集约化养殖场产生的类固醇雌激素(SEs)对沼灌区水土环境和动植物生长具有较大危害.为评估沼灌区SEs渗入土壤并进入周边水体的污染风险,试验选取3种自由态和1种结合态SEs,通过土柱模拟沼灌试验,估算沼灌区土壤不同纵深SEs迁移转化的17β-雌二醇当量(EEQ)以评估污染风险.结果表明:土壤渗滤液中E2与E1-3S的总17β-雌二醇当量(ΣEEQ)最大,E2的总17β-雌二醇当量中位数(ΣEEQm)与总17β-雌二醇当量第95个百分位(ΣEEQ95th)高达 14.16～38.99 μg eeq/L 和 21.11～47.42 μg eeq/L,E1-3S 的ΣEEQm与 ΣEEQ95th分别为 20.70～32.11 μg eeq/L 和30.35～37.97 μg eeq/L;而 17β-E2 的 ΣEEQ 均值整体较低.E1随土层越深而ΣEEQ降低,17α-E2的ΣEEQ均值由大到小为底层、表层、中层、中下层;17β-E2的ΣEEQ均值随土壤纵深增加而减小,E2的ΣEEQ均值由大到小为中层、表层、底层、中下层,E1-3S的ΣEEQ均值随纵深增加而逐渐升高.估算EEQ的评估结果显示,沼灌区周边水体中高浓度E2与E1-3S存在较大污染风险,17β-E2污染风险相对较小.

随着集约化奶牛场的发展,其产生的类固醇雌激素已成为新的环境污染源,因此建立沼液及土壤复杂组分中类固醇雌激素定量分析方法,考察不同季节类固醇雌激素含量变化十分必要.该研究对奶牛场沼灌区的沼液及土壤中5种类固醇雌激素(雌酮、17α-雌二醇、17β-雌二醇、雌三醇、雌酮硫酸钠)建立了固相萃取-液相色谱串联两级质谱(SPE-LC-MS/MS)分析方法.针对沼液及土壤复杂基质特点,分别建立二者样品前处理方法,处理后样品采用电喷雾离子源负离子模式多反应监测分析.结果表明,检测方法线性关系良好,检出限为0.09～0.39 ng/L,定量限为0.24～1.18 ng/L,回收率范围为74.56％～91.84％,该法可有效用于沼液及土壤中痕量雌激素的检测.通过对沼液、沼灌区土壤样品检测发现,雌酮、17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇检出频率及浓度较高,而雌三醇与雌酮硫酸钠检出频率及浓度较低.同时得到沼液出水及土壤纵深雌激素的含量分布,厌氧池出水中各物质浓度雌酮>17β-雌二醇>17α-雌二醇>雌酮硫酸钠>雌三醇;好氧池出水中17β-雌二醇>17α-雌二醇>雌酮>雌酮硫酸钠>雌三醇;不同纵深土壤中均为17β-雌二醇>雌酮>17α-雌二醇>雌酮硫酸钠,未检测出雌三醇;沼液中雌激素浓度随季节温度变化,土壤中随季节性降低.试验结果为研究复杂基质中雌激素检测和分布提供一定理论依据和数据支撑.

采砂坑是航道整治中经常会遇到的一个问题,它的存在不利于航道运输,同时也对鱼类生存有着一定影响.利用MIKE 3软件的水动力模块对夏季及冬季工况下的长江上游航道洛碛采砂坑区域三维水温结构进行模拟,取采砂坑两监测点模拟数值与实测数据验证了模型的可靠性.取邻近区域非采砂坑两环境数据点分析其水温结构,同时将采砂坑环境与非采砂坑环境的模拟结果进行对比分析,以探究它们水温结构的异同.结果表明:垂向上采砂坑内水温随水深变化不大,温度数值较为恒定,冬季工况下平面上采砂坑水体水温比非采砂坑水体更高,夏季工况则较低.该模型能够较好地模拟出采砂坑内水温的变化过程及变化趋势,具有较好的实用性和有效性.研究成果可为航道整治的方案选择及长江鱼类的生境保护提供一定的参考.

