目的 对副溶血性弧菌的健康危害开展危害评估.方法 本研究基于系统文献检索方法(Systematic Literature Searches,SLS),对副溶血性弧菌的毒理学数据进行系统的文献检索,并根据搜集到的毒理学数据开展健康危害评估.结果 致病性副溶血性弧菌对人体有致病作用.我国现阶段采用食品安全国家标准GB 4789.7-2013《食品微生物学检验副溶血性弧菌检验》和国家标准GB 29921-2013《食品安全国家标准食品中致病菌限量》方法进行检测,判断水产制品副溶血性弧菌标准为:定性实验中为无检出副溶血性弧菌;在定量检测中致病菌可接受水平的限量值为100 MPN/g,最高安全限量值为1000 MPN/g(MPN/g表示每g检样中副溶血性弧菌最可能数).结论 所确定的副溶血性弧菌定性和定量检测标准值,可用于进一步食品安全风险评估.

目的 以近交系C57小鼠与远交系KM小鼠为研究对象,应用霍恩氏(Horn)法与上-下法(up-down procedure,UDP)的改良方案,比较硝酸镧(Ⅲ)六水合物的急性经口毒性.方法 参照国内外急性经口毒性试验标准或指南中Horn法与UDP法的设计与计算原理,分别选用90只C57小鼠与KM小鼠(雌雄各半)进行随机分组后,经口灌胃给予预定剂量的硝酸镧(Ⅲ)六水合物水溶液,观察实验动物的中毒表现和死亡情况,计算并比较染毒后1、4、24和48h以及7和14d时的半数致死量(LD50).结果 两种方法观察期结束后,硝酸镧(Ⅲ)六水合物对C57小鼠与KM小鼠的急性经口毒性LD50均在低毒级别(501～5 000 mg/kg·bw),但UDP法的95％可信限范围较广,LD50 计算的准确性没有Horn法高.另外,C57小鼠的中毒表现多在4h内,较KM小鼠(24 h)明显更早,并且动物死亡数量也明显更多,提示C57小鼠的毒性反应更加敏感.并且,同一检测方法下某一小鼠的雄性LD50在各时间点均普遍较低于雌性,存在一定的性别差异.结论 两种方法检测所得硝酸镧(Ⅲ)六水合物对C57小鼠与KM小鼠的急性经口毒性等级均为低毒,且存在明显的性别差异(毒性反应雄性＞雌性),但C57小鼠相对更敏感,提示在进行其他稀土化合物急性毒性检测与评价以及应急毒性检测需缩短观察时间时或可作为优选品系使用.

目的 脱氢雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON)作为食物和饲料中常见的天然霉菌毒素,主要污染玉米、大麦、小麦和燕麦等粮食作物.本文基于系统文献检索获得的毒理学相关数据,对DON进行健康危害评估.方法 通过对文献的检索、去重、人工筛选、文献梳理和质量评价,确定核心参考文献,对DON进行危害评估.结果 DON在体内代谢迅速、无蓄积,其急性毒性有性别和种属差异,雄性动物更为敏感.猪比啮齿动物、家禽等更敏感.症状包括唾液增加、腹泻和呕吐等.DON在一定浓度下长期摄入具有一定的遗传毒性和致畸性、生殖发育毒性、免疫毒性及神经毒性等.国际癌症研究机构将DON划为第3类物质(对人体致癌作用证据不充分).国内2008年有学者发文提出DON的TDI值为1.3 μg/kg·bw·d.结论 国际上尚无DON的健康指导值;各国对谷物等食品及饲料中的DON限量有相应规定.从食品安全和健康风险的角度出发,建议对DON的健康危害效应及相应的健康指导值进行深入的研究,以期为DON的健康风险评估提供科学依据.

苯并[b]荧蒽(B[b]F)对人群的毒性作用及致癌风险受到日益关注,为今后B[b]F研究提供参考,本文介绍了B[b]F的动物毒性效应及人体健康影响的研究进展.B[b]F可引起实验动物致肿瘤作用、遗传和生殖发育毒性等多种毒性效应.长期暴露于含B[b]F的空气、水源等环境中的人群,致癌风险增加.今后需进一步加强B[b]F毒性作用及机制研究,以预防和控制其潜在的危害作用.

