Background:Over the past decade, multiple recent studies have investigated the relationship between serum uric acid(SUA) levels and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). This meta-analysis aims to assess the dose-response relationship between SUA levels and CHD by integrating the latest relevant studies from the past decade. Methods:Epidemiological studies such as cohort studies, which aim to explore the association between SUA levels and the risk of CHD, were included. Papers unrelated to the aforementioned topics, non-original works or studies, were not conducted with humans, were not published between 2015 to 2025 or that could not provide the specific numerical data required for analysis were excluded. We systematically searched the PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases until September 2025 for relevant studies. We performed a systematic review of relevant original studies and conducted both overall analysis and dose-response analysis. Data were pooled using a random-effects model, heterogeneity was assessed with the I² statistic, and the robustness of findings was evaluated via model comparison and sequential exclusion. Results:8 cohort studies were included. Among 574, 815 participants, there were 11,009 cases of CHD. An increased risk of CHD was associated with elevated SUA (HR = 1.38 95% CI = 1.30-1.47) in the overall meta-analysis. In the subgroup analysis, a consistent positive correlation was observed between SUA and the risk of CHD in all the pre-defined subgroups (including gender, sample size, publication year and outcome type). The dose-response meta-analysis demonstrated that elevated SUA levels were associated with increased CHD risk in a dose-dependent manner, with a non-linear pattern in males and a linear pattern in females. Conclusion:Dose-response analysis showed a positive, non-linear association between SUA and CHD in males, and a linear association in females, highlighting its role as a risk marker. Definitive evidence for causality requires future randomized controlled trials. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/recorddashboard, identifier CRD420251240886.

The incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) has increased. This study employed scientific statistical methods to explore the medication rules of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) to treat CHD and provide a scientific and reliable theoretical basis for the improvement of patient symptoms. We systematically retrieved relevant studies related to CHMs used to treat CHD from the VIP, CNKI, Wanfang. We used Microsoft Excel 2019 to establish a database and the Ancient and Modern Medical Case Cloud Platform to conduct frequency, association rule, cluster analyses and complex network analysis. Summarize the prescribed medication rules of Chinese medicine for the internal treatment of CHD and visualize the graphic representation. We obtained 144 papers with 362 experimental cases and 149 herbs based on the screening criteria. These records, which include the medical expertise of well-known provincial and local Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners spanning over 2 decades, hold significant value in directing the clinical use of medications and the creation of novel drugs. The three most frequently used herbs were Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Danshen), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong), and Radix Astragali (Huangqi). Fifteen of the 20 flavors of high-frequency herbs appear in the Shen Nong's Classic of the Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Bĕn Căo Jīng). These medications are crucial for the flow of Qi and the management of a number of cardiac disorders. The properties and taste of herbs were mainly warm and sweet, respectively. We obtained 25 association rules and 5 new clusters. The Chuanxiong Rhizoma (Chuanxiong) and Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Danshen) herb pair had the strongest correlation. We found that famous Chinese medicine practitioners who have been treating CHD for many years utilize Blood-invigorating and supplementing medicines. At the same time, they collaborated with Bulbus Allii Macrostemi (Xiebai) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (Guizhi) to diffuse Bì and unblock Yang. The Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD) and Shengmai San (SMS) were the primary CHM prescription for CHD. In addition, we further verified the experience of not using Radix Paeoniae Alba (Baishao) for chest oppression, not using Rhizoma Pinelliae (Banxia) for dry mouth, and not using Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (Baizhu) for constipation.

