To investigate ethnic differences inprogression from prediabetes to diabetes in a multi-ethnic community, and develop prediction models for diabetes risk and glycemic progression. This 4.7-year retrospective cohort included 4,726 non-diabetic Han, Yi, and Dai individuals. Cox regression was used to analyze the cumulative incidence of diabetes. Two prediction models were developed and validated: a diabetes risk model and GlycoStep, a model for glycemic progression. Prediabetes was significantly associated with diabetes development (HR = 2.25). Over 4.7 years, the cumulative diabetes incidence was 12.7% in the prediabetes group versus 5.5% in normoglycemic individuals. The Yi had the highest incidence, followed by Han and Dai. The diabetes risk model achieved a C-index of 0.76 and AUCs of 0.65-0.80 over 2-4 years, demonstrating effective predictive performance. Similarly, the GlycoStep model exhibited strong predictive ability (C-index: 0.66; AUC range: 0.68-0.77), with ethnic-specific variations. These findings highlight ethnic disparities in diabetes progression and support individualized prevention strategies in multi-ethnic communities.

Phospholipids provide both structural and functional varieties for neuro cells, and their dysregulation in brain has been related to pathogenesis of cognitive impairment. The reflection of these phospholipid alterations in the blood might serve as biomarkers for the early recognition of cognitive decline risk preceding clinical symptoms and provide potential targets for intervention. In this cohort study, detailed phospholipid molecular profiles including 229 species were quantified. A total of 209 participants aged 60-80 years (including 138 women and 73 men) were followed for one year, during which 32 participants developed significant cognitive decline, defined as a decrease of three or more points in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score. A biomarker panel of eight phospholipid molecular species related to cognitive decline was identified by Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) logistic regression between cases and non-cases. Among these, four biomarkers, including PE(O-40:5), LPC(18:3), PI(38:2) and PA(39:4), were further proved to be significantly associated with the risk of cognitive decline through a logistic regression model, indicating that the degradation of phospholipids and the accumulation of ether phospholipid and PI might participate in the process of cognitive decline in early stage. By adding the eight phospholipid biomarkers to a reference model that included demographics, lifestyle, hypertension, fasting blood glucose and blood lipid parameters, the AUC value of the predictive model improved from 0.743 to 0.866, which provided a possible auxiliary screening tool for the early detection of cognitive impairment in the elderly.

Background/Objectives: To identify major dietary patterns among adults aged ≥45 years and examine their associations with metabolic health-obesity phenotypes. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 32,091 adults aged ≥45 years from the 2015 China Adults National Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance. Diet was assessed using three consecutive 24 h dietary recalls, with household condiment weighing used to improve estimation of cooking oil and salt intake. Dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis and categorized into quartiles. Multinomial logistic regression adjusted for energy intake and key sociodemographic/lifestyle factors to estimate odds of metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUNO), metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) versus metabolically healthy non-obesity (MHNO). Results: Four patterns with geographic variation were identified: (1) the Rice-Vegetable-Pork pattern; (2) the Fruit-Egg-Dairy pattern; (3) the Red Meat-Offal-Snack pattern; and (4) the Soybeans-Tubers-Grains pattern. Compared with Q1, Q4 of Pattern 1 was associated with lower odds of MHO (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.38-0.46) and MUO (OR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.36-0.44). Pattern 2 and Pattern 3 were associated with higher odds of MHO (Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 1.42 and 1.21) and MUO (OR = 1.36 and 1.14, all p < 0.001). Pattern 4 was inversely associated with MHO (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.79-0.92) but positively associated with MUNO (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08-1.24). Conclusions: The Rice-Vegetable-Pork pattern was associated with more favorable obesity-related metabolic phenotypes, whereas energy-dense, animal-derived patterns were associated with higher odds of obesity phenotypes; the Soybeans-Tubers-Grains pattern showed mixed associations.

With the rapid aging of China's population, the number of adults aged ≥ 80 years is rising, and their nutritional status and weight management have attracted growing attention. Body mass index (BMI) is a commonly used indicator for assessing body weight and nutritional status. However, existing BMI standards were mainly developed for the general adult population, and their applicability to the oldest old population remains uncertain. To provide guidance for BMI evaluation and weight management among the oldest old population in China, the National Health Commission issued the standard " Appropriate body mass index range and weight management standards for the oldest old (WS/T 868-2025)". Based on evidence from prospective cohort studies including the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey and the Healthy Aging and Biomarkers Cohort Study, the standard recommends an appropriate BMI range of 22.0-26.9 kg/m 2 for adults aged ≥ 80 years and provides recommendations regarding BMI measurement, weight monitoring, and individualized weight management. The implementation of this standard provides scientific evidence for weight evaluation and health management in the oldest old population and contributes to promoting healthy aging.