三峡蓄水后入库水沙条件发生新交化,基于实测资料采用输沙法计算库区细颗粒泥沙淤积量,2003～2012年库区总淤积量为14.37×108t,粒径小于0.016mm的细颗粒泥沙淤积量占比为60.7％.采用传统的一维水沙数学模型模拟粒径大于0.016mm的泥沙淤积量与实测值相符,而小于该粒径的泥沙淤积量明显偏小,此类细颗粒泥沙淤积应考虑絮凝作用.基于絮凝沉速的现场测量结果拟合絮凝沉速与水流流速的关系,据此计算挟沙力,各粒径组泥沙淤积量级沿程分布与实测值吻合较好.三峡水库论证阶段认为粒径小于0.01mm的泥沙为冲泻质不淤积,本文结果表明粒径小于0.016mm的细颗粒泥沙发生絮凝而淤积,在泥沙淤积模拟中应予以考虑.

为丰富长江上游鱼类早期资源及其空间分布的资料,探寻鱼类产卵与水文动态过程的相互关系,于2019年6-7月对上游宜宾-江津与涪陵-丰都江段鱼类早期资源和涨水动态过程进行了监测.结果 显示:调查期间共采集到鱼卵2034粒,仔鱼1086尾,隶属于4目7科54种(鱼卵18种,仔鱼53种),其中长江上游特有鱼类9种;优势种类为黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、草鱼(Ctenonpharyngodon idellus)、长吻(Leiocassis longirostris)和铜鱼(Coreius heterodon).大规模产卵发生在持续涨水2d以后,且南溪-江津和涪陵-丰都江段所需的涨水条件差异很大.空间分布上,江津上游早期资源种类明显多于下游的涪陵和丰都,其中仔鱼的种类占了70％,上游鱼卵数量虽少但发育阶段分布更广泛.

As the problem of inadequate waterway dimension in the upper Yangtze River is becoming increasingly prominent, it is important to evaluate the maximum dimension for waterway construction and planning. In this paper, the hydrological and topographic data measured in the Yibin-Chongqing reach are used to improve the river hydraulic geometry relation and water depth correction coefficient of the traditional stable waterway depth method. Based on the measured water levels of three characteristic flow discharges of 2230 m3/s, 12100 m3/s and 20291 m3/s, the relationship between the river hydraulic geometry parameters and flow discharge is obtained, and the measured data of Zhutuo station indicate that the relationship is reliable in the dry period. In addition, by introducing the cross-sectional shape coefficient, the relationship between the water depth correction coefficient and the design waterway width is established. The maximum waterway dimension of the Yibin-Chongqing section is calculated using the improved stable waterway depth method, and the results show that the waterway dimension of the Yibin-Chongqing reach can meet the standards for class-Ⅱ waterway 3.5 m×100 m and for class-Ⅰ waterway 4.5 m×150 m. The flow discharge increase of 400 m3/s for Xiangjiaba, compared with the designed value, can increase the waterway depth by about 0.39 m. This paper proposes an improved stable waterway depth method, which simplifies the calculation process of the maximum waterway dimension. It can provide support for the subsequent waterway construction and planning of the Yibin-Chongqing reach.

通过水槽试验,研究不同底质、水流条件、地貌对河蟹栖息的影响.结果 表明:河蟹对卵石河床偏好性最强,粗砂次之,碎石最弱;卵石河床上河蟹达到最大附着力时的流速为0.8m/s;在河床地貌选择方面,卵石河床地貌纵向条状的河蟹丰度最高,局部点坑次之,横向条状最低.因此,将卵石底质、较低水流流速、纵向条状的地貌特征等参数进行结合能最大程度构造出利于河蟹的生境,从而起到保护河蟹种群的效果.

涪陵至丰都河段是联系长江上游与中下游的重要运输通道,水运量分析预测对该段航道的建设规划具有重要意义.提出采用长江干线主要港口进出港货运数据,基于港口和航道的位置关系来统计航道水运量及流向等.结果表明该河段水运量从2000年的1241万t增长到2016年的1.6044亿t,上下行水运量占比分别为66%和34%,贡献了三峡过闸货运量的94%,矿建材料、矿石、钢材、煤炭、石油和集装箱等主要货种占水运量的73%.提出采用回归分析法、弹性系数法、指数平滑法和投入产出法分别考虑腹地GDP、产业结构、运输结构等多因素对水运量的影响.预测表明:工程河段水运量呈持续增长趋势,但增长速度逐步减缓,2045年水运量达到3.2333亿t,主要货物水运量占总水运量的86%.水运量分析预测方法和结果可为航道的建设规划提供支撑.

