pH and reduction of Fe(III) are the limiting factors of iron-induced advanced oxidation processes. In this study, hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HAH) was employed as a proton (H+) and electron donor to adjust pH for ions leaching and reduce Fe(III) to further promote efficiency and reactive species generation in Fe-C nano-microelectrolytic material (nMET)/peracetic acid (PAA) system. It was demonstrated that HAH remarkably boosted Fe (II) recycle and continuous supplied H+ to produce organic radicals and hydroxyl radicals in the nMET/HAH/ PAA system, based on the consequences of H+ and Fe conversion analysis, electrochemical experiment, electron para-magnetic resonance spectrometer analysis and quenching test. After the addition of HAH, the degradation efficiency of the nMET/PAA system for metronidazole (MNZ) increased from 31.6 % to 84.7 %. nMET/HAH/PAA system showed ideal tolerance to wide pH (3.0-9.0), Cl-, NO3 -and SO42- , while H2PO4 -inhibited the MNZ degradation. Further, MNZ was transformed into low toxic products through processes of N-denitration, nitroreduction and ring-opening in the nMET/HAH/PAA process. This research proposed an insight into the role of HAH in the Fe-based advanced oxidation processes for emerging contaminants remediation.

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging contaminants characterized by persistence, cross-media transport, and complex pollutant interactions, posing serious ecotoxicological risks to ecosystems and human health. Effective MPs management requires multi-faced, long-term, strategies involving targeted sampling, quantitative detection, and comprehensive risk assessments, all of which entail significant resource investment. Despite advancements in remediation technologies, a holistic governance framework integrating these innovations remains underdeveloped. This review synthesizes current knowledge on MPs, elaborating on their diverse morphologies, degradation pathways, and their role as vectors for toxic substances. State-of-the-art extraction techniques are evaluated in this article, including micropore adsorption using nanocomposites, alongside the incorporation of advanced analytical tools such as spectroscopic methods, electron microscopy, and bioinformatics to augment environmental forensics. This review also underscores the necessity of formulating robust global policies to regulate MPs pollution and discusses the potential of biodegradation and thermal degradation as sustainable solutions for MPs removal. By promoting an interdisciplinary approach, this review advocates for a coordinated global response, integrating environmental science, policy frameworks, and waste management strategies to mitigate the escalating impact of MPs on ecosystems and human well-being.

This work aims to design peroxymonosulfate (PMS) catalytic materials that exhibit both high catalytic activity and ease of preparation. Fe-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (Fe-BTC), known for its environmentally friendly and convenient synthesis, was selected as the template. A series of derived materials were developed under green and mild conditions using a functional group modulation strategy, in which one -COOH group in BTC was substituted with -NO2, -NH2, pyridine nitrogen, or -H. Among these, the amino-modified Fe-BTC (Fe-IPA-NH2), derived via -NH2 substitution, demonstrated a significant improvement in catalytic performance compared to Fe-BTC. Fe-IPA-NH2 effectively activated PMS to degrade 99 % of metronidazole (MNZ) within 60 min. Through comprehensive characterization of the physicochemical properties of the synthesized materials, the influence of functional group modulation on the catalyst's structure-activity relationship was elucidated. The substitution of -COOH with -NH2 enhanced PMS activation by promoting both mass transfer and electron transfer processes. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed the degradation pathways of MNZ, which included hydroxyethyl cleavage, methyl oxidation, N-denitration, and ring-opening reactions. Toxicity assessment indicated that the Fe-IPA-NH2/PMS system holds promise for MNZ detoxification. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and quenching experiments identified singlet oxygen (1O2) as the dominant reactive species in the Fe-IPA-NH2/PMS system, and a possible catalytic mechanism was proposed. Additionally, Fe-IPA-NH2 retained the key advantage of Fe-BTC-its facile and eco-friendly synthesis. When Fe-IPA-NH2 was incorporated into a ceramic membrane via an in situ assembly process, the resulting membrane catalytic reactor exhibited effective performance in water treatment. This study offers a compelling strategy for the development of iron-based metal-organic complexes that integrate eco-friendly synthesis, enhanced PMS catalytic activity, and versatile application potential.