Background/Objectives: Metabolic-obesity phenotypes are dynamic, yet little is known about how their longitudinal transitions affect cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We aimed to characterize these transitions and examine their associations with incident CVD in middle-aged and older Chinese adults. Methods: We included 4516 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) who were free of CVD at the follow-up baseline (wave 3). Metabolic-obesity phenotypes (metabolically healthy non-obese [MHNO], metabolically unhealthy non-obese [MUNO], metabolically healthy obese [MHO], and metabolically unhealthy obese [MUO]) were assessed in 2011 and 2015, and six trajectory patterns were defined. Incident CVD (heart disease or stroke) was ascertained from 2015 to 2020. Cox proportional hazards models estimated associations between trajectory groups and incident CVD, and Kaplan-Meier curves compared cumulative incidence across groups. Results: Stable MHNO accounted for 35.96% of the cohort, whereas the stable non-MHNO group accounted for 28.06%. After multivariable adjustment, the small obesity recovery group (n = 89) showed an elevated CVD risk estimate compared with the stable MHNO (HR 2.32, 95% CI 1.33-4.05), while stable non-MHNO group were associated with higher CVD risk (HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.36-2.18). Incident obesity showed elevated but non-significant risk (HR 1.71, 95% CI 0.94-3.10), and metabolic decline showed borderline significance (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.00-1.85). Sex-stratified analyses showed heterogeneous risk patterns. Conclusions: Metabolic-obesity phenotypes are dynamic, but unfavorable phenotypes often persist. The obesity recovery group, defined using BMI, may represent a heterogeneous group and does not necessarily indicate true cardiometabolic recovery; the observed association should not be interpreted as evidence that weight loss itself increases CVD risk. These findings highlight the importance of jointly considering longitudinal changes in metabolic health and obesity when examining their associations with incident CVD.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the association between serum vitamin D levels and common frailty-related comorbidities, including sarcopenia and dysphagia, in community-dwelling older people, and to analyze the influence of varying inflammatory conditions. METHODS:From August to December 2020, 894 community-dwelling older people aged ≥65 years were recruited from Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Inner Mongolia. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys, physical measurements, sarcopenia assessment(grip strength, gait speed, body composition), dysphagia evaluation, and blood biomarker testing(vitamin D, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hsCRP)). Multivariate Logistic regression models were employed to examine the associations between vitamin D and frailty-related comorbidities, as well as the interaction effects of inflammatory levels. RESULTS:A total of 884 older people completed the survey. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 14.48%, and the prevalence of dysphagia(including suspected dysphagia) was 34.84%. The median levels of 25-(OH)D_2(0.28 ng/mL) and 25-(OH)D_3(24.69 ng/mL) in the dysphagia group were significantly lower than those in the non-dysphagia group(0.45 ng/mL and 27.18 ng/mL, respectively; P&lt;0.01). A significant interaction was observed between 25-(OH)D_3 and hsCRP in relation to dysphagia(P&lt;0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed that in older people with hsCRP&lt;3 mg/L, 25-(OH)D_3 levels were negatively associated with suspected dysphagia(OR=0.98, 95%CI 0.96-0.99, P&lt;0.05), whereas no significant association was found in those with hsCRP&gt;3 mg/L. CONCLUSION:Serum vitamin D levels in community-dwelling elderly individuals were significantly associated with swallowing function, and this association was influenced by inflammatory status: in the population with low inflammatory levels, serum vitamin D levels were negatively associated with the risk of dysphagia, while there was no significant association in the population with high inflammatory levels.