Cognitive frailty and cognitive impairment can compromise self-management among patients with heart failure (HF) and increase the risk of adverse outcomes. Although researchers have developed an increasing number of prediction models, their overall predictive performance,risk of bias, as well as their clinical applicability remain uncertain. Objective: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the characteristics, methodological quality, and predictive performance of models for cognitive frailty and cognitive impairment in patients with HF. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, and the VIP Database were systematically searched from the launch of each database through July 2026. Studies that developed or validated multivariable prediction models for cognitive frailty or cognitive impairment in patients with HF were eligible. We assessed risk of bias with the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST). For the primary analysis, one representative model per study was selected based on the authors’ recommendation or, when no preferred model was specified, the highest reported AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve). All reported models were included in sensitivity analyses. Pooled AUCs were obtained with random-effects models. Results: Twenty-four studies reporting 49 prediction models were included, with 12 studies addressing cognitive frailty and 12 addressing cognitive impairment. The pooled AUCs of the representative models were 0.850 (95% confidence interval 0.748～0.916) for cognitive frailty and 0.882 (95% confidence interval 0.493～0.983) for cognitive impairment. When all models were included, the corresponding pooled AUCs were 0.840 and 0.860. Pooled sensitivity/specificity estimates were 0.78/0.81 for cognitive frailty and 0.847/0.879 for cognitive impairment.Predictors retained most often included age, New York Heart Association functional class, educational level, depression, sleep status, and nutritional status. All included studies were judged as having a high overall risk of bias, with substantial between-study heterogeneity and limited external validation. Conclusions: Existing prediction models show promising discriminatory performance for finding patients with HF who are at risk of cognitive frailty or cognitive impairment. Their clinical adoption, however, is not yet supported by sufficiently robust or generalizable evidence.Further studies need to use consistent outcome definitions and test existing models in prospective, multicenter cohorts from different regions. They should also examine whether model updating is needed and whether using these models changes clinical care.

BackgroundCurrent screening for diabetic kidney disease (DKD) relies on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria, which often fail to detect early tubular dysfunction and non-albuminuric phenotypes. The integration of macroscopic urine physical characteristics with metabolic signatures may offer a novel approach to precision stratification.MethodsWe conducted a multicenter, prospective-retrospective cohort study involving 364 participants with type 2 diabetes. We developed “FluxPro-DKD fusion model,” that integrates “Digital Physicalomics” (computer-vision quantification of urine foam stability and chromaticity) and “Dual-Fluid Metabolomics” (serum-to-urine flux ratios). The model was trained in a discovery cohort (n=282) and tested in an independent external validation cohort (n=82). The primary outcome was the detection of early-stage DKD. We also assessed the model’s prognostic utility for major adverse renal events over a simulated 3-year period.ResultsMetabolic profiling identified a distinct “serum-to-urine flux mismatch” of protein-bound uremic toxins (e.g., indoxyl sulfate), suggesting tubular secretory failure prior to glomerular damage. Digital physicalomics revealed that urine foam half-life was correlated with albuminuria (r=0.78). In the discovery cohort, the FluxPro-DKD fusion model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87 to 0.93), significantly outperforming the standard clinical model (AUC, 0.78; P<0.001). The model maintained robust discrimination in the external validation cohort (AUC, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.79 to 0.91). Among patients with normoalbuminuria, those classified as high-risk by the model had a significantly higher projected 3-year event rate than those classified as low-risk (35.3% vs. 2.3%).ConclusionsThe integration of digital urine physical phenotypes and metabolic flux ratios effectively reveals early tubular secretory dysfunction and improved risk stratification for diabetic kidney disease compared with standard clinical metrics.

CHD patients often present region-specific symptom clusters, such as "upper-body heat-related" (e.g., bitter taste) or "lower-body cold-related" (e.g., cold extremities), occurring independently or concurrently. Phenotype classification relies on subjective assessment and lacks quantitative indicators. This study aimed to establish a urine color-based quantitative model for objective CHD phenotype classification. From April 2023 to January 2024, a multicenter cross-sectional study involved 200 CHD patients and 240 healthy controls. Morning urine chromaticity was quantified using CIE Lab parameters (L, a, b values). The study included correlation analysis, two-way ANOVA, and hierarchical multinomial logistic regression. CHD patients had higher rates of upper-heat (44.50% vs. 25.42%, P = 0.033) and lower-cold (60.50% vs. 20.42%, P = 0.005) clusters than controls. Upper-heat clusters negatively correlated with L (r=-0.73) and positively with a (r = 0.79)/b (r = 0.74); lower-cold clusters showed opposite correlations (L: r = 0.81; a: r=-0.77; b: r=-0.73). Two-way ANOVA confirmed independent effects (η²=0.08-0.13, P < 0.01) with no interaction. Urine color parameters explained 86.3% of phenotypic variation, with model accuracy of 85.2%. This is the first study to validate urine color quantification via CIE Lab as an objective tool for CHD phenotypic classification, offering a novel auxiliary method for precise syndrome identification and targeted interventions.

