正义是产权赋权应当遵守的最根本的伦理原则,而水权作为产权研究的领域之一,水权赋权也应当以正义为根本原则.只有在正义原则下,才能保证产权分配的公正性与合理性.不同历史时期、不同社会和资源条件下,为了实现产权的公平分配,形成了不同的产权赋权正义标准.通过对产权赋权历史事实进行研究,得出产权赋权的正义准则,即以空间邻近性、时间先后顺序、空间与时间相结合、人类生存基本需求以及生态需求为正义准则,并以此作为水权赋权依据,从而形成了水权元类型.对于水权空间单元,可以选择一种或多种正义准则为其水权赋权依据,最终由水权空间单元以并列或套嵌的形式形成了现实中复杂的水权制度系统.

文章将高铁开通视为外生冲击事件,研究其对城市人口分布的重塑效应,提出了高铁开通对城市人口分布格局实现重塑的总体效应、异质效应和产业效应的假设,并以170个地级及以上城市作为研究样本,利用双向固定模型验证了研究假设.研究结果表明:(1)高铁开通显著降低了城区人口密度;(2)高铁开通对省会城市人口密度的降低效应不明显,非省会城市则较为明显;重塑效应随城市规模等级呈“反N”形演进,其中尤以Ⅱ型大城市效果最为显著;(3)高铁开通会显著促进城市第二产业就业密度的下降.另外,文章还讨论了高铁开通产生的预期效应,并解释了城市第二产业“就业稀释”和“集聚加剧”的矛盾现象.文章的研究结论对利用高铁开通这一事件缓解城市城区人口拥挤压力有一定的启示.

This paper explores the intricate issues that prompt water pricing reform in China and India. China adopts a comprehensive pricing framework of cost of resources, treatment and distribution, and environmental requirements, which has been gradually developed part by part since 1980 based on the perception and change of water issues in the country. India follows a simple approach of cost recovery, though its recent policy guidelines talk about more systematic pricing. The results present that both countries fail to realize water pricing policy targets regardless of different pricing structures. But China and India are on the same road and direction of water pricing and China goes a little farther. The treatment of water resources and its services, and property rights have a significant impact on pricing, and costs, including service, resources and environment, are difficult to recover.

Rivers eutrophication may cause algae and plankton blooms, water-oxygen reducing and the high number of deaths which may cause water pollution. On a global scale, about 30%~50% surface water eutrophication. The nitrogen and phosphorus loads of rivers is the main cause of water eutrophication, and the majority of nitrogen and phosphorus comes from agricultural non-point sources. LUCC (Land-Use and Land-Cover Change) of the river basin had direct effect to agricultural non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus loads. For example, LUCC can influence the climate, hydrology, volume of runoff and erosion amount of the river basin that may lead to soil erosion and Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition elements run off with the direct surface runoff. That may cause a large area of agricultural non-point source pollution. GuangFu River locates in the southwest of Shandong province, and pours into Nansi Lake from north to south. But Guangfu River was the most seriously polluted in all the rivers which immit Nansi Lake. According to the sample survey data analysis for years, the content of NH3-N in Guangfu River was the top in all rivers. The agricultural non-point sources pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus were too heavy for agricultural irrigation. The land use type in Guangfu River was mainly composed of cultivated land, so under the flushing action of rainfall, there were a lot of pesticides and fertilizers flowing into Guangfu River following the surface runoff and sediment. That was the mainly reason of the pollution of Guangfu River. Therefore, to simulate the nitrogen and phosphorus loads of Guangfu River and to discuss how to reduce the pollution through optimizing the local land use had the important realistic significance. In this paper, SWAT model was used to simulate the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loads of GuangFu River basin under different land use scenarios, then the contribution rates of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loads were analyzed based different land use types, and the best ways of land use in the watershed were discussed. The research results showed that: ® Through the calibration and verification of the model, SWAT model was suitable for simulating the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loads of GuangFu River. ©From the result of annual average nitrogen and phosphorus loads under the land use types of 2010 and 1987, it showed that the contribution to the nitrogen and phosphorus loads of cultivated land is the biggest, followed by the grassland, and the forest. @ And then, the land use scenarios of the returning cultivated land to forest and closing the land for reforestation were simulated. Through comparing the simulation results, the scenarios of closing the land for reforestation was the more effective method to controlling the agricultural non-point source pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus.