Background: Sarcopenia associated with aging severely affects the quality of life of the elderly; diets have been shown to elicit an inflammatory response in the body, and diets that promote inflammation may lead to damage to muscles. The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) has been developed to quantify the inflammatory potential of individual diets. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between the DII, sarcopenia and its components in elderly Chinese people. Methods: In this study, data were obtained from the China Nutrition Improvement Strategies and Applications for the Elderly Research Programme. An assessment of sarcopenia was carried out according to the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia’s (AWGS2019) criteria. The DII was calculated using food intake data obtained using the FFQ method, and then the quartile method was used to categorize the subjects into four groups. Multifactor logistic regression was conducted to examine the associations between DII, sarcopenia and its components. Results: This study included 993 subjects over the age of 65, and the prevalence of sarcopenia was 20.2%. The mean DII score of the study population was 0.99 ± 0.1. After adjusting for the confounders age, gender, marital status, and educational level, the risk of sarcopenia was 1.66 times higher in group Q4 than in group Q1 (p-trend < 0.05). However, this relationship is not statistically significant when other more confounding factors are added. Nevertheless, when further analyzing the relationship between DII and sarcopenia components, it was found that after adjusting the model, a higher DII was associated with a risk of muscle strength loss (OR = 1.65, p-trend < 0.05). Conclusions: Higher DII scores increase the risk of muscle strength loss in older adults. By guiding older adults to adopt a more anti-inflammatory diet, muscle health can be improved in terms of increased muscle strength. Further cohort or interventional studies are necessary to validate our findings.

Epidemiology studies suggested that exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) might elevate the incidence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), but no study considered the modifying roles of vitamin D, an important nutrient related to GDM development. Thus, this study evaluated the modifying effects of maternal vitamin D on correlations of PFAS exposure with GDM by conducting a cohort study in Beijing, China. We recruited 111 pregnant women who had either one or more high risk factors for GDM in Beijing, China, in 2022. Blood samples collected from pregnant women in 11-13 gestational weeks were analyzed to detect 19 PFAS and 25-hydroxy vitamin D. GDM was confirmed via the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). All subjects were classed as possessing sufficient, insufficient, or deficient vitamin D concentrations. Vitamin D deficiency status was observed to be a significant modifier for associations between GDM risk and PFAS exposure, as well as continuous glucose concentrations in an OGTT (interaction p-value < 0.05). For women with vitamin D deficiency, exposure to five long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates significantly elevated the GDM risk (p < 0.05), and the overall estimated risk ratio for GDM associated with 1 ng/mL increases in PFAS ranged from 3.750 to 8.097. The results suggested that adequate supplementation of vitamin D during early pregnancy could prevent the elevated risk of GDM caused by PFAS exposure.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the association between inflammation-related dietary patterns and sarcopenia and its related muscle health indicators in the elderly. METHODS:For this study on improving nutrition among the elderly in China, we selected Wuyuan County in Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; Taicang City in Jiangsu Province; and Yuexiu District in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province.834 eligible subjects aged 65 and above were finally included. Dietary data were collected through the food frequency questionnaire(FFQ). Inflammation-related dietary patterns were extracted using the reduced-rank regression method, and sarcopenia was diagnosed using the Asian Working Group on Muscular Attenuation(AWGS) 2019 recommendation criteria. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between inflammation-related dietary patterns and sarcopenia and muscle health-related indicators in the elderly. RESULTS:The prevalence of sarcopenia in the study population was 19.9%. The inflammatory markers hypersensitive C-reactive protein and interleukin-12 were significantly associated with the risk of sarcopenia(OR=1.12(95%CI 1.06-1.18), OR=1.08(95%CI 1.03-1.14)). Analysis of dietary patterns related to inflammation showed that poultry meat, legumes, flour, animal oil and other foods were more consumed, while vegetable oil, rice, soybeans, eggs, fruits, potatoes, vegetables and other foods were less consumed. In the adjusted model, there was no significant correlation between inflammation-related dietary patterns and the risk of sarcopenia. Further analysis found that this pattern was significantly positively correlated with lower muscle mass in the elderly(P&lt;0.05). CONCLUSION:This study did not find a direct association between inflammation-related dietary patterns and the risk of sarcopenia, but revealed a negative association with muscle mass in the elderly.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the influencing factors of cognitive frailty in urban community elderly. METHODS:Using convenience sampling, we recruited 1086 elderly aged ≥65 years from two study sites(Dongying City, Shandong Province and Jiangbei District, Chongqing Municipality) between July 2022 and June 2023. Data collection included general demographic characteristics and dietary assessment using food frequency questionnaires. The assessment of cognitive frailty was conducted using the Fried frailty phenotype criteria combined with the Chinese version of the mini-mental state examination. Physical measurements and blood sample collection were performed. Variable selection was performed using Lasso regression, followed by Logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with cognitive frailty among urban community elderly. RESULTS:Among the 1086 elderly, a total of 270 cases(24.9%) had cognitive frailty. Significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding pension income and number of chronic conditions(P&lt;0.05). The cognitive frailty rates decreased with the pension income and the number of chronic, the trend were statistically significant(P&lt;0.05). Compared to non-cognitively frail elderly, those with cognitive frailty had significantly lower weekly intake frequencies of grains &amp; tubers, fish/shellfish, eggs, fresh vegetables, and fruits(P&lt;0.05), diastolic blood pressure, 6-meter walking speed, triglycerides, interleukin-6, albumin, vitamin B_(12), the abnormal rates of calf circumference and handgrip strength were significantly higher(P&lt;0.05). Based on Lasso regression, 14 variables were selected: level of education, living arrangement, pension income, calf circumference, intake frequency of grains/tubers, fish/shellfish, dairy products, vegetables, and fruits, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and vitamin B_(12) levels. Multivariable Logistic regression analysis result showed that: adjusted for age, sex and level of education, revealed the following protective factors against cognitive frailty: a monthly pension of 4001-6000 RMB/month(OR=0.356, 95%CI 0.218-0.583), &gt;6000 RMB/month(OR=0.542, 95%CI 0.302-0.971), fish/shellfish consumption(OR=0.815, 95%CI 0.682-0.973) and fruit intake(OR=0.955, 95%CI 0.914-0.998). The risk factors for cognitive frailty were co-residence(OR=2.038, 95%CI 1.065-3.903) and abnormal calf circumference(OR=2.196, 95%CI 1.591-3.031). CONCLUSION:The prevalence of cognitive frailty among urban community elderly is high with multifactorial determinants.

BACKGROUND:The association between tea consumption and mortality among very elderly individuals, with or without cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCD), including stroke, remains unclear. This study hypothesised that a significant association exists. METHODS:We analysed data from two waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), spanning 1998/2000 to 2018, with a maximum follow-up of 20 years. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for potential confounders, were used to examine the association between tea consumption and all-cause mortality among the oldest old ( ≥ 80 years) with or without CCD. Participants were categorised based on the frequency of tea consumption (rare, occasional or regular) at the time of the survey and around the age of 60. RESULTS:Due to violations of the proportional hazards assumption, Cox model results were reliable only for the first 8 years of follow-up. Among 19,664 elderly participants, frequent tea consumption was associated with a lower mortality risk during the initial 8 years (adjusted HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.89-0.97) compared to never or rare tea consumption. However, this association diminished over the full 20-year follow-up. The significant association was observed only in participants who also reported frequent tea consumption around the age of 60 (adjusted HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85-0.95). No significant interaction was found between pre-existing CCD and the 8-year effect of tea consumption (P for interaction > 0.05). CONCLUSION:Among very elderly Chinese individuals, frequent tea consumption was associated with reduced mortality over the short term, particularly in those who maintained this habit throughout life. No significant interaction effect was observed between pre-existing CCD and the mortality benefits of tea consumption.

BackgroundSarcopenia is prevalent in older adults and not only severely affects their health, but also brings a greater economic burden on the patient’s family as well as society. High-quality diet is one of influencing factors of sarcopenia, particularly important for muscle mass and function. This study aims to examine the dietary patterns of community-dwelling older adults in a typical region of China and explore the relationship between these dietary patterns and sarcopenia.MethodsWe used data of the Nutrition and Health Follow-up Study of the Chinese Population in 2021. Food frequency questionnaires were used to obtain food items intake frequency during the last year. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), muscle strength and physical performance were assessed according to the Asian Sarcopenia Working Group (AWGS2019) criteria. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between dietary patterns and sarcopenia.ResultsA total of 1,967 participants over the age of 65 were included in the study, and the prevalence of sarcopenia was 17.0%. According to the factor loadings of all of the 18 food groups, three dietary patterns were identified. These dietary patterns include the diversified dietary pattern, which is mainly characterized by the intake of soybeans, fungi and algae, animal meat, fruits, and legumes; the traditional dietary pattern, which is mainly defined by the consumption of rice, pork, poultry, vegetables, and aquatic products; and the wheat-based dietary pattern, which is mainly characterized by the intake of wheat, tubers, and other cereals. The diversified dietary pattern (OR = 0.54, p < 0.05) and the traditional dietary pattern (OR = 0.51, p < 0.05) were linked to a lower risk of developing sarcopenia, whereas the wheat-based dietary pattern (OR = 3.54, p < 0.05) was associated with a higher risk of sarcopenia. All three dietary patterns exhibited significantly correlated with muscle mass, grip strength, and physical performance (p < 0.05).ConclusionDietary patterns are associated with sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults in China. Adopting a healthy and sensible balanced diet and avoiding a single dietary preference may reduce the risk of sarcopenia in older adults.

To follow up long-term dietary status, physical condition, behavioral lifestyle and health status of Chinese residents, this study was carried out based on Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010-2012(CNHS 2010-2012). According to east-west-central regional stratification, Jiangsu, Fujian(eastern region), Shanxi(central region), Chongqing and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(western region) were included into the study, with 2 follow-up sites of each province. Dietary intake, physical status, psychological behaviors, physical activities, lifestyle, nutrition-related diseases, muscle and cognitive function of the elderly aged 65 and above were collected through questionnaire, physical measurements, dietary surveys and laboratory tests. The project was implemented through a scientific research design, standardized survey procedures and full-process quality control, relying on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention System. A total of 10 659 participants were enrolled. The decade-long dynamic data on nutrition and health provide basic data and scientific references for formulating nutrition and health-related policies for Chinese residents.

We aimed to investigate the associations between dietary choline, its subtypes, and cognitive function in older adults from underdeveloped regions of China, using data from the Nutrition and Chronic Disease Family Cohort (NCDFaC) study. This cross-sectional study included 1 522 older adults aged 60 and over. Dietary choline intakes were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and cognitive function was evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The associations between choline intake and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were analyzed using logistic regression models, restricted cubic splines and propensity score matching (PSM). Among the 1 522 participants, 292 (19.2

Proactive health refers to a health paradigm, lifestyle, and cultural approach in which individuals take primary responsibility for their own well-being by enhancing health awareness, leveraging health technologies, and actively promoting their well-being. Together with medical services, disease prevention, and the Traditional Chinese Medicine concept of "preventive treatment," proactive health constitutes an integrated health protection system. Nearly forty years after the concept was first introduced, proactive health in China remains at the stage of research and demonstration, with limited public participation and underdeveloped systems for related technologies, industries, services, and policies. Currently, the promotion of proactive health in China faces five major challenges: weak public awareness, insufficient technological capacity, inadequate health protection for key populations, limited support for coping with population aging and chronic diseases, and an incomplete policy framework. This study suggests that advancing proactive health in China serves three major purposes: safeguarding public health, promoting economic development, and contributing to national revitalization. The essence of proactive health lies in individuals actively promoting their own health through a "whole-population, whole-life-cycle, and whole-factor (lifestyle)" approach. Its goal is to "prevent disease, delay disease onset, and reduce disease severity." The guiding principles are "individual responsibility, government leadership, social participation, innovation-driven development, and international cooperation." The six pillars of proactive health are diet, physical activity, lifestyle, health management, psychological and moral well-being, and living environment. During the 15th Five-Year Plan period, key tasks for advancing proactive health include strategic innovation, technological innovation, institutional and mechanism reform, and service model innovation; fostering the integration of public initiatives and industrial development; and strengthening international cooperation. These efforts aim to accelerate the transition of proactive health from research and demonstration to broad social practice, enhance population health, ease healthcare system burdens, and explore a Chinese model of health that integrates traditional Chinese and western medicine as well as proactive health and medical security.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the effects of dietary patterns and enterotypes on frailty-related metabolic indicators, specifically glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c), in elderly diabetic patients. METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 72 diabetic patients aged 65 years and older from Liyang City, Jiangsu Province, and Wuyuan County, Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Data collected included basic information, dietary intake, HbA1c levels, and fecal samples analyzed via 16S rDNA sequencing. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the impact of dietary patterns and enterotypes on elevated HbA1c. Additive models were employed to assess interaction effects. RESULTS:After adjusting for gender, age, residence location, body mass index, and blood glucose management method, Logistic regression analysis revealed that: A dietary pattern characterized by low intake of soybeans and soy products, fresh vegetables, red meat, and poultry was a risk factor for elevated HbA1c in the participants(OR=3.4, 95%CI 1.1-10.6, P&lt;0.05). The Prevotella-dominant enterotype was a protective factor against elevated HbA1c(OR=0.2, 95%CI 0.1-0.8, P&lt;0.05). Interaction analysis of risk factors for elevated HbA1c showed no additive interaction between dietary pattern and enterotype. CONCLUSION:A dietary pattern featuring low intake of soybeans and soy products, fresh vegetables, red meat, and poultry is a risk factor for elevated HbA1c in elderly diabetics, while the Prevotella-dominant enterotype is a protective factor against elevated HbA1c.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the relationship between the triglyceride-glucose(TyG) index and the risk of new onset hypertension in Chinese adults aged 18 and above. METHODS:Data was extracted from follow-up study for Nutrition and Health of Chinese Residents(2021), which was conducted from May 2021 to December 2022. Stratified systematic sampling method was used to select 10 survey sites from 150 surveillance sites based on the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010-2012. demographic information, physical status, lifestyle were collected through questionnaire, physical measurements and laboratory tests. The TyG index was calculated using baseline fasting serum triglyceride and blood glucose, and was divided into quartiles(Q1-Q4). Multiple-adjusted logistic regression was used to test the association between the TyG index and the risk of hypertension, after adjusting for basic demographic information, physical characteristics, lifestyle behaviors, and intake of oil and salt. The restricted cubic spline model was applied to analyze the dose-response relationship between the TyG index and hypertension. Stratified analysis and interaction tests were conducted to evaluate the interaction in different subgroups. RESULTS:A total of 2516 subjects with normal blood pressure at baseline was included, with mean TyG of 8.53±0.67 on baseline. And the rate of new onset hypertension was 57.95%. Significantly positive correlation trend was observed between the TyG index and hypertension(β=1.51, P&lt;0.05). Consistently, high levels of TyG index were significantly associated with increased risk of new-onset hypertension when TyG index was grouped into quartiles. Compared with Q1, the risks were 1.28 times(95%CI 1.01-1.62, P&lt;0.04), 1.39 times(95%CI 1.09-1.76, P=0.01), and 2.11 times(95%CI 1.64-2.71, P&lt;0.01)in Q2-Q4, respectively. Restricted cubic spline analysis suggested a positive linear relationship between the TyG index and the incidence of hypertension(P_(overall)&lt;0.01, P_(nonlinear) = 0.54). The associations were consistent in various subgroups(P&lt;0.05) such as age, gender, living area, education, household income, second-hand smoking, physical activity, family history of hypertension, cooking salt and oil intake, overweight and obesity, and central obesity. CONCLUSION:High TyG index was significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension among Chinese adults.

Diabetes, a common metabolic condition, is recognized by the worldwide public health community as a serious chronic illness. International new drug discovery has long been dominated by the study and creation of blood glucose-lowering medications. Important phases in the development process of these medications include the in vitro assessment model and screening methods, which can dramatically lower the costs and risks of subsequent clinical trials and increase the effectiveness and efficiency of drug development. This article reviews the classic and latest cutting-edge in vitro assessment models, principles, methods, and key technologies for blood glucose-lowering medications both domestically and internationally. By objectively evaluating their advantages, disadvantages, characteristics, applicability, experimental design, and data analysis, this article aims to improve the standardization and consensus of in vitro assessment models and screening methods and serve the research and development of blood glucose-lowering medications.

Background/Objectives: The relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitaminD (25(OH)D) concentration and the risk of abnormal glycemic status remains contradictory. Whether sufficient 25(OH)D plays a role in reducing the risk of diabetes and prediabetes is debatable. Its dose–response relationship and the optimal 25(OH)D threshold are not clear. This study investigated the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and the risk of abnormal glycemic status to explore the optimal cut-off value. Methods: This study included 5856 Chinese older adults aged 60 years and above from the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Survey (CACDNS 2015–2017). Serum 25(OH)D concentration was measured via an enzyme-linked immuosorbent assay. Abnormal glycemic status in the present study includes diabetes and prediabetes. Statistical methods such as a locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplot (LOESS), restricted cubic spline regression (RCS) and binary and trend logistic regression were used to explore the dose–response relationship and the optimal 25(OH)D threshold. Results: The concentration of 25(OH)D was nonlinearly related to the levels of FPG and HbA1C in the LOESS curves. The nonlinear relation between 25(OH)D and the risk of diabetes and prediabetes was illustrated in the RCS curves and the optimal 25(OH)D threshold beneficial for diabetes was preliminarily explored to be 29.06 ng/mL, but no threshold for prediabetes was found. The dose–response results showed that for each 1 ng/mL increase in 25(OH)D, the risk of the fasting glucose type of diabetes reduced by 2.1%, the risk of the abnormal HbA1C type of diabetes reduced by 2.2% and the risk of the mixed type of diabetes reduced by 1.7%, whereas a dose–response relationship was not found for prediabetes. Conclusions: Higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations in Chinese older adults were associated with a reduced risk of glycemic abnormalities. The optimal 25(OH)D cut-off value was sufficiently beneficial if the diseased diabetes risk was 29.06 ng/mL, but no threshold was found for prediabetes.