BackgroundUrine turbidity is a significant diagnostic marker for early screening of urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and other related conditions. However, current methods for analyzing urine turbidity often rely on subjective assessments. This study aims to investigate the relationship between urine turbidity and the urine color values measured by spectrophotometer, providing an objective quantification method for both urine turbidity and urine color, while also exploring the underlying causes of urine turbidity.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among newly enrolled university students undergoing physical examination in Beijing. Basic demographic information and morning urine samples were collected. Urine turbidity was assessed using human visual evaluation and a urine chemical analyzer, while urine color CIE L*a*b* (International Commission on illumination) was measured using a spectrophotometer. Routine urine chemical examination was also performed Correlations among urine turbidity, urine color, and urine dry chemical parameters were analyzed.ResultsA total of 1220 participants (68.7% female, mean age: 23.66 years) were included in the study. Spearman correlation analysis showed that urine turbidity was significantly negatively correlated with L* (lightness) and significantly positively correlated with a* (redness) and b* (yellowness). Regression analysis identified L* as the most affected parameter by urine turbidity (standardized coefficient β=-1.030, p < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that L* was highly effective in distinguishing different urine turbidity levels, with L* < 89.165 achieving excellent sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.984) and 96% accuracy in identifying turbid urine. In addition, urine turbidity was positively correlated with urine specific gravity, protein, and urine color (p < 0.05), while its relationship with pH was nonlinear. These findings suggest that multiple factors collectively influence urine turbidity.ConclusionThis study provides a novel and objective approach for assessing urine turbidity, advancing the modernization of urine diagnostic practices in traditional medicine.

'Blood stasis' (syndrome) (BSS) is a fundamental concept in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), where it is known as Xue Yu (). Similar concepts exist in Traditional Korean Medicine ('Eohyul') and in Japanese Kampo medicine (Oketsu). Blood stasis is considered to underpin a large variety of inflammatory diseases, though an exact equivalent in Western systems medicine is yet to be described. Some time ago we discovered that blood can clot into an anomalous amyloid form, creating what we have referred to as fibrinaloid microclots. These microclots occur in a great many chronic, inflammatory diseases are comparatively resistant to fibrinolysis, and thus have the ability to block microcapillaries and hence lower oxygen transfer to tissues, with multiple pathological consequences. We here develop the idea that it is precisely the fibrinaloid microclots that relate to, and are largely mechanistically responsible for, the traditional concept of blood stasis (a term also used by Virchow). First, the diseases known to be associated with microclots are all associated with blood stasis. Secondly, by blocking red blood cell transport, fibrinaloid microclots provide a simple mechanistic explanation for the physical slowing down ('stasis') of blood flow. Thirdly, Chinese herbal medicine formulae proposed to treat these diseases, especially Xue Fu Zhu Yu and its derivatives, are known mechanistically to be anticoagulatory and anti-inflammatory, consistent with the idea that they are actually helping to lower the levels of fibrinaloid microclots, plausibly in part by blocking catalysis of the polymerization of fibrinogen into an amyloid form. We rehearse some of the known actions of the constituent herbs of Xue Fu Zhu Yu and specific bioactive molecules that they contain. Consequently, such herbal formulations (and some of their components), which are comparatively little known to Western science and medicine, would seem to offer the opportunity to provide novel, safe, and useful treatments for chronic inflammatory diseases that display fibrinaloid microclots, including Myalgic Encephalopathy/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, long COVID, and even ischemic stroke.