Most studies on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sedimentation in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) have been mainly focused on the sedimentation distribution after impoundment of the TGR in 2003 and the adsorption and desorption effects of sediments on N and P. The present study investigated the correlation between sediment concentration and N and P, as well as the influence of the spatiotemporal distribution of sedimentation on N and P in the TGR. Based on on-site measurements and data collection, the main results concluded are as follows. The sediment concentration and total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and ammonia nitrogen (AN) are linearly correlated in turbid samples (TS) of the TGR; however, the correlations of the sediment with TN and AN are not as obvious as that of the sediment with TP. Since the impoundment, there has been a considerable decrease of TP and AN in the waters near the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) with the deposition of sediments; TP and TN have remained stable after normal operations of the TGR began. On the contrary, the TP and AN in the input section did not decrease with the impoundment. From the end to the head of the TGR, the TP and AN have gradually reduced, and the closer we approach the TGD, the lower the TP and AN; however, the decreasing trend of TP is much more significant than that of AN. Consequently, it has been verified that sedimentation was the main reason for the spatiotemporal distribution of N and P in the TGR. The results may lay the foundation for water environmental protection and management of the TGR.

现有货运量模拟研究多针对某一区域的货运总量,较少涉及货运流向.在2012年中国31省市投入产出表的基础上,采用引力模型估算区域间贸易系数矩阵,采用列系数模型编制中国31省市42部门的区域间投入产出表,将价值流量转化成货运流量得到省际间货运量.利用2012年资料对模型参数进行率定,利用2017年资料对模型进行验证.研究结果表明:模型在考虑GDP增长和产业结构调整对货运量的影响下,可以较好地模拟各区域货运总量和区域间的货运流向,可为研究GDP和产业结构对货运量的影响提供量化方法,为规划未来交通基础设施的建设规模提供参考.

长江上游尚存诸多的单线控制河段,区域内船舶排队现象严重.为探索控制段航道通过能力,结合控制段信号台的调度规则,将排队理论引入船舶排队的研究过程,建立拥有一个优先级的M/M/1排队服务模型,并以王家滩控制河段为例,评估其通过能力.结果表明,模型求解得到目前王家滩河段在控制调度期上行船舶平均等待时间达32.5 min,下行10.2 min;综合船舶与交通流数据,得出当前控制段航道通过能力为1.91亿～4.45亿t,约为标准航道设计通过能力的67.5％.此方法可为类似工程提供参考.

The Irrawaddy River is an important waterway that opens the direct route from southwestChina to the Indian Ocean. Aiming at the development of the Irrawaddy River waterway, thispaper deduces the theoretical formula for the waterway depth based on the hydraulics, river dynamicsand available estimation methods for waterway potential, and estimates the theoretical depth of thewaterway that can be achieved in different sections of the Irrawaddy River by the measured data andempirical parameters.The results show that under the condition of 98% navigation guarantee rate ofthe Irrawaddy River, the minimum waterway development depth from Bhamo to Mandalay, Mandalay toProme, and Prome to Yangon is 2.14 m, 2.58 m and 2.75 m respectively, and the annual navigationcapacity is more than 1.8 billion tons.The research results can provide some theoretical andtechnical support for the development of the Irrawaddy River waterway.

航运是经济发展的重要载体,经济发展驱动的航运需求预测研究是航运发展战略的重要支撑.采用实测资料分析和数学模型的研究手段,建立了两种航运需求预测模型,即贸易引力模型和投入产出模型.基于云南省的航运经济数据对两种模型进行验证,结果表明两种模拟方法均可行,可采用二者预测结果的平均值作为最终预测结果.云南省在2030年的国内航运需求可达1040万吨、国际航运需求将近200万吨,迫切需要提升云南省的综合航运能力,周边国家或地区的航运能力亦需同步提升.

承载力是社会经济发展规划的重要依据,但航道承载力的内涵尚不明确,缺乏对航道承载力的评价研究.分析各类承载力的定义表明其内涵包含承载体、承载对象、承载条件、承载能力指标4个要素,据此探讨明确了航道承载力的4个要素,将航道承载力定义为:在一定时期内、一定河段内,航道在某个尺度下承载社会经济可持续发展的能力.提出航道承载力供需平衡指数作为评价航道承载力的承载能力指标,即经济驱动的航运需求与航道的通过能力之比.以长江上游航道为例,评价宜宾—重庆、重庆—涪陵、涪陵—宜昌三段的航道承载力当前已接近饱和,急需提升航道等级以满足未来的社会经济可持续发展;估算了其航道可开发的最大尺度,表明目前航道还具有一定提升潜力.长江上游航道的实例研究表明,所提出的航道承载力内涵和评价方法具有一定的适用性,可为航道规划建设提供一定的支撑.

Flocculation is the primary cause of fine sediment deposition in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR),and the critical conditions of flocculation is of great significance to the law and simulation of the sedimentation in the TGR. Field measurements of sediment flocculation were carried out at the Zhongxian and Fengjie reaches in the TGR during the flood season. Based on the acoustic backscatter intensity from ADV and sediment sampling,the instantaneous flow velocities and sediment concentrations were measured synchronously. The sediment settling velocities and floc sizes were calculated using the sediment diffusion theory. The relationships between flocculation degree and particle size,flow velocity and sediment concentration were obtained,respectively. Results show that the sediment flocs are mostly in the region of middle and light flocculation,but less in the region of heavy flocculation. The critical particle size of the sediment flocs is about 0.018 mm,the critical flow velocity is about 0.7 m/s,and the critical sediment concentration is about 0.8 kg/m3. This research can provide theoretical supports for the basic law of sediment transport and simulation of sedimentation in the TGR.

草坪河水利枢纽坝址的位置特殊,河道狭窄且弯曲,溢流坝坝陡、单宽流量大,导致出流速度大而下游挑流区域有限,挑流势必会对下游的河床和岸坡造成巨大破坏.通过原方案和斜切鼻坎、宽尾墩、泄槽侧向收缩等消能工的物理模型试验分析对比,结果表明:对于本工程进行泄槽两次侧向收缩消能工可以有效的加大集中消能,缩小入水范围,减小下游冲刷.根据试验结论本工程使用侧向收缩效能工,可以有效解决泄洪问题,但为了厂房的正常运行和山坡的稳定,建议在相关位置修建防浪墙进行护坡处理.

The effects of treatment of domestic sewage in Chongqing areas by diatomite -ALB process was investi-gate.The optimal dosage of diatomite in diatomite -ALB process was studied.The results showed that diatomite-ALB process could improve the effluent quality , and the removal rates of COD, NH+4 -N, TN, TP had increased respec-tively.As the dosage of diatomite increased , the removal of water pollutants increased at first , and then decreased in generally.The optimal dosage of diatomite was 30 mg/L.The effluent quality of COD, NH+4 -N, TN met the first level A criteria and TP met the first level B criteria in the national wastewater discharge standard .Diatomite as co-agulant for ALB process is economical , with a good effect.

With the upgrading of the Yangtze River waterway,ships sailing often are threatened because of insufficient horizontal width in the navigation-obstructing river with the protruding point or large reef,so,we carry out a research on the generalized rock oblique flow structure and ship's stress characteristics.Simulating the rock channel by software CFD combined with the 3D numerical simulation of the current,we know that the higher the current speed and the more the rock occupies,the longer influential distance on the flow structure of distance,and esp.the influential distance of the lateral velocity is more obvious;velocity is proportional to the lateral force of ship;the length-way influential distance from the generalized rocks on the ship is generally within 1 time the length of the ship both upstream and downstream,and the maximum value is at the O.5 time ship length upstream.

The study investigated the effects of the cellulose reinforced urea formaldehyde foam on growth of the vertical greening plants. The plant substrates were prepared by replacement of general garden soil in various volume proportions, like 1/3, 2/1, 2/3 and full replacement. The bird' s Nest Fern, Anthurium and the pocket coconut were selected for cultivation experiments. The addition of the syn-thetic material can increase the porosity and water absorption of the matrix, and reduce the bulk density of the substrate. Full use of cellulose reinforced urea formaldehyde foam as plant growth substrate for vertical greening has several advantages, such as light structure and adequate nutrition supply. The cultivation results indicated that vertical greening plants had stronger growth, fresh plant weight, plant height and crown width index.

Bioretention technology with aesthetic appearance is a promising urban stormwater management measures.Vegetation plays several important roles in bioretention process,whereas design and maintenance of vegetation could direct affect the performance and life span of bioretention.A series of in vestigations have been conducted abroad,and these studies have achieved corresponding results and es tablished design guidelines or procedures.While the research progress on reasonable selection of bioretention plant and survival is limited.Investigations on bioretention have also been conducted in China,which include plants selection.Unfortunately,there is no mature design guideline to be proposed up to now.In order to establish an appropriate procedure for design and maintenance of vegetation,bioretention design guidelines and manuals in foreign countries were interpreted and field investigation were carried out.Vegetation design,implementation and maintenance including plants selection,layout,planting density,planting time,mulch,safety elements and typical maintenance activities were discussed,which could provide reference for improving design methodology of bioretention technology in China.