首先我们需要了解关于“毒物”的一个基本知识就是:所有的物质都是有毒的,不存在无毒的物质.即所有的物质在一定的剂量下,都会对生物体产生有害效应.而我们平常所说的“毒物”是指在比较低的剂量下就能产生有害效应的一类物质. 要注意的是,由于儿童对有毒物质的代谢能力弱于成年人,因此与成年人相比,儿童更容易受到毒物的伤害.

自2010年起,曾都区探索建立了一套系统完善的重性精神病四色预警分级管理模式,提出的"政府为主导,卫生部门牵头,民政、人社、公安、财政等部门各负其责,社会各界广泛参与,实行综合责任包保的重性精神病人四色预警分级管理模式",有效提高了全区重性精神病人的规范管理率和康复率。值得各地借鉴和推广。

Objective To study the effects of Panax quinquefolium together with Astrgalus on the immune function in mice. Methods Mice were randomly divided into control group,low dose group( 53. 3 mg / kgBW),middle dose group( 533 mg/kgBW) and high dose group( 1 600 mg/kgBW). The control group was given edible oil. The data of cellular immunity,humoral immunity,macrophage phagocytosis function and the activities of NK cells were examined and collected after 30 days. Results The toe swelling value of middle and high dose groups were significant higher than that of control group. The proliferation of T cells of middle and high dose groups were significant higher than that of control group. The index of macrophages for carbon clearance of middle and high dose groups were significant higher than that of control group. The number of antibody-produing cells in spleen of high dose group was significant higher than that of control group. Conclusion The results indicated that Panax quinquefolium combined with Astrgalus could enhance the immune function in mice.

L-阿拉伯糖作为一种健康的食品添加剂,已大量用于食品加工业中,现已被美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)和日本厚生省批准列入健康食品添加剂,美国医疗协会也将L-阿拉伯糖列入抗肥胖剂的营养补充剂或非处方药.

为研究氧气加湿过程中气溶胶的产生和输送,应用常规入水湿化和仿生学表面湿化两种装置湿化氧气,同时,设定不经过湿源物质的加湿而直接经过吸氧管输送氧气的空白对照组,在吸氧管终端,通过激光粒子计数仪进行气溶胶计数。分别以9%三氯化铁和16.2%可溶性淀粉溶液作为湿源物质,将湿化后的氧气分别通入3%硫氰酸铵和0.6%碘溶液来观察显色反应,以便反映氧气湿化过程对湿源物质中溶质的输送情况。入水湿化的终端氧气中0.3、0.5、1、3、5μm的气溶胶(分别为31089.9、28488.6、2873.9、197、1.1个/m3)多于表面湿化的终端氧气中相对粒径的气溶胶(95.3、39.8、2.0、0.0个/m3),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。经过表面湿化,在吸氧管终端未检测到三氯化铁和可溶性淀粉。而经过入水湿化,在终端可以检测到三氯化铁,但未检测到可溶性淀粉。结果显示:经过表面湿化后,终端氧气中的气溶胶较少,且湿源物质中的溶质不被输送到氧气终端。表面湿化通过切断气溶胶为载体的传播途径,有助于控制氧气湿化过程中微生物的传播。

为探讨常规氧疗时氧气加湿和输送过程中微生物的传播规律,应用常规入水湿化和仿生表面湿化两种装置,使用大肠杆菌[CMCC(B)44102]人为污染湿源物质后,对吸氧管终端氧气中的大肠杆菌进行培养计数。湿源物质污染大肠杆菌至2.5×106cfu/ml后1、2、3d,经过入水湿化,终端氧气中大肠杆菌计数分别为26.5、55.2、65.2cfu/ml。湿源物质污染大肠杆菌至5×105cfu/ml后1、2、3d,经过入水湿化,终端氧气中大肠杆菌计数分别为12.9,29.4,37.3cfu/ml。相同条件下,经过表面湿化后,终端氧气中未检测到大肠杆菌。氧气经过表面湿化与入水湿化相比,同一时点终端氧气中的大肠杆菌计数差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。提示经过表面湿化,湿源物质中的大肠杆菌不能传播到吸氧管终端,而经过常规入水湿化后,大肠杆菌可以被传播到吸氧管终端。

近年出于动物保护和动物福利的要求,许多国家和国际组织都立法限制或禁止动物试验,使体外试验作为一种替代方法得到了迅速发展.体外细胞毒性试验作为体外试验的一类重要试验在新药的研究、开发以及化学物质毒性评价方面发挥重要作用.从1999年开始,美国和欧盟就开始进行用体外细胞毒性试验代替动物经口急性毒性试验的研究,虽然发现体内的经口急性试验与体外细胞毒性试验有很大的相关性,但不能完全替代体外试验.而对他们的试验进行研究发现,他们对所有种类的化学物质都采用同一的方法进行评价.这样虽然有助于方法的标准化,由于化学物质的作用机制的不同,有必要探索不同种类物质的不同细胞毒性方法的适用性[1-2].噻唑蓝法(MTT)和中性红法是2种应用较多且较成熟的检测方法,均具备简便、快捷和试验条件可控等优点,是毒理学检测细胞毒性首选或必选的方法.但是,受试验体系的影响,每种方法的不足可能对实验结果产生一定的影响.因此,对不同的试验体系加以验证,可以更好地推断其适用性.

[Objective]To evaluate the training effect of HIV/AIDS preventing and curing knowledge among rural health workers.[Methods]3008 health workers were trained and afterwards tested by four parts of contents,including elementary knowledge of HIV/AIDS,preventing and curing knowledge of HIV/AIDS,policies and regulations relating with HIV/AIDS preventing and curing,and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS patients. 12 topics were raised before and after the training,then test was applied to analyze the test.[Results]The correct answer rates before the training were 78.4%,70.0%,56.1%,85.1%,respectively;and after the training were 92.4%,88.6%,85.1%,93% respectively,indicating that there existed an significant difference(P﹤0.01)among health workers’ knowledge of HIV/AIDS preventing and curing before and after training.[Conclusion]It is important to strengthen the training of HIV/AIDS knowledge and back up teachers in Public Health Departments for HIV/AIDS preventing and curing.

几丁聚糖(Chitosan)又称壳聚糖、可溶性甲壳质和甲壳胺等,化学名为2-氨基-β-1,4-葡聚糖,分子式为:(C6H11O4N)n,它是甲壳质经脱乙酰基而得到的一种天然阳离子多糖.具有可降解性、良好的成膜性和生物相容性及一定的抗菌和抗肿瘤等生物活性.广泛应用于医药、食品和化工等行业.本研究探讨几丁聚糖对动物血脂和免疫力调节作用.

Objective:To study the toxicity and the regulation effects of serium lipid of propolis.Methods:Acute toxicity test,micronucleus test of bone marrow cell,the test of sperm shape abnormality in mice, 30 days feeding test and and the preventive regulation test of serum lipid were carried out.Results:Animal experiment demonstrated that the LD50 of propolis is 20 000 mg/kg(oral to kunming mice).Micronucleus test,the test of sperm shape abnormality,Ames test and thirty days feeding test showed that propolis was a non-toxic substance.As compared with the model control group, 50 mg/kg·BW、250 mg/kg·BW dose groups in the levels of blood total cholesterol(TC) and 250 mg/kg·BW、1 500 mg/kg·BW dose groups in the level of triglyceride(TG) were lowered and had a significantly different compared with the model control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The propolis is a kind of safe,non-toxic healthy food and the propolis has a lowering serum lipid effects in rats.

纳豆是蒸熟的大豆通过细菌发酵作用而成.这种日本国特产不仅有丰富的营养价值而且含有多种效价的医学保健功能,是一种百姓非常喜爱的民间传统的药食两用的大豆制品.近年研究发现,它具有许多生理学功能,因而许多国家纷纷引进该食品.纳豆及其周围的粘稠物质中含有多种成分,例如,蛋白酶、多种维生素、γ-谷氨酰基转肽酶、α-多聚谷氨酸等,因而纳豆具有降血压、抗肿瘤、抗氧化性和溶血栓等作用.我们对纳豆胶囊的毒性及对大鼠血脂调节作用进行了研究.

Objective To study the DNA damage effect of the organic extracts from Chlorinated domestic sewage coming from three different places in vivo and in vitro. Methods The domestic sewage samples were collected from different places:university A, university B and a hotel. The DNA damage effect was tested in the bacteria, cells and BALB/C mouse by single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay), the micronucleus test, Ames test. Results Comet assay indicators:all three samples, before chlorinated, at the dosages of 1.0, 5.0 mg/ml, after chlorinated, at the dosages of 0.04, 0.2, 1.0, 5.0 mg/ml for university A, 0.2, 1.0, 5.0 mg/ml for a hotel, 1.0, 5.0 mg/ml for university B, were significantly higher than those in the negative group(P0.05). Micronucleus test:compared with the control, before chlorinated, the higher and moderate dosage groups for university A and a hotel presented a significant increase(P0.05)and after chlorinated, higher and moderate dosage groups of university A, all dosage groups of a hotel increased significantly(P0.05). Ames test:before chlorinated, for a hotel (in TA98-S9, at the dosage of 100 μl and in TA98+S9, at the dosage of 10 μl and 100 μl) and for university A(in TA98+S9, at the dosage of 10 μl and 100 μl), the results were positive. After chlorinated, in TA98+S9, at the dosage of 1.0, 10 and 100 μl, the results were positive with a dose-response manner. Conclusions The results of the present paper show that the organic extracts from the chlorinated domestic sewage may cause cell DNA damage.

Objective: To explore the effect of Defated Rice-germ(DRG) on obesity and hyperlipidemia. Methods: 50 rats were divided into 5 groups randomly according to the level of TC. They were fed with one of the following diets: basal - diet(BD), high-fat-diet(HFD) and high-fat-diet with different dosages of DRG( 20, 100, 300mg/kg bw). All rats were weighted once a week. By the end of the 5th week,the animals were sacrificed and the serum levels of TC, TG, HDL-C were tested and the fat pad around the kidneys and the testicles were dissected off and weighted. Results: The average body weight(bw), the ratio of body fat and BW, the serum levels of TC, TG of the HFD group were significantly higher than those of the BD group. But the average BW, the ratio of body fat and BW, the serum levels of TC,TG of the groups supplemented with dosages of DRG were significantly lower than those of the HFD group. Conclusion: DRG can prevent the formation of obesity and hyperlipidemia

手术刷手消毒剂主要成分为 0.8% 醋酸氯己定和 0.1% 新洁尔灭,本品为复合型消毒剂,外观为无色无味液体,中性,化学成分稳定,可杀灭细菌繁殖体.主要用于医护人员手术前手的皮肤消毒.

为研究吡啶酸铬对大鼠体重及血脂的影响,将50只大鼠按血清总胆固醇(TC)水平随机分为阴性对照组、高脂对照组和3个添加不同剂量的吡啶酸铬组40.0、80.0、160.0μg/kg BW(分别相当于每天摄入三价铬5.0、10.0、20.0μg/kg BW).每周称重1次.第5周末断头取血,测TC、TG和HDL-C;剥离肾及睾丸周围脂肪并称重.结果显示:高脂对照组与阴性对照组相比,大鼠体重、体脂比、TC、TG水平显著增加.3个吡啶酸铬添加组大鼠体重、体脂比、TC、TG水平均低于高脂对照组,且差异有显著性或极显著性;160.0 μg/kg BW吡啶酸铬添加组大鼠的HDL-C水平明显高于高脂对照组.提示在本试验条件下吡啶酸铬可降低高血脂大鼠的体重、体脂比、TC、TG水平,高剂量的三价铬还可升高HDL-C水平.

电离辐射可引起机体多种组织和器官的损伤,甚至诱发细胞突变、癌变、致死等严重后果.利用天然植物中的有效活性成分增强机体抵抗力,防止或减轻辐射对人体健康的危害,在辐射防护中具有越来越重要的地位.