ecological function zones in Liaoning Province,named by three-structure method and mapped out,which provided theoretical bases for reasonable natural resources utilization,industrial and agricultural layouts,and sustainable development in this province.

一、辽宁生态环境现状不容乐观,要有严重的危机感 辽宁省地处东北平原南部,面临黄渤两海,有广阔的陆地和富饶的海域,全省土地面积为14.81万平方公里,海域面积(大陆架面积)约15万平方公里,海岸线及岛屿岸线长2800公里,为我国沿海开放的省份之一.华北、长白、蒙新三大生物区系在此交汇,因而生物多样性异常丰富.地形地貌分布上,山地、平地、水面占全省土地面积比例分别为58%、33%%、9%,大体呈"六山一水三分田".地下蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源,丰富的自然资源和良好的地理环境,为全省国民经济和社会发展提供了有利条件.