Background: Hypertension affects over 1 billion people globally and is the top risk factor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Wuweijiangyasan (WWJYS), as an empirical prescription, has stable depressurization effects. This study investigated the chemical composition and pharmacodynamic effects of WWJYS in regulating the blood pressure (BP), emotion, and blood lipid of spontaneous hypertensive rats, and further explored the depressurization mechanism of WWJYS. Materials and Methods: This study used network pharmacology to identify the origins and predict targets of WWJYS, and artificial intelligence-based molecular docking is used to further predict targets and mechanisms. The chemical constituents of WWJYS were analyzed and identified by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (MS)/MS. Results: In the WWJYS group, the systolic BP level significantly was decreased, and the HR was stable. The irritability became stable after the 5-week treatment compared with the model group (P < 0.05). Rats' rotation tolerance time increased after 2-weeks stabilization. Compared with the model group, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protein and mRNA of the WWJYS group increased significantly (P < 0.05). Network pharmacology collected 64 compounds and identified 22 potential targets of WWJYS for antihypertensive activity. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that WWJYS might regulate smooth muscle cells, affect inflammatory response and improve endothelial function through multiple pathways. The molecular docking study further supported that the target proteins have good combinations with the main active components of WWJYS. Conclusions: The data indicated that WWJYS had significant depressurization, analgesic, and sedative, as well as lipid-lowering effects, and the depressurization mechanism of WWJYS may function in multiple signal pathways, especially in improving blood vessel function and intervening inflammation.

Objectives: Call on people to treat the causes of physical diseases is to take into account the causes of psychological factors as well as external causes. Materials and Methods: The analysis was conducted by combining the classical medical books of Tibetan medicine, as well as the traditional culture and living habits of Tibetan people, with modern research results. Results: Many of the theories mentioned in Tibetan medicine related to mind-body medicine have been confirmed by modern research. Mental and physical treatment related to psychosomatic diseases should be administered simultaneously. First, when a person is healthy, he should cultivate his mind to build a solid psychological defense against diseases. Developing both the mind and body contributes to creating a stable physical protection barrier against diseases. When a person is ill, he should realign his mind and help his body adjust and promote its early recovery with the help of medications. Conclusions: Treating related psychosomatic diseases should treat the mind and body simultaneously. And the mind and body should be cultivated before diseases to reinforce the psychological and physical defense against diseases.

Medical tests are playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Urine tests, blood tests and stool tests together constitute the three major routine examination items of modern medicine and are an important part of medical tests. Urine is a body fluid normally metabolized by the human body. Compared with using blood as a test sample, using urine as a medical test sample has many advantages, such as non-invasiveness and convenient collection. This article discusses the advantages of urine test compared with blood test, the understanding and application of urine in traditional medicine, the application of urine test in social life, the current dilemma and the future urine test may play a greater role The value and advantages are discussed, aiming to increase people’s attention to urine testing by explaining the advantages of urine testing, and to discover more functions of urine testing, thereby optimizing medical testing methods and reducing the pain and fear of patients. Improve inspection efficiency, reduce national and personal medical inspection expenditures, and save medical resources.

基于蒙中医学对冠心病心绞痛的认识,阐释安神补心六味丸治疗冠心病心绞痛的原理及其组方特色.从蒙医药理论分析,安神补心六味丸有镇赫依、止痛、促赫依、血运行的功效,通过调理赫依,平衡三根治疗冠心病心绞痛之赫依性心刺痛;从中医药理论分析,本方有益气活血、通脉止痛之功,通过补气化瘀治疗冠心病心绞痛之气虚血瘀证.标本同治及用动物脏器、辛温芳香药物入药是本方的组方特色,期望本研究结果可为安神补心六味丸的进一步研究提供参考与思路.

