The transcriptomes of skin were sequenced in two types of monochromatic red common carp（Cyprinus carpio） with body length of（33.42 ±0.24） cm and yellow common carp with body length of（38.75±0.43） cm using Illumina Hi-seq sequencing technology, and differentially expressed genes were identified and selected for analysis in order to investigate the genetic resources of whole red and yellow common carp. The results showed that 129 222 850 clean reads were obtained in whole red and 130 869 572 in whole yellow common carp. Comparison with known genes 58 782 genes were annotated in the Nr, 61 490 in Nt, 11 468 in COG, 31 206 in GO, 31 581 in KEGG, 61 385 in Pfam and 51 805 in Uniprot databases, with 8 378 genes annotated in all seven databases. There were 4 822 differentially expressed genes in skins of whole red and yellow common carp, with 1 929 significantly up-regulated and 2 893 significantly down-regulated. Further clustering analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed similar patterns of high and low expression of differentially expressed genes in both skin samples. The reliability of transcriptome data results was confirmed by qRT-PCR validation of 9 differentially expressed genes, in which some genes found here were involved in body color regulation, such as mitfa, ednrA, wnt7, agouti and mif. KEGG analysis revealed that differential genes were significantly enriched in 43 pathways, including mannose and fructose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, carbon metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway and tyrosine metabolism. The analysis of tyrosine metabolism and melanin synthesis pathways showed that mif, mif4g, agouti, ednrA and ednrB were significantly upregulated and tyr, tyrp1, mitfa and wnt7 were significantly downregulated in genes related to red and yellow pigment synthesis. Analysis of differential genetic variation indicated a total of 388 673 single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP） markers in both whole red and whole yellow common carp. The findings indicated that the differentially expressed genes in the skin tissues of two monochromatic common carp were primarily enriched in energy metabolism, growth, and immunity pathways. The transcriptome data obtained can be used to develop molecular markers as well as cloning, editing, and functional analysis of functional genes in koi.

为了探索红望天眼金鱼Carassius auratus的变色机制,采用RNA-Seq高通量测序技术,对红望天眼金鱼(145日龄,体长6 cm)由灰色、过渡色到橙红色3个变色阶段进行了转录组学分析.结果表明:共得到过滤后碱基量57.8 Gb,构建了新转录本并预测新基因1629个,在两两组比较的差异表达基因群中分析出3个变色组共有差异表达基因25个;差异表达基因的GO功能富集和KEGG通路富集分析显示,差异基因主要富集到免疫反应、细胞增殖与凋亡和黑色素等相关通路;根据转录组比较分析结果和实际生产经验观察积累,初步推测红望天眼金鱼变色的生理机制是红望天眼金鱼变色初期黑色素细胞大量增殖,期间发生免疫炎症反应,随后黑色素细胞开始逐渐凋亡,同时其他色素细胞则逐渐增殖分化,直至完全取代黑色素细胞,完成变色过程.本研究初步分析出了红望天眼金鱼的皮肤变色机制,研究结果可为进一步开展调控金鱼变色的功能基因试验和金鱼变色的分子机理研究提供科学参考.

试验旨在探索研究不同的水深和容器的透光性是否影响望天眼金鱼最终成功翻眼率,并通过杂交试验,探讨金鱼望天眼性状是否稳定遗传.试验首先选取红望天眼金鱼两雌一雄和一雄偏龙睛五花金鱼,进行人工混合繁殖,随机选取后代分四组,分别在透明玻璃缸水深15 cm(A)、透明玻璃缸水深30 cm(B)、不透光塑缸水深15 cm(C)和不透光塑缸水深30 cm(D)环境中养殖290 d,统计最终金鱼成功翻眼率,进行双因素方差分析,同时进行望天眼金鱼与翻眼不成功的介于望天和龙睛中间体的金鱼进行正反交和各自自交,统计后代最终的眼睛性状.结果显示:水深对望天眼金鱼成功翻眼率影响极显著,容器透光性对其影响不显著;亲本翻眼程度越大,其后代望天比例越高,表明望天眼性状受遗传影响较大,并且一定程度上受母体遗传效应影响.

为研究罗非鱼(Oreochrowis niloticus)组织脏器重量与体重的关系,获得脏器系数.本研究随机选取40尾体重为600～900 g雄性吉富罗非鱼(GIFT)成鱼,进行体重、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、肠、鳃、皮肤、胆囊、鳞片、肌肉及其他组织(鱼头、鱼鳍和鱼骨等)重量的测定,对体重与各组织脏器重量进行相关性分析,建立最优回归模型,并采用体重约为500g雄性吉富罗非鱼对各组织脏器重量进行模型外推验证.结果显示,雄性吉富罗非鱼成鱼心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、肠、鳃、皮肤、胆囊、鳞片、肌肉和其他组织(鱼头、鱼鳍和鱼骨等)的脏器系数(％)分别为0.12±0.02、1.22±0.20、0.11±0.03、0.13±0.05、1.58±0.30、2.85±0.17、3.31±0.38、1.05±0.24、2.89±0.41、51.60±2.09和29.66±2.00,所有测定11个组织脏器重量与体重均呈显著正相关(P＜0.001),符合一元线性回归模型(y=bx),所建立模型对体重为500g雄性吉富罗非鱼心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、皮肤和肌肉重量预测误差均在8％以内.研究结果填补了罗非鱼脏器系数的空白,并为鱼类生理学、毒理学及构建鱼类生理药代动力学(physiologically based pharmacokinetics,PBPK)模型提供了 基础数据.

为研究饲料中添加益生菌对锦鲤幼鱼生长性能和相关免疫基因表达的影响,以初始体重为248.13±4.71 g的锦鲤幼鱼为研究对象,在小型循环水养殖池进行60 d的养殖试验.对照组投喂无益生菌添加的普通商品饲料,试验组投喂在普通饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、丁酸梭菌(Clostridi-um butyricum)和粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)、枯草芽孢杆菌/丁酸梭菌/粪肠球菌(1 ∶ 1 ∶ 5)配制成的4组试验饲料,试验饲料的益生菌最终浓度为109CFU/mL.结果表明,单一菌种或复合菌种的益生菌对锦鲤幼鱼的生长均有显著的促进作用(P＜0.05),且对各组血液中酚氧化酶原(phenoloxidase activating sys-tem,proPO)、溶菌酶(lysozyme,LZM)和肝脏中抗菌肽(hepcidin)的相对表达量均显著上调(P＜0.05),对各组肠道中GST相对表达量有所升高.与对照组相比,复合益生菌效果最好,增重率最高为38.13％,特定生长率提高25.58％,血液中proPO和LZM相对表达量分别升高3倍和2倍之多(P＜0.05),肠道中谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)相对表达量升高了 32.45％(P＜0.05),肝脏中Hepc相对表达量升高了 76.82％(P＜0.05).试验结果提示,在饲料中添加单一/复合益生菌,均可有效提高锦鲤幼鱼的生长性能,以复合益生菌使用效果更好,且proPO、LZM、GST和Hepc免疫基因相对表达量在不同程度上均高于对照组,可见枯草芽孢杆菌、丁酸梭菌和粪肠球菌可以作为益生菌应用于锦鲤养殖.

为研究复合益生菌对大口黑鲈Micropterus salmoides延后繁殖性能、生理指标及仔鱼成活率的影响,试验选取150组亲鱼(雌、雄鱼体质量分别为550～665、500～573 g),随机分成5组,每组设3个平行,分别在基础饲料中添加0、0.1％、0.3％、0.5％、0.7％(均为质量分数,下同)复合益生菌制剂,养殖周期为30 d.结果表明:雌鱼的性腺指数、怀卵量、相对怀卵量随饲料中复合益生菌添加量的增加逐渐增大,并于0.5％添加量时达到峰值,但这3个指标在各组间均无显著性差异(P>0.05);0.3％、0.5％复合益生菌添加组第一批产卵量、受精率、孵化率、仔鱼成活率均高于其他组,其中,仅0.5％添加组仔鱼成活率显著高于对照组和0.1％添加组(P<0.05);产卵前,不同试验组雌鱼肝脏中AKP、ACP活力均显著高于产卵后(P<0.05),且2种酶活力均随饲料中复合益生菌添加量的增加逐渐增强,当添加量为0.5％时2种酶活力均达到峰值,产卵前不同添加组雌鱼肝脏中T-SOD活力无显著性差异(P>0.05),0.3％、0.5％添加组雌鱼血浆中T-SOD活力显著高于其他组(P<0.05).研究表明,复合益生菌添加量为0.5％时,复合益生菌饲料可显著提高大口黑鲈仔鱼成活率,增强产卵前雌鱼肝脏中AKP、ACP活力及血浆中T-SOD活力,本研究结果可为复合益生菌在大口黑鲈延后繁育工作中的应用提供科学参考.

为研究不同给药剂量下恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin,ENR)及其代谢物环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin,CIP)在虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss(体质量70.48 g±5.41 g)体内的代谢和消除规律,挑选健康虹鳟257尾,分为低剂量组(126尾,随机分为21个亚组,每组6尾)和高剂量组(132尾,随机分为22个亚组,每组6尾),在(15±2)℃条件下,分别以20、50 mg/kg生产实际使用剂量ENR对虹鳟进行单次口灌,于不同时间点采集其肝脏、肌肉、皮肤、肾脏、血浆和剩余组织,经高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定各组织药物浓度,采用DAS 2.0药代动力学软件用非房室模型统计矩方法分析药代参数并进行比较.结果表明:20 mg/kg剂量下,ENR在虹鳟肝脏、肌肉、皮肤、肾脏、剩余组织和血浆的药物达峰浓度(Cmax)值分别为13.349、11.164、23.378、114.196、33.762 mg/kg和3.361 mg/L,药物消除半衰期(t1/2z)分别为100.928、60.780、67.283、111.586、56.523、320.705 h;50 mg/kg剂量下,ENR在虹鳟对应组织的Cmax值分别为43.302、35.909、53.315、305.098、121.254 mg/kg和8.456 mg/L,t12z分别为204.193、115.639、102.405、121.852、201.834、325.593 h;两种剂量下虹鳟各组织均能检出环丙沙星,且高剂量下ENR及其代谢物CIP在虹鳟体内的吸收速度及程度均大于低剂量组,两种剂量下ENR和CIP均分别在虹鳟肾脏和肝脏中富集含量最高,高剂量下ENR消除速度较快,但残留时间较长.研究表明,在(15±2)℃下,建议ENR 20 mg/kg剂量对虹鳟单次口服给药休药期不低于768 h(32 d),50 mg/kg剂量下休药期不低于1008 h(42 d).

为研究养殖特色淡水鱼成鱼主要脏器系数,并探讨各品种组织器官重量与体重的关系,本研究对杂交鲟(俄罗斯鲟Acipenser gueldenstaedti♀×史氏鲟A.schrenckii♂)、斑点叉尾(鮰)(Ietalurus punetaus)、鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)、大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、黄鳝(Monopterus albus)和泥鳅(Mis-gurnus anguillicaudatu)7种特色淡水鱼主要内脏器官测定和比较,并对各脏器重量和体重进行相关性分析,拟合回归方程.结果 显示,除黄鳝鳃退化无此器官系数外,7种特色淡水鱼的脏器系数中心脏系数最小,肾脏、胃和肠的脏器系数居中,肝脏系数在所测器官中最大.脏器与体重关系上,杂交鲟肝脏和肠,斑点叉尾(鮰)肾脏、脾脏、胃、心脏、鳃、胆囊和肝脏,鳜肠和心脏,大口黑鲈鳃、眼睛、肝脏、脾脏、肠、胃,黄颡鱼鳃、眼睛、肾脏、胃、肠、心脏和肝脏,黄鳝胆囊、肝脏、胃、肾脏和肠,泥鳅鳃、眼睛、脾脏和肠的重量与体重呈显著正相关,符合线性关系.不同性别上,鳜的肝脏系数和大口黑鲈的鳃系数雌、雄之间差异显著,其他脏器系数无显著差异.结果 表明,不同品种鱼类之间脏器系数存在显著差异,不同鱼类主要脏器重量与体重之间普遍存在一定线性关系.

为研究复合益生菌对锦鲤Cyprinus carpio L.性腺脂肪酸组成、 繁殖力和仔鱼成活率的影响,选择品种特征明显的3龄红白锦鲤雌雄亲鱼各300尾[雌鱼(2649.0±257.5)g,雄鱼(2349.0±283.9)g],分别投喂含有4种不同比例的枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis、 丁酸梭菌Clostridium butyricum和粪肠球菌Entero-coccus faecalis复合益生菌饲料,即A组(枯草芽孢杆菌、 丁酸梭菌、 粪肠球菌菌数比例为1:1:1)、B组(1:1:5)、C组(2:3:3)、D组(4:2:3)、E组(对照组,不含复合益生菌),养殖周期为90 d.结果表明:各益生菌组雌鱼性腺中饱和脂肪酸、 单不饱和脂肪酸、 多不饱和脂肪酸、C18:1n-9、C18:2n-6及C18:3n-3等含量均高于对照组,其中B组含量最高,且B组多不饱和脂肪酸总量、EPA、DHA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各益生菌组雌鱼性成熟系数、 绝对繁殖力和体质量相对繁殖力均高于对照组,仅B组与对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05),而各组雄鱼性成熟系数无显著性差异(P>0.05);雌、 雄亲鱼配组后,各益生菌组雌鱼产卵量、 受精率、 孵化率和各时期仔鱼的存活率均高于对照组,其中B组各项指标均显著高于对照组(P<0.05).研究表明,复合益生菌饲料能显著促进锦鲤的性腺发育,增强雌鱼的繁殖性能和仔鱼成活率,其中枯草芽孢杆菌、 丁酸梭菌和粪肠球菌的比例为1:1:5(B组)时效果最好.