3月21日至22日，由中国科学院国家天文台《中国国家天文》杂志、台北市天文协会、云南天文爱好者协会、云南省天文学会联合主办的“梅西耶马拉松2015交流会”，在云南天文台丽江观测站举行。梅西耶马拉松是一项国际流行的天文观测活动，参与者要在一个夜晚，不能借助电子设备，独立在夜空中目视搜索110个梅西耶天体。来自台北、北京、云南等地的近30位爱好者，齐聚丽江高美古天文观测站，实际参与和体验。

The study is conducted to investigate the spatial distribution, sources and ecological risk of seven heavy metals in surface sediments of Nansi Lake, Eastern China. A total of 29 samples were collected in surface sediments of Nansi Lake, and were analyzed for three nutrients (TN, TOC and TP), two major metals (Al and Fe), as well as seven trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn). The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, Fe and Al were 14.41, 0.22, 71.10, 30.1, 0.048, 29.14, 90.2, 30,816 and 70,653 mg kg−1, respectively, and the mean contents of these metals were higher than the background values with the exception of Cu and Fe. The spatial distribution indicated that the contents of all seven heavy metals were characterized by relatively higher contents in the upper lake than the lower lake. The hotspots with high values of As, Cd and Hg were associated with the river mouths, and the hotspots of Pb were mainly located around the dam in the central part, while no significant associations were displayed between spatial distribution of Cr, Cu, Zn and the river mouths. The mean enrichment factor (EF) values of As, Cd, Hg and Pb were 2.03, 2.93, 3.21 and 2.18, respectively, showing their moderate enrichment, while Cr, Cu and Zn with mean EF values of 1.19, 0.89 and 1.01 were deficiency to minimal enrichment. Multivariate and geostatistical analyses suggested that PC1 controlled by Cr, Cu and Zn was a lithogenic component, and come from parent rocks leaching. PC2 including Cd and partially Hg represented the factor from industrial wastewater discharge. PC3 showed elevated loadings of As and partially Cd, and could be attributed to the agricultural practices. While PC4 including Pb and partially Hg, was dominated by coal combustion. The results of potential ecological risk suggested that sediment environment of Nansi Lake suffered from high ecological risk.

Characteristics of spatial distribution in September 2010 and temporal variation from 1960 to 2010 of total nitrogen and total phosphorus load in Naisihu Lake were analyzed using SWAT model and water quality monitoring.Total organic carbon,total nitrogen and total phosphorus in surface sediments and sedimentary cores obtained in September 2010 were determined.Spatial distribution of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in September 2010 and temporal variation in recent 50 years in the sediment of Naisihu Lake were analyzed.The spatiotemporal responses of total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads in sediments and overlying water were studied.The results indicated that spatially,phosphorus in sediment had the good responses to that in the overlying water with the correlation coefficient of 0.895,because the phosphorus in sediment and water were mainly inorganic phosphorus.The major form of nitrogen in sediment was organic,but the nitrogen in water was mainly inorganic,leading to insignificant responses.Temporally,nitrogen and phosphorus in sediment had good responnses to those in the overlying water.The change of nitrogen and phosphorus can roughly be divided into 3 sections,but the responds of sediment lagged behind the water.This change was similar to the change of GDP in Jining,which was the largest city in Nansihu basin,so it was indicated that human activity was closely related with lake pollution.

SWAT model and measured data were used to simulate the Non-Point Source(NPS) N and P pollution from 2001to 2010 in Lake Nansi watershed.The spatial distribution of the pollution was analyzed,and the contribution of all the rivers in watersheds to the pollution of Lake Nansi were calculated.The key areas with serious pollution were distinguished.The results indicated that:(1) typical watersheds were simulated with SWAT model,and then the derived models were used to simulate the Lake Nansi watershed.This method can not only improve efficiency,but also with higher simulation accuracy.The simulation results in the east of the lake were better than those in the west part of the lake,which indicated that SWAT model was suitable for the hilly areas.(2) The NPS pollution was serious in Lake Nansi watershed.The nitrogen loading exceeded the criteria in almost all regions,and the phosphorus loading exceeded the criteria in more than 40% of the region.The NPS pollution was more serious in east than that in west of the lake.The Guangfu River watershed was the major contributor to the NPS pollution in Lake Nansi watershed.(3) The soluble nitrogen,flowed into the lake through streams,is the main form of loading in Lake Nansi watershed.While,the P loading in Lake Nansi watershed was mainly in the form of adsorption,which ran into river with sediment.

