OBJECTIVE:To analyze and identify protective dietary patterns for reducing remnant cholesterol levels in Chinese adult residents, and to analyze the energy and nutrient intake of different compliance groups. METHODS:The data for this study was obtained from the China Residents Nutrition and Health Survey(2015-2017). The sampling method used was stratified, multi-stage, and random sampling. A total of 61 317 residents aged 18 and over from 298 monitoring sites across the country were included in the study. The remnant cholesterol levels were estimated using internationally recognized method. The protective dietary patterns were identified using the principal component regression method. RESULTS:The protective dietary patterns for remnant cholesterol in Chinese adult residents are characterized by a higher intake of fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, fungi and algae, and soybean products, and a lower intake of refined grains and alcoholic beverages. This dietary pattern explains 8.24% of the variability in food groups and 53.69% of the variability in the response variable. In the correlation analysis, the dietary score was found to have a negative correlation with explanatory variables that had negative factor loadings, and a positive correlation with explanatory variables that had positive factor loadings. These correlations were statistically significant(P<0.01). The response variables also showed a positive correlation(P<0.01), with dietary fiber having the strongest correlation with vitamin E intake(r=0.73, P<0.01) and a strong positive correlation with calcium intake(r=0.71, P<0.01). Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation between the response variable and dietary score(P<0.01). The highest correlations were found between dietary score and dietary fiber(r=0.78, P<0.01) and vitamin E(r=0.75, P<0.01). In the nutrient analysis, the high compliance group showed higher intakes of protein, fat, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, cholesterol, total vitamin A, beta-carotene, retinol, thiamine, vitamin C, vitamin E, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, zinc, selenium, copper, and manganese, and lower intakes of energy, thiamine, and niacin. The median energy intake of the Q5 group decreased by 596.08 kcal/d compared to the Q1 group. Additionally, the median protein intake increased by 2.01 g/d, while the fat intake decreased by 0.60 g/d. However, the carbohydrate intake increased by 29.99 g/d. CONCLUSION:There are significant differences in energy and nutrient intake among the compliance groups of the protective dietary patterns for remnant cholesterol in Chinese adult residents. This highlights the importance of a balanced and nutrient-rich diet in reducing remnant cholesterol levels.

OBJECTIVE:To describe the mean of systolic blood pressure(SBP), diastolic blood pressure(DBP), and distribution of blood pressure among 7-17 years old children and adolescents in China from 2016 to 2017. METHODS:Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Women(2016-2017). A total of 67 231 children and adolescents aged 7-17 years old were included in the final analysis through the method of multi-stage stratified cluster randomization sampling and probability proportion to size. Blood pressure was measured three times by qualified staff according to a standardized procedure using the automatic oscillometric method. The average blood pressure was calculated for the three measurements for SBP and DBP. All values were weighted to represent the total population of Chinese childrenand adolescents 6-17 years of age based on Chinese Census 2010. RESULTS:Among Chinese children and adolescents 7-17 years of age, the mean values of SBP and DBP were 112.28 mmHg and 66.68 mmHg, respectively. The SBP and DBP were higher in children and adolescents who were overweighted or with central obesity than those who were not. CONCLUSION:The mean value of SBP and DBP in Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-17 was increased with age.