为探究罗非鱼养殖密度对养殖水体水质参数及菌群多样性的影响,开展30 d养殖密度试验.通过水质监测和组织病理学检测,结合Illumina Miseq进行养殖水体细菌16S rDNA高通量测序,分析养殖密度、水质参数与菌群多样性三者相关性.结果表明,养殖密度对肝脏组织无显著影响,但随养殖密度增加罗非鱼鳃小叶变形扭曲、部分末端膨大甚至脱落.养殖水体中溶解氧含量随养殖密度增加而降低(P<0.05),氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮等无机氮类含量呈阶段性变化.水质参数相关系数矩阵及载荷分析结果显示,不同养殖密度组水体硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮均为中等强度相关;低密度和高密度组溶解氧与氨氮呈负中等强度相关,中密度组中溶解氧与氨氮呈负极强相关.不同养殖密度水体中菌群丰度存在差异,优势菌属为黄杆菌属、新鞘脂菌属、hgcl clade、大单胞菌属等多具备污染物降解能力的细菌.上述结果表明,罗非鱼中等养殖密度下保证足够的供氧量可促进水体中无机氮的降解,结合有效的水处理可保证鱼类生长,将能带来最大化的经济效应.

为明确二英及其类似物通过饲料在食用鱼体内的蓄积、净化、迁移规律,了解模型在预测可食部和饲料中污染水平及计算动力学参数方面的准确性,本研究测定了饲料暴露的二英样多氯联苯(3,3′,4,4′,5?五氯联苯,PCB126)在养殖食用罗非鱼的肝脏、肌肉、肾脏、血液中的含量,利用非线性模型拟合了各组织的污染水平和清除速率常数等PCB126的蓄积、净化动力学参数.结果表明,该模型对肌肉中PCB126的污染水平有很好的预测效果(R2=0.95),对各组织中污染物半衰期的预测也与实际接近.本研究用逸度表征污染物在各组织中的迁移趋势,结果表明肝脏可快速蓄积、清除PCB126,并在高浓度污染物刺激下生长以提高蓄积能力;肌肉中污染物的迁移不受暴露时长的影响,清除期污染物由其它组织迁移入肌肉,引起肌肉中污染物含量峰值的延后.

血液是脊椎动物的重要组织之一,鱼类血液指标变化可反映机体健康状况、行为能力及环境胁迫等.开展了罗非鱼氯化镉(CdCl2)短期(7 d)半静态暴露试验,浓度梯度为0、0.05、0.50、5.00 mg/L,通过鱼血液生理指标、血气及血浆生化指标评估氯化镉暴露对罗非鱼血液系统干扰效应.结果 表明,氯化镉暴露导致罗非鱼血液嗜中性粒细胞水平降低;淋巴细胞比例升高;单核细胞比例、嗜碱性粒细胞比例、红细胞数量、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度和红细胞体积分布宽度较对照组无显著变化;血红蛋白含量和红细胞比容呈显著下降趋势.高浓度处理组中血浆pH值降低,但与对照组相比无显著变化;二氧化碳分压和红细胞积压较对照组显著降低;0.05、5.00 mg/L处理组中血氧含量均显著高于对照组.生化指标结果表明:重金属暴露导致血浆尿素含量升高,其中高浓度组与对照组相比呈显著升高趋势;葡萄糖和总蛋白含量仅在0.05 mg/L处理组中存在显著性变化.结果 表明,重金属镉暴露可引起鱼类血液系统紊乱.