Non-point source (NPS) pollution load of N and P in Nansihu watershed were simulated based on SWAT model. The Sihe watershed was selected as typical watershed for east of the lake, and the Dongyu watershed was selected as typical watershed for west of lake. The two typical watersheds were simulated respectively, and then the models were used to simulate the other rivers basins in the Nansihu watershed. Data collected in the period from 2001 to 2007 was used for calibration, while data collected from 2008 to 2010 was used for validation. Then the spatial distribution of NPS pollution in Nansihu watershed (2010) was simulated with the validated model. The result indicated that the SWAT model could simulate the no-point source pollution in Nansihu watershed with high-precision. The watershed was polluted seriously with N and P. The TN was mainly composed of dissolved form, and the TP was mainly composed of adsorbed form.

In order to effectively control organic pollution of surface sediment and prevent overfull nutrients from releasing water body,the distribution character of surface sediment and the C/N correlations are analyzed by testing the total N,P and organic carbon content of 29 surface sediment samples in Nansihu Lake.And then the correlation among the TN,TP and TOC is analyzed with SPSS software.Finally,the organic index is used to evaluate the sediment environment status of Nansihu Lake.The result shows that Nansihu Lake has obvious pollution of nutrients accumulation.Therefore,we must take measures promptly to control the further pollution of the nutrients.

Based on all the 29 samples taken from aquatic vegetation area, agricultural and residential area, fish culture area, natural water of Nansihu Lake, the contents of TN, TP and TOC of water surface sediments were analyzed and the characteristics of the nutrient distribution were examined in the study. Through the analysis of correlation of surface sediments and the water, the origins of these nutrients were discussed, and the level of pollution was analyzed with the organic index. The results indicated that the eutrophication had appeared in agricultural area, residential area and fish culture area, but the aquatic vegetation area and natural water were not threatened by eutrophication. On the other hand, the source of TN in surface sediments was mainly from the organic nitrogen of Nansihu Lake, and the source of TP was mainly from the inorganic phosphorus outside the lake.

Choosing composite index method as the major studying method,on the basis of analyzing and referring experiences of the formers,the assessment system which is suitable for regional geological environmental quality in Shandong province has been set up,and total assessment of geological environment quality of all cities in Shandong province have been given.Choosing aerial geological condition,geological calamities,human activities and resources as the main indexes,and each index can be divided into several sub-indexes,which together composed the third class index system;then the powers are determined by analytical hierarchy processes and the variant coefficients of geological environmental quality in Shandong province are induced.According to the above scores,geological environment quality in Shandong province can be divided into three main areas: the western and northern areas where geological environmental quality is quite well;the Jiaodong peninsular areas where geological environmental quality is medium and the middle mountain areas where geological environment quality is bad.

15N tracer elements were used to study the effects of fertilization either using a fertilizer applicator or broadcast application in the radial ditch(CK) on nitrogen absorption,utilization,and distribution,and fruit quality and yield of five-year-old trees of the early-maturing peach 'Yuhualu' and ten-year-old trees of the late-maturing cultivar 'Chinese Peach'.After fertilization with the fertilizer applicator,the percentage nitrogen derived from fertilizer(Ndff%) of new shoot leaves increased significantly from the new shoot growth stage and throughout the growing season the Ndff% and chlorophyll content of new shoot leaves were maintained at high levels,while the growth rate of new shoots was accelerated significantly at the new shoot growth stage.After the fruits were harvested,the Ndff% of the fruit flesh and stone were 3.64 and 4.73 times higher,respectively,than those of CK.The nitrogen absorptivity of the plant was 20.35% at the end of the growing season,which increased 5.87 percentage points than that of CK.These results indicated nitrogen was absorbed more quickly and transported to newly developing organs following fertilization with the fertilizer applicator and,in addition,nitrogen utilization efficiency was significantly improved.After fertilization with the fertilizer applicator,the percentage residual nitrogen fertilizer was 49.33%,whereas with broadcast fertilization in the radial ditch,the residual nitrogen fertilizer was 50.46%;the difference between the two methods was not significant.Fertilization with the fertilizer applicator was beneficial to improve yield and the soluble solids content of peach fruit.Provided with 1000 kg/ha compound fertilizer applied with the fertilizer applicator each year,the soluble solids content of peach fruit was 14.14% and the fruit yield was 26780 kg/ha,respectively,an increase of 3.31 percentage points and 3525 kg/ha over that of CK(1250 kg/ha).