Tailwater treatment from high-standard plastic-cleaning wastewater and red mud (RM) resource recycling pose major challenges. In this study, a heterogeneous microwave-responsive catalyst, RM/biochar (RM/BC), was successfully prepared to synergistically integrate magnetic and dielectric losses for activation of sodium percarbonate (SPC) to degrade the plastic additive diethyl phthalate (DEP). Characterization analyses revealed that under oxygen-limited conditions at 600 °C, poplar leaf powder was fully carbonized, while Fe2O3 in RM was reduced to FeO and further transformed into Fe3O4, forming a composite dominated by amorphous carbon and Fe3O4. In RM/BC-600, Fe3O4 and amorphous carbon collaboratively enabled dual hot-spot effects under microwave irradiation via magnetic and dielectric losses, accompanied by enriched oxygen vacancies. Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were identified as the dominant reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SPC activation. Through single-factor and response surface optimization, under conditions of 40 μM DEP concentration, 4.03 mM SPC dosage, 6.24 g/L RM/BC-600 dosage, 87.2 °C reaction temperature, and 100 W microwave power, the optimal DEP removal efficiency reached 96.1 %. In-situ FTIR/Raman spectroscopy and EPR analysis demonstrated that RM/BC primarily facilitated SPC decomposition to hydrogen peroxide, with oxygen vacancies catalyzing hydrogen peroxide to generate •OH as the main ROS, supplemented by carbonate radicals (•CO3-), superoxide radicals (•O2-), and singlet oxygen (1O2), while dual hot-spot effects accelerated this process. HPLC-QTOF-MS identified 12 intermediate products, and plausible degradation pathways were proposed. ECOSAR software predicted reduced acute toxicity of degradation products, and seed germination assays confirmed minimal ecotoxicity of RM/BC to soil-plant systems. This study achieves RM resource recovery and hazard mitigation via a green strategy, enhancing plastic wastewater treatment through DEP detoxification and stability.

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Micro/Nano plastics (MNPs) pollutants are widespread in the environment, raising significant concerns about their biosafety. Emerging studies indicate that the urinary system is a primary accumulation site for MNPs, leading to severe tissue and functional damage. This review aims to summarize recent research on the potential hazards that MNPs may pose to the urinary system, highlighting the mechanisms of toxicity and the current state of knowledge. Studies have shown that MNPs enter the human body through drinking water, the food chain, inhalation, and skin contact. They may penetrate the bloodstream via the digestive, respiratory, and skin systems, subsequently dispersing to various organs, including the urinary system. The potential accumulation of MNPs in the urinary system might induce cellular oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, the "intestine-kidney axis", and other possible toxic mechanisms. These processes could disrupt kidney metabolic functions and promote tissue fibrosis, thereby potentially increasing the risk of urinary system diseases. Despite ongoing research, the understanding of MNPs' impact on the urinary system remains limited. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of MNPs' potential toxicity mechanisms in the urinary system, highlights key challenges, and outlines future research directions. It offers a theoretical basis for the development of effective protective measures and policies.

A pilot-scale vertical-flow continuous flow reactors (VF-CFR) was investigated for the treatment of rural domestic wastewater in the cold areas of Northeast China. VF-CFR helps in the creating of aerobic granular sludge (AGS), which improves the sludge concentration and removal efficiency of pollutants. VF-CFR achieved a high removal efficiency of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3-N), Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP) with 90 %, 94 %, 75 % and 93 % under the condition of sharp fluctuation of influent quality and temperature. The high-throughput sequencing analysis of the AGS revealed that Flavobacterium was a functional bacterium in the AGS process that had the function of heterotrophic nitrification and denitrification. The field-scale experiment confirmed the superiority of VF-CFR in wastewater treatment efficacy and stability. During the experiment, the concentrations of COD, TP and NH3-N in effluent at different temperatures were well met with the first-class A discharge standard of China (GB 18596-2001). However, there was a risk of exceedance exists in the reduction of TN removal under low temperature conditions.

Disinfection by-products (DBPs), a series of undesired secondary contaminants formed during the disinfection processes, deteriorate water quality, threaten human health and endanger ecological safety. Membrane-filtration technologies are commonly used in the advanced water treatment and have shown a promising performance for removing trace contaminants. In order to gain a clearer understanding of the behavior of DBPs in membrane-filtration processes, this work dedicated to: (1) comprehensively reviewed the retention efficiency of microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) for DBPs. (2) summarized the mechanisms involved size exclusion, electrostatic repulsion and adsorption in the membrane retention of DBPs. (3) In conjunction with principal component analysis, discussed the influence of various factors (such as the characteristics of membrane and DBPs, feed solution composition and operating conditions) on the removal efficiency. In general, the characteristics of the membranes (salt rejection, molecular weight cut-off, zeta potential, etc.) and DBPs (molecular size, electrical property, hydrophobicity, polarity, etc.) fundamentally determine the membrane-filtration performance on retaining DBPs, and the actual operating environmental factors (such as solute concentration, coexisting ions/NOMs, pH and transmembrane pressure) exert a positive/negative impact on performance to some extent. Current researches indicate that NF and RO can be effective in removing DBPs, and looking forward, we recommend that multiple factors should be taken into account that optimize the existed membrane-filtration technologies, rationalize the selection of membrane products, and develop novel membrane materials targeting the removal of DBPs.