为了获得红白锦鲤的基因组信息,筛选与其肤色相关的基因,采用Illumina高通量测序技术对红白锦鲤皮肤组织的基因组进行测序,获得127.23 Gb clean data,Q20碱基比例在95.59％及以上,Q30碱基比例在90.81％及以上,GC含量为37.32％ ～ 42.38％,测序错误率为0.07.与鲤鱼基因组序列进行比对的结果显示,比对效率为96.35％.研究共鉴定了1 048 576个SNPs(单核苷酸多态性),其中3.12百万～5.40百万个SNPs位于短reads比对不到的区域,其中变异位点位于外显子区域的有579 778个SNPs.SNP位点分布于锦鲤的50条染色体上,不包含scaffold(染色体骨架).经ANNOVAR软件进行功能注释,纯合类型的SNPs数量是574 310个,杂合类型的SNPs数量是474 265个.SNPs位于基因间的数量最多,SNPs位于基因内的外显子区域的多态性最高.通过对8个重要候选基因注释的理解,发现微管蛋白LOC109046532、LOC109049213这2个基因与色素颗粒运输有关.其中基因LOC109046532含有突变,而另1个基因LOC109049213则不含有任何突变.8个候选基因都含有外显子SNP位点,但是没有发现终止密码子突变.

A total of 336 individuals of common carp Cyprinus carpio with an initial body weight of (73.66±0.21) g were randomly divided into 8 groups with 3 replicates per group, 14 fish per replicates, reared in an indoor tank of 100 cm×50 cm×50 cm and fed basal diet( control group A) , and the basal diets supplemented with sun-dried vermicompost, whose nutritional level and safety were evaluated, at a rate of 2.5%(group B1) , 5.0%(group B2), and 7.5%( group B3) , and with high-temperature dried vermicompost at a rate of 5.0%( group C1) , and 7.5% ( group C2) , and with mixture of sun-dried vermicompost and earthworm powder at a ratio of 5.0%+0.15%(group D1) , and 7.5%+0.23%(group D2) at water temperature of 27-29 ℃ for 60 d. The growth performance digestive enzyme activity and antioxidant indices in serum and hepatopancreas ofcommon carp were determined at the end of the experiment. The results showed that the contents of heavy metals in the common carp fed the diets containing vermicompost were well under the level of hygienical standard for feeds, and the different levels of additional vermi-compost showed certain effects on the weight gain rate, specific growth rate, serum and antioxidative indices in ser-um and hepatopancreas, significant differences in superoxid dismutase activity between the treatment groups and the control group( P<0.05) except for B1 group. There was no significant difference in food conversion ratio and activi-ties of intestinal digestive enzymes among the fish fed the diets containing different levels of vermicompost ( P>0.05) . The findings provided theoretical reference and data for reasonable application and development of vermi-compost as feed additives in aquaculture.

为了鱼菜共生养殖模式的进一步推广与广泛应用,降低传统养鱼模式对环境造成的影响,进行了鱼菜共生模式与传统养殖模式的比较研究.通过测定增重率、特定生长率、成活率、肠蛋白酶活力、肠脂肪酶活力和肠淀粉酶活力等指标,研究鱼菜共生养殖模式对锦鲤生长、消化酶活力的影响.结果表明,不同空心菜生物浮床覆盖面积(5% 、10% 、20% 、40% )对锦鲤增重率、特定生长率、肠蛋白酶活力、肠脂肪酶活力和肠淀粉酶活力等均有促进作用. 10%的空心菜生物浮床覆盖面积可有效加快锦鲤的生长速度,并对其消化酶活力具有显著促进作用,适合进行中试.从经济效益各项指标来看,该模式在经济效益计算5 a期内,已获经济效益为1 056. 14万元,预测未来产生的经济效益为1 859. 64万元,可实现年经济效益583. 22万元,应用该模式平均1元研制费用,在模式应用于养殖生产后平均每年将为社会新增加纯收益4. 17元,经济效益显著.

以初始体质量约为(132.4±4.6)g的锦鲤为对象,研究不同氨氮浓度对锦鲤肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性与抗氧化酶基因(AchE、Cyp450)、皮肤体色基因(Tyr、Mc1r)表达的影响.结果表明,氨氮对锦鲤在24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为51.34、42.53、31.18、27.29 mg/L,安全浓度为2.73 mg/L.氨氮暴露初期(2 d),各试验组总SOD活性无显著差异,暴露中后期(6、10、14 d),各试验组总SOD活性整体上表现出先升高后降低的趋势;在氨氮胁迫下,各试验组CAT、AChE活性分别大致呈现先增加后降低、一直降低的趋势;锦鲤肝脏组织中AchE基因表达量与对照相比显著下降(P<0.05);Cyp450基因在暴露初期(2 d)和中期(6 d)无明显变化,而在暴露中后期(10、14 d)表达量明显下调(P<0.05);皮肤体色基因Tyr、Mc1r的表达量在氨氮暴露后均明显受到抑制.可以得出,随着氨氮暴露浓度的增加和暴露时间的延长,锦鲤免疫酶活性和基因表达量均趋于降低,说明鱼体免疫防御系统遭到了损伤.

Illumina PE150 high－throughput sequencing technology was used to sequence the transcriptome of white skin and red skin tissue of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus with body length of (28.34±3.12) cm in order to further develop gene resources of red and white koi carp Cyprinus carpio haematopterus. The 116. 26 Gb Clean Date ob-tained were compared with seven databases of Nr, GO, KEGG, KOG, Pfam, Swiss－Prot, and eggNOG. A total of 10 476 annotated genes were obtained, with the maxiaml percent of annotation success(35.62%) in Nr database. The functional and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that differential genes were enriched in 132 metabolic pathways including regulation of actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion pathway. qRT－PCR of 9 differentially ex-pressed genes selected randomly showed that the expression of differentially expressed genes in the skin of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus was consistent with the quantitative results of RNA－seq, indicating that the transcriptome se-quencing were reliable. The transcriptome data obtained in this study can provide basic data for future research on key gene development and functional analysis of ornamental fish skin color.

A total of 180 individuals of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus with an initial body weight of(52.98±0.33) g were randomly divided into 6 groups with 3 replicates per group,10 fish per replicates,reared in an indoor tank(100 cm×50 cm×50 cm) and fed basal diet(control group A),and the basal diets supplemented with vermicompost at a rate of 2.5%(group B1),5.0%(group B2) and 7.5%(group B3),and with mixture of vermicompost and earthworm powder at a ratio of 5.0% + 0.150% (group C1)and 7.5% + 0.225%(group C2) for 60 d. The growth performance and serum antioxidant indices were analyzed and compared with Tukey multiple comparison analysis method to inves-tigate the effects of dietary vermicompost and earthworm powder on growth performance and serum antioxidant indices in Nile tilapia. The results showed that there was 57.93% of crude protein in the earthworm powder and 3.81% of crude protein in the vermicompost. Nile tilapia in groups B1,B2,B3,C1,and C2 had slight lower food conversion ratio,and higher specific growth rate,weight gain and serum antioxidant indices, the best in the fish in group B2. Tukey multiple comparison analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in all indices(P>0.05).The find-ings provided the theoretical reference and data for reasonable application and development of vermicompost and earthworm powder as feed additives in aquaculture.

鱼类是人体摄入二噁英样多氯联苯的重要途径,饲料又是鱼类摄入该类污染物的主要途径.本实验采用对鱼类毒性当量贡献最大的3,3',4,4',5-五氯联苯(PCB126),在饲料中添加接近欧盟饲料限量标准的化合物,考察了在50 d富集期和随后34 d净化期内PCB126在罗非鱼各组织中的转移富集净化规律,并做出膳食暴露评估.结果表明,PCB126易在鱼体内蓄积,富集期第1d肝脏、肌肉、肾脏和血液中的PCB126水平上升了8倍多,随后肝脏和血液中污染物的富集呈现快速上升与平稳蓄积交替的现象,肌肉和肾脏中污染物水平峰值的出现晚于肝脏、血液.在净化期,除肉外其余组织中PCB126水平均出现显著下降,肉中PCB126净化缓慢.鱼肉的最高毒性当量为1.08 pg TEQ·kg-1鲜重(188.1 pg TEQ·kg-1脂肪),本研究中我国居民的每日最高暴露量为2.82 pg TEQ·kg-1体重,接近WHO推荐的每日耐受摄入量(TDI),其健康风险有待进一步评估.

The study of codon usage bias in species can be in-depth understanding of gene expressions,and provide the basis for molecular breeding.8 143 eligible coding DNA sequences were selecting from transcriptome data of Carassius auratus which were obtained through transcriptome sequencing by Illumina HiSeq 2000.CDS were analyzed by CodonW and CUSP programs in C.auratus genome,calculating frequency of codon usage which enco-ded amino acids and comparing with variety classes of mode organisms such as:Homo sapiens,yeast,E.coli,Dro-sophila,D.rerio. The consequences indicated that twenty-eight optimal codons of C.auratus were identified in 64 codons,effective number of codons was 54.9,GC content of genes was 0.509,GC content at the third position of synonymous codon was 0.564 the codons which were ending with G or C were bias using. And codon bias of C.auratuswas difference in various degrees with other mode organisms,codon usage frequency of C.auratus was big-gest different from yeast,but had a consistency with codon bias of D.rerio.