目的 探索淫羊藿苷研究领域的现状、热点及发展趋势.方法 从Web of Science数据库中收集建库至2021年6月间淫羊藿苷研究领域的相关文献,采用文献计量学方法,使用HistCite Pro 2.1、CiteSpace 5.6分析文献信息,包括淫羊藿苷研究的数量、分类、国家/地区、作者、机构、期刊排名和研究趋势.根据文献间的引文关系和关键词,进行聚类分析,绘制了叠加图、共引网络图和聚类图.结果 文中共纳入并分析了1153篇文章,近年来该研究领域的论文发文量大体呈上升趋势.中国是研究淫羊藿苷领域研究最多的国家(N=969,84.0％),Wang Y被认为是最有潜力的作者,北京大学是发表文章数量最多的机构(N=49).发表淫羊藿苷研究的英文期刊主要集中在欧洲.自噬、神经炎症和血管生成是淫羊藿苷研究的前沿.分子生物学、免疫学和遗传学构成该研究领域的骨架,并逐渐扩展到化学、医学等领域.结论 文章全面分析了淫羊藿苷研究的现状、热点和发展趋势,并对其未来的研究提出了建议,以期为淫羊藿苷领域的深入研究提供参考.

Background: Despite advancements in chronic heart failure (CHF) treatment, the effect often remains unsatisfactory and unstable. More effective therapies are needed. Qishen granules (QSG) are a novel Chinese botanical drug effective in treating CHF in animal models, but clinical evidence remains inadequate.Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of QSG on patients with CHF.Methods: We enrolled CHF patients in this 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and randomly assigned them to the QSG (twice a day, 6.8 g granules at once) or placebo group. The primary endpoint was a change in the plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level after treatment. The secondary outcome consists of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification, 6-min walking distance (6MWD), TCM syndrome integral scale, quality of life, and echocardiographic index.Results: A total of 191 patients completed the 12-week follow-up period, with 94 in the QSG group and 97 in the placebo group. The Qishen granules group demonstrated a considerably greater reduction in NT-proBNP than the placebo group (50% vs 32% for QSG vs placebo, respectively; p = 0.011). Patients who received QSG performed better in the NYHA functional rank, 6MWD, TCM syndrome integral scale, and quality of life (p < 0.05). The QSG group performed better in HFrEF patients regarding the efficiency of NT-proBNP. There was no statistical significance in the change in evaluated safety parameters, such as blood routine and biochemistry.Conclusion: Based on standard treatment, Qishen granules further reduced the levels of NT-proBNP when compared with placebo. Together with other outcomes, our findings suggest that QSG could be used in combination therapy for CHF.Clinical Trial Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT03027375. Registered 9 October 2017

[目的]应用德尔菲法对慢性心力衰竭基本证候要素量表条目进行筛选.[方法]基于德尔菲法对全国范围内的副高级以上职称医师进行两轮有关慢性心力衰竭证候要素的专家问卷调查,并对函询结果进行统计分析.[结果]两轮专家问卷调查分别发放问卷44份及40份,回收44份及32份,专家积极系数分别为100％和80％.第二轮专家问卷调查结果显示,专家权威程度为0.6,证候条目Kendall系数0.562,症状和体征Kendall系数0.422,问卷整体信度0.960.最终纳入慢性心力衰竭4个基本证候条目(气虚证、阳虚证、血瘀证、痰饮/水饮证)和47个症状和体征条目(呼吸困难、下肢浮肿和水肿、乏力和气短等).[结论]应用德尔菲法筛选得到的慢性心力衰竭4个基本证候要素条目(气虚证、阳虚证、血瘀证、痰饮/水饮证)和47个症状和体征条目,可为后期慢性心力衰竭证候要素诊断量表的构建提供依据.

目的:比较经数据挖掘所得时辰组合用药方案和经专家论证所得时辰组合用药方案治疗隆滞布病(缺血性脑卒中)的临床疗效.方法:选取西藏自治区藏医院收治的80例缺血性脑卒中患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组40例.观察组采用数据挖掘所得时辰用药组合治疗,对照组采用专家论证所得时辰用药组合治疗,观察两组临床疗效,临床症状和体征、美国国立卫生院卒中量表(national institute of health stroke scale,NIHSS)及Barthel指数评分.结果:观察组有效率[97.5％(39/40)]与对照组有效率[92.5％(37/40)]比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).两组治疗前后临床症状和体征、NIHSS、Barthel指数评分均有明显改善(P<0.05),治疗后上述指标两组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:采用不同时辰多首方剂组合使用治疗藏医隆滞布病疗效确切,对改善神经功能、提高生活质量、减轻临床症状具有较好疗效.