Environmental hazards and health risks posed by microplastics is calling for advanced remediation methods. Here we review strategies and methods for microplastic decontamination with focus on physical, chemical, and biological technologies.

Recently, molybdenum (Mo) materials have been demonstrated as potential catalysts for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and attract increasing concentration due to the diverse valence states (Mo0, Mo2+, Mo3+, Mo4+, Mo5+, Mo6+). A comprehensive understanding of Mo catalysts for the AOPs dealt with wastewater purification and the generation mechanisms of reactive oxidant species (ROS) were little reported. This article reviews the latest progress on the common type and evolution of Mo-based materials used for AOPs including Mo0, mo-lybdenum oxides, MoS2, Mo2C, MoP, metal molybdates and their derivatives. We summarize the intrinsic mechanisms and fundamental behaviors in the direct participation of Mo-based catalysts in AOPs and the auxiliary enhancement of AOPs by Mo-based co-catalysts. Furthermore, the possible obstacles, future directions, challenges and perspectives towards the actual wastewater treatment are discussed. This review could promote the development of Mo-based AOPs systems, and aid to choose the proper Mo-based AOPs system for the treatment of the practical industry.

As one of the important political landscapes in the contemporary world, the widespread rise of populism has profoundly affected the domestic and foreign affairs of some countries. In the context of foreign policy, populism usually takes the form of ideology or political discourse. When populism is associated with foreign policy as a “thin ideology”, it has an inherent preference for enemy-seeking, anti-transnationalism, and anti-globalism. In contrast, populism as a political discourse is essentially a tactical choice for policy makers, who can use both the populist narrative logic of “awakening the consciousness of the victim—proposing an exclusive commitment—correcting the behavior of the wrongdoer” to make diplomatic discourse politicized and negative. In the analysis of foreign policy, the dual mechanisms of populism are both differentiated and integrated, and the interaction between the two is full of tension. As typical representatives of populism, the foreign policies of the Orban administration and the Modi administration constitute a realistic coordinate for verifying the effects of populism. After comparing the foreign policies of the two, it is found that populism is constrained by a series of factors such as national strength and national systems, traditional diplomatic mechanisms, and its own defects. Therefore, populism has limited ability to intervene in foreign policy, and the actual effectiveness of populist foreign policy is reflected in the transformation of the traditional diplomatic system and the promotion of public participation in foreign affairs.

The heterogeneous Fenton-like process using hydroxylamine (HA) possessed the merit of rapid oxidation performance is very fascinating for water treatment. However, the existence of phosphate limits the oxidation rate of organic pollutants. This study uncovered the role of phosphate in HA-assisted Fenton-like process and provided a feasible strategy to dispel the negative influence of phosphate upon introduction of aluminum and ferric ions. Besides, optimized reaction conditions as nMET of 0.04 g/L, H2O2 of 1.3 mM and HA of 0.4 mM were acquired by response surface methodology (RSM) with MNZ degradation efficiency of 95.21% and leaching Fe ions of 2.26 mg/L. Hydroxyl radical (HO center dot) and superoxide radical (O-2(-center dot)) were responsible for MNZ removal. Subsequently, the toxicities assessment of formed MNZ byproducts was clarified based on the analysis of MNZ decomposition pathways.

Recently, entropy stabilized catalytic systems have been raised great concerns due to the urgent demand for functional materials aiming to realize chemical catalysis. As one of the significant groups, high entropy oxides (HEOs) with variable structure, controllable chemical composition, and rich functional properties have become the research hotspots. This review briefly introduces the advantages of HEOs in the catalytic system brought by their structural characteristics and fully summarizes recent applications of HEOs in thermal/electro/photo-catalysis and supports. Finally, the future prospects of HEOs in environmental catalysis, such as visible light catalysis, catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO), and single-atom catalyst supports are proposed, which will provide a general direction for the development and breakthrough of HEOs in related fields.

传统地缘政治理论因为过度强调海陆对峙、权力政治、空间控制及大国政治等,陷入具有悲剧性的宿命论之中.但是,传统地缘政治理论关于"地理因素与国际冲突创造存在关联""地理空间存在跨界管辖的客观需要"的判断具有合理性.法国学派、美国理想主义和批判地缘政治学从去冲突化、去国家化、去地理化三个方面,对其进行了严肃批评.这种批判因为过度否定地理因素对政治选择产生的影响、对地缘合作过于乐观及无法形成全球性分析框架,难以实现对传统地缘政治理论的替代.一个有效的地缘政治议程应该坚持分析框架的普适性、认识论的中立化、人地互动论、权力的工具化及国家主导下行为体的多元化,并在此基础上研究中立性地缘政治实践优先解决的问题.

Heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation is a promising method in dealing with organic pollutants. So far, the interaction of the nano micro-electrolysis material (nMET) and hydroxylamine (HA) Fenton-like system still needs to be explored. A HA-favored degradation of rhodamine B (Rh B) with nMET/H2O2 system was investigated in this paper. The influences of various experimental factors, as well as reuse and universal adaptability of the catalyst and the intermediates were comprehensively assessed. Under the near-neutral pH condition, the degradation efficiency of Rh B was up to 100% with H2O2 (1 mM), HA (0.1 g/L) and nMET (0.03 g/L) at 8 min, which was ascribed to the iron ions leaching and accelerated Fe(III)/Fe(II) recycle by the promotion of HA. As confirmed by the Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching experiments tests, singlet oxygen (O-1(2)) and hydroxyl radical (center dot OH) were the predominant reactive oxygen species (ROS) for the degradation of Rh B molecules in nMET/H2O2/HA system, then the potential mechanism of ROS generation and pathway of Rh B degradation were proposed. This study furnishes a novel perspective for ROS generation from the micro electrolysis function, proving that nMET is feasible for the efficient degradation of organic contaminants in heterogeneous Fenton-like system.

在"互联网+"的背景下,经济发展和社会生活都发生了很大变化,为高校思政教育工作的展开带来了机遇的同时,也带来了挑战.从高校思政教育工作的角度出发,立足于互联网迅猛发展这一背景,高校思政课程的教学要与社会发展相适应,才能在教学方面作出有效改革.本文从现阶段高校思政教育面临的各项挑战入手,分析了思政课程权威性被弱化、思政教学的引导方向遭到冲击、思政课教学模式较为滞后等问题,并提出高校思想政治教育的对策和思路,以期帮助高校提升思政工作的水平.

This study investigated the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) by activated persulfate with three-dimensional C@ZnCo2O4 (3D C@ZCO) under microwave irradiation. The 3D C@ZCO material was successfully prepared by a hydrothermal method. The morphology, microstructure, and microwave absorption properties were analysed by several characterization techniques. The effects of some influencing factors, such as the CIP concentration, persulfate dose, initial pH, 3D C@ZCO dose, and presence of organic matters and co-existing anions were researched in depth. The radical scavenger study document that SO4 center dot-, (OH)-O-center dot, and O-center dot(2)- radicals are prominent in the 3D C@ZnCo2O4-activated persulfate under microwave irradiation process. Under the following conditions, [CIP] = 10 mg/L, [3D C@ZCO] = 1.5 g/L, [persulfate] = 0.25 mM, [pH](0) = 6.5, microwave = 600 W, and T = 40 degrees C, the removal of CIP reached 90%, and the total organic carbon removal ratio reached 73.14% after 40 min. Toxicity tests indicated the significance of exploring the toxicity of intermediate products. Several stable intermediate products were identified, and three degradation pathways were speculated for CIP degradation.

Catalytic conversion of methane to commodity chemicals is highly desired. With methods of density functional theory (DFT) computations, we investigated methane conversion to methanol (MCM) with H2O2 as oxidant over Zn dimer supported by amino nitrogen and pyridinic nitrogen co-doped porous graphene (Zn2@NPG). The facile oxidation of Zn dimer gives rise to the formation of reactive site toward methane activation. The CH3-H bond cleavage with 0.24 eV energy barrier is directly followed by the formation of methanol and regeneration of Zn2@NPG. Further analysis revealed that Zn dimer is strongly stabilized and positive charged by sharing 4 s electrons with N atoms, which ensures high-stability and good electronic conductivity of the Zn2@NPG. Amino N atom exhibits efficient electronic transfer with Zn dimer by forming two Zn-N bonds, endowing its function as an electron reservoir. Amino N as an electron donator promotes oxidation of Zn dimer and as an electron acceptor facilitates deoxidation of Zn dimer and methane conversion. The combined effect of Zn dimer and amino N atoms endows Zn2@NPG with excellent electronic structure for high activity in catalyzing MCM. This work opens a new door to accomplish low-temperature methane conversion on bi-atom catalysts (BACs).