Objectives: To analyze the prevalence and influencing factors of overweight and obesity among left-behind children (LBC) under 6 years old in China, and to provide a reference basis for their early prevention and control. Methods: The data were derived from the National Nutrition and Health Survey among children and lactating mothers (2016-2017). A total of 19,229 left-behind children under 6 years old in China were included in this study. The results were post-stratification weighted and adjusted using data from the Sixth National Population Census released by the National Bureau of Statistics of China in 2010. The Rao-Scott chi-square test with sampling design-weighted correction was used to test for statistical differences, and multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore influencing factors. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among LBC under 6 years old in China were 6.68% and 2.22%, respectively. The overweight rate and obesity rate of boys were higher than those of girls (7.96% vs. 5.15%, 2.77% vs. 1.56%). Both the overweight rate and obesity rate showed a "U"-shaped trend with increasing age (p < 0.0001). LBC with migrant fathers had the highest overweight rate and obesity rate. Logistic regression analysis indicated that being male, being in infancy or preschool age, residing in eastern China, having a migrant father, and higher annual per capita household income were risk factors for overweight and obesity. Conclusions: Left-behind children under 6 years old in China are at risk of overweight and obesity. Among LBC under 6 years old in China, the issues of overweight and obesity are relatively prominent in boys, as well as those in infancy and preschool age. Additionally, LBC with fathers who migrate for work have relatively higher overweight/obesity rates. It is essential to pay attention to the problems of overweight and obesity among LBC under 6 years old in China, strengthen the monitoring of their growth and development, and incorporate the improvement of overweight and obesity in LBC into national nutrition improvement policies at all levels.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the association between the triglyceride-glucose(TyG) index and the risk of diabetes among Chinese adults with normal fasting serum glucose levels. METHODS:A total of 2161 participants were selected from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance(2010-2012) and China Nutrition and Health Follow-up Study(2021), who were not diabetes patients and fasting serum glucose&lt;6.1 mmol/L at baseline. Information on socioeconomic status, lifestyle habits, physical examination, and laboratory examination was collected. TyG index was calculated by fasting serum triglyceride and glucose. Participants were categorized into quartiles based on their baseline TyG index(2010-2012). Multiple adjusted logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between TyG index and the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes. Subgroup analysis was conducted among participants stratified by sex, age group, and body mass index(BMI). RESULTS:In 2161 participants, there were significant differences in age, BMI, household income, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting serum total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol across quartiles of the TyG index. After adjusting for potential confounders such as age, sex, BMI, living area, education level, marital status, household income, current smoking, excessive drinking, leisure physical activity level, family history of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting serum total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, compared with the lowest quartile(Q1), the highest(Q4) showed a 2.82-fold increase in type 2 diabetes risk(95%CI=1.65-4.84, P_(trend)=0.007). Considering TyG index as continuous variable, the risk for diabetes will be 2.22-fold higher with the per unit increase of TyG index(95%CI=1.61-3.06, P&lt;0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that the association remained robust among participants over 45 years old, in males and females alike, and in people with different BMI. And the result showed to be more pronounced among those were over 60 years old, female, and BMI&lt;24. No significant interactions between subgroups and TyG index were observed. CONCLUSION:Among Chinese adults with normal fasting serum glucose, the TyG index was positively associated with the risk of new onset type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the prevalence and characteristics of central obesity in Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-17 years. METHODS:The data were from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Mothers from 2016 to 2017. The research subjects were selected from 275 monitoring sites in 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) through a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method. A total of 59 019 children and adolescents aged 7-17 years were included. Waist circumference was measured with a uniform measuring tape. Results were weighted and adjusted by the sixth national census data released by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2010. SAS 9.4 software was used to clean and analyze the data, and the prevalence and influencing factors of central obesity were described. RESULTS:The waist circumference of Chinese children and adolescents was(63.9±0.5) cm, with boys higher than girls(65.3 cm vs.62.4 cm, F=203.41, P&lt;0.01), urban higher than rural(66.1 cm vs.61.9 cm, F=21.87, P&lt;0.01), and eastern higher than central and western(65.2 cm vs.63.7 cm vs.62.4 cm, F=5.57, P&lt;0.01) during 2016-2017. The pre-central obesity rate and central obesity rate were 15.0% and 14.5%, respectively. The 13-17 year-old group was higher than the 7-12 year-old group(16.7% vs.13.8%, Rao-Scott χ~2=11.93, P &lt; 0.01;16.6% vs.12.8%, Rao-Scott χ~2=20.54, P&lt;0.01), and the urban was higher than the rural in all age groups(P&lt;0.05). The pre-central obesity rate in the eastern region was lower than that in the central region(15.7% vs.16.6%, Rao-Scott χ~2=9.38, P&lt;0.01), while the central obesity rate in the eastern region was higher than that in the central region(16.9% vs.15.3%, Rao-Scott χ~2=14.08, P&lt;0.01). CONCLUSION:The pre-central obesity rate and central obesity rate of children and adolescents in China are different between urban and rural areas, different ages and different regions.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the level and distribution characteristics of remnant cholesterol(RC) among Chinese adult residents. METHODS:Data was collected from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance(2015-2017). A stratified, multi-stage, random sampling method was used. A total of 135 934 residents aged 20 years and above from 31 provinces were included in this study. This study included survey data, medical examination data, and laboratory testing data. International general estimation method was used to calculate remnant cholesterol. Chi-square test was used to analysis RC level and its distribution characteristics by weighted adjustment of the sixth national population census data provided by the National Bureau of Statistics. RESULTS:The level of RC showed significant spatial and population differences. The proportion of males in the high RC group was higher than that in females(14.39% vs.10.72%), and the proportion of urban residents was lower than that of rural residents(11.3% vs.13.78%). The median level of RC in South China was the highest(0.49 mmol/L). The lowest median level of RC was 0.43 mmol/L in central China. The median RC level varies among different chronic disease populations, with the highest median RC level being 0.57 mmol/L for dyslipidemia. The median RC level for hypertension and coronary heart disease is the lowest at 0.50 mmol/L. Additionally, the median RC levels of various chronic diseases in females are significantly higher than those in males. CONCLUSION:The level of RC in Chinese adult residents shows obvious population, spatia, and chronic disease distribution characteristics. Taking targeted measures for key populations in key areas can effectively reduce the level of RC in the population, thereby reducing the risk of inducing cardiovascular disease.

It is uncertain how much life expectancy of the Chinese population would improve under current and greater policy targets on lifestyle-based risk factors for chronic diseases and mortality. Here we report a simulation of how improvements in four risk factors, namely smoking, alcohol use, physical activity and diet, could affect mortality. We show that in the ideal scenario, that is, all people who currently smoke quit smoking, excessive alcohol use was reduced to moderate intake, people under 65 increased moderate physical activity by one hour and those aged 65 and older increased by half an hour per day, and all participants ate 200 g more fresh fruits and 50 g more fish/seafood per day, life expectancy at age 30 would increase by 4.83 and 5.39 years for men and women, respectively. In a more moderate risk reduction scenario referred to as the practical scenario, where improvements in each lifestyle factor were approximately halved, the gains in life expectancy at age 30 could be half those of the ideal scenario. However, the possibility to realize these estimates in practise may be influenced by population-wide adherence to lifestyle recommendations.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the association between adherence to the dietary approaches to stop hypertension(DASH)diet and serum uric acid levels, the risk of hyperuricemia, and the mediation role of systematic inflammation, among Chinese adults from 5 provinces. METHODS:China Nutrition and Health Follow-up Study(2021) was conducted based on a part of the participants in China Nutrition and Health Surveillance(2010-2012) and subsequently newly sampled participants. A total of 6963 Chinese adults were selected from and information on socioeconomic status, diet, body measurements, and laboratory examination were investigated. Using the DASH score to evaluate the adherence to the DASH diet, the participants were categorized into quintiles. Using multiple adjustment generalized linear regression and logistic regression analysis the association between DASH diet and serum uric acid level and the risk of hyperuricemia were explored. The mediation role of systematic inflammation on the above associations was evaluated among 2112 participants who were tested for serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP). RESULTS:In 6963 participants, the average serum uric acid level was 317.4 μmol/L, and the prevalence of hyperuricemia was 21.18%. The result showed that participants who were 18-44 years, female, overweight or obese, urban residents, higher education level, married, higher household income, non-smokers, higher physical activity level, non-hyperuricemia had higher adherence to the DASH diet(P&lt;0.05). After adjusting for potential confounders, including age, gender, body mass index, living area, education level, marital status, household income, current smoking, excessive drinking, physical activity level, and condition of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia, the adherence to DASH diet had a negative association with serum uric acid levels(Q5 vs. Q1, relative concentration =0.93, 95%CI 0.91-0.94, P_(trend)&lt;0.01) and with the risk of hyperuricemia(Q5 vs. Q1, OR =0.59, 95%CI 0.48-0.73, P_(trend)&lt;0.01). Mediation analysis revealed that hs-CRP significantly mediated 17.69%(95%CI 10.22%-25.15%, P_(mediation)&lt;0.01)of the association between DASH diet and serum uric acid level and 26.00%(95%CI 7.50%-44.49%, P_(mediation)&lt;0.01)of the association between DASH score and the risk of hyperuricemia, respectively. CONCLUSION:Adhering to the DASH diet had negative associations with serum uric acid levels and the risk of hyperuricemia among Chinese adults from 5 provinces. Systematic inflammation may be an important biological mechanism partially mediating the association between the DASH diet on serum uric acid levels and hyperuricemia.

Objectives: This study investigated regional dietary patterns and their association with hypertensive dyslipidemia multimorbidity among older Chinese adults. Methods: Data from 13,809 individuals (aged ≥ 65 years) were extracted from the 2015-2017 China Nutrition and Health Surveillance. Hypertensive dyslipidemia multimorbidity was defined as concurrent hypertension and dyslipidemia. Four dietary patterns were identified via exploratory factor analysis using 3-day 24 h dietary records. Results: Four dietary patterns were extracted: traditional southern, diverse, high oil and salt, and animal oil-other animal meat-coarse grain pattern. The national prevalence of hypertensive dyslipidemia multimorbidity was 31.9%, with significant regional variation (highest in North China: 36.4%; lowest in Central China: 27.9%; p < 0.0001). Regional dietary dominance included: the traditional southern pattern in South China (75.9%); the traditional southern (35.8%) and diversified (28.8%) patterns in East China; animal oil-other animal meat-coarse grain (38.4%) and traditional southern (37.9%) patterns in Southwest China; high oil and salt (36.8%) and traditional southern (25.9%) in Central China; diversified (47.7%) and high oil and salt (26.3%) patterns in North China; high oil and salt (44.9%) and diversified (37.9%) patterns in Northwest China; and the diversified (46.9%) pattern in Northeast China. In the highest scoring group of the animal oil-other animal meat-coarse grain pattern, the risk of hypertensive dyslipidemia multimorbidity was 1.179 times greater compared with the lowest scoring group (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 1.179, 95% CI: 1.032-1.316, p < 0.001). Region-specific analyses highlighted: increased risks with the traditional southern pattern in South/East China (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 2.080, 95% CI: 1.036-4.175, p < 0.001) and (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 1.734, 95% CI: 1.052-2.859, p < 0.001); protective effects of the diversified pattern in Northwest China (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 0.377, 95% CI: 0.173-0.824, p < 0.001); elevated risks with the high oil and salt pattern in Central/North China (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 2.343, 95% CI: 1.107-4.955, p < 0.001) and (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 1.837, 95% CI: 1.019-3.312, p < 0.001); and higher risks with the animal oil-other animal meat-coarse grain pattern in Southwest China (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 2.009, 95% CI: 1.004-4.021, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, dietary patterns among elderly Chinese are diversified and should be optimized based on local food resources to control hypertensive dyslipidemia multimorbidity.

Background:China is facing a rapidly aging population. In 2020, the number of people aged 60 and above was 264 million, accounting for 18.7% of the total population. Therefore, addressing the health issues of older adults is of great importance. This study aimed to analyze trends of anemia burden and its underlying causes in older adults aged 60 and above. Methods:Three indicators were used to evaluate the disease burden of anemia: prevalence, Years Lived with Disability (YLDs), and Years Lived with Disability rate (YLD rate). Data on anemia prevalence were obtained from the 2002 Chinese Nutrition and Health Survey, the 2010-2013 Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance, and the 2015 China Adults Chronic Diseases and Nutrition Surveillance. A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was adopted in these surveys. YLDs, YLD rate (per 100,000 population), and causes of anemia were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 (GBD 2021). The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to test the trends between different ages, genders, and living areas. Results:The prevalence and YLD rate of anemia among older adults aged 60 and above exhibited a notable decreasing trend across various demographic factors. Anemia prevalence was higher in rural areas, western areas, and southern China. The YLD rate of females was higher than that of males, except for adults over 85. Both prevalence and YLD rates increased with age. Dietary iron deficiency was the leading cause of anemia. Conclusion:While the disease burden of anemia has shown a decreasing trend, significant age, and regional disparities persist. Anemia among older adults, particularly in rural and western regions, remains a major health concern. Special attention is needed to address dietary iron deficiency as a key factor contributing to anemia.

OBJECTIVE:To obtain the dietary magnesium intake status of adult residents in China over the past 30 years. METHODS:Based on the data from five national cross-sectional surveys/monitoring of the China Nutrition and Health Surveys from 1982 to 2015, adult residents aged 18 and above were selected as the research subjects based on their personal basic information and dietary survey data. The study analyzed the trends in dietary magnesium intake and insufficiency prevalence among adult residents from 1982 to 2015, and examined the differences among different genders, age groups, and urban-rural areas. RESULTS:A total of 276 438 individuals were included in the study. The result showed that in the five surveys/monitoring from 1982 to 2015, the median dietary magnesium intake of adult residents aged 18 and above in China was 382.52, 372.55, 298.17, 249.52 and 230.82 mg/d, respectively, showing a significant downward trend over time. The insufficiency prevalence of dietary magnesium intake among adult residents in China showed a significant upward trend from 1982 to 2015, with the insufficiency prevalence in the five surveys/monitoring being 18.78%, 18.25%, 38.27%, 57.77% and 66.75%, respectively. The insufficiency prevalence of dietary magnesium among adult women was significantly higher than that among men; the older the age, the higher the insufficiency prevalence of dietary magnesium, with the highest prevalence among those aged 75 and above; the insufficiency prevalence of dietary magnesium intake among urban residents was higher than that among rural residents. CONCLUSION:Over the 30 years from 1982 to 2015, there has been a significant downward trend in the dietary magnesium intake of adult residents in China, and a significant upward trend in the insufficiency prevalence of dietary magnesium intake. The status of dietary magnesium deficiency among women, the elderly, and urban residents requires more attention.

>Waist circumference（WC）, which is a simple and effective indicator of central obesity, has been proved to be closely related to many chronic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes,dyslipidemia, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases, and so on [1] .

To follow up long-term dietary status, physical condition, behavioral lifestyle and health status of Chinese residents, this study was carried out based on Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010-2012(CNHS 2010-2012). According to east-west-central regional stratification, Jiangsu, Fujian(eastern region), Shanxi(central region), Chongqing and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(western region) were included into the study, with 2 follow-up sites of each province. Dietary intake, physical status, psychological behaviors, physical activities, lifestyle, nutrition-related diseases, muscle and cognitive function of the elderly aged 65 and above were collected through questionnaire, physical measurements, dietary surveys and laboratory tests. The project was implemented through a scientific research design, standardized survey procedures and full-process quality control, relying on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention System. A total of 10 659 participants were enrolled. The decade-long dynamic data on nutrition and health provide basic data and scientific references for formulating nutrition and health-related policies for Chinese residents.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the current status and changing trends of body mass index(BMI) among Chinese adults. METHODS:Data on height and weight of adults from five China Nutrition Surveys/Monitoring conducted between 1982 and 2015 were analyzed to assess the current status and trends of BMI among Chinese adults. RESULTS:In 1982, the average BMI for adult males and females in China was 21.06 and 21.32, respectively. By 2015, the average BMI for adult males and females had risen to 24.25 and 23.89, respectively. The increase in BMI was greater for males than for females, particularly among young and middle-aged males. For females, the increase in BMI was more pronounced with age, especially in women over 60. Before 2002, adult men had a lower BMI than women, but this trend began to change after 2002, and by 2015, the average BMI of men aged 18-45 was higher than that of women. The peak BMI for males occurred around the age of 45, while for females, it occurred around the age of 60. CONCLUSION:The BMI of males and females in China has been steadily increasing, with a greater rise observed in males than in females.

Background:Diet is one of the important factors affecting obesity, especially central obesity. Dietary patterns can reflect the comprehensive effect of food and nutrients more comprehensively and truthfully, and effectively study the relationship between diet and human health. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the association between dietary patterns and central obesity to promote the change of residents' dietary behavior in the direction of healthier. Objectives:The purpose of this study was to extract the dietary patterns among Chinese adults aged 18 and above and to explore its relationship with central obesity. Method:The data was derived from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015-2017), and the sample participants were obtained by stratified, multi-stage, and random sampling. A total of 61,222 adults aged 18 or older with complete dietary information from mainland China were included in this study. The dietary frequency questionnaire was used to collect food intake information of the respondents, exploratory factor analysis was used to analyze the dietary patterns, and the relationship between dietary patterns and central obesity was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results:Four dietary patterns were extracted: classical pattern, vegetarian pattern, sugar-oil pattern, and western staple food pattern. The analysis showed that the higher the adherence to the classical pattern, the lower the risk of central obesity. In contrast, higher adherence to the sugar-oil pattern was associated with a higher risk of central obesity. Conclusion:The risk of central obesity was lower in people with classic pattern. The sugar-oil pattern was not conducive to reducing the risk of central obesity in Chinese adults. These findings provide nationally representative evidence for the development of strategies for the prevention and control of central obesity in Chinese adults.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the trends in main food intakes among Chinese residents aged 18-44 years from 1982 to 2015. METHODS:The data were obtained from the Nutrition and Health Survey/Monitoring database of Chinese residents from 1982 to 2015. The food weighing method combined with the bookkeeping method was used in the 1982 dietary survey, while the collection of food intake information was collected by 24-hour dietary review method and spice weighing method for 3 consecutive days in the 1992-2015 dietary survey. Food items were categorized based on the Chinese food composition table, and the consumption of different foods was computed. RESULTS:From 1982 to 2015, the daily consumption of cereals, tubers, whole grains and miscellaneous beans, fresh vegetables, and cooking salt among Chinese residents aged 18 to 44 exhibited a decreasing trend(P_(trend) &lt;0.0001), with cereals experiencing the higher rate of decline followed by cooking salt and fresh vegetables. Conversely, the daily intake of fresh fruits, nuts, beans, meat and poultry, fish and shrimp, eggs, milk, and cooking oil showed a increasing trend(P_(trend) &lt;0.0001), with cooking oil, meat and poultry as well as eggs demonstrating the higher rates of increase followed by fish and shrimp and fresh fruit also experienced notable increases. No significant changes were observed in tubers or whole grains and miscellaneous beans or nuts or beans or milk. In urban areas specifically, there was an increasing trend observed in the consumption of tubers, whole grains and miscellaneous beans, fresh fruits and fish and shrimp; however, a decreasing trend was noticed for beans with insignificant changes in amplitude; trends for other food items aligned with those observed in the general population(P_(trend) &lt;0.0001). Among rural residents, the consumption of whole grains and miscellaneous beans significantly decreased, trends for other food items mirrored those seen in the general population(P_(trend)&lt;0.0001). The daily intake of fresh fruit remained unchanged among male residents but increased significantly among female residents; trends for other food items were consistent with those observed in the general population(P_(trend) &lt;0.0001). CONCLUSION:From 1982 to 2015, the daily consumption of cereals, tubers, whole grains and miscellaneous beans, fresh vegetables, and cooking salt among Chinese residents aged 18 to 44 exhibited a decreasing trend, while the daily intake of fresh fruits, nuts, beans, meat and poultry, fish and shrimp, eggs and cooking oil showed a increasing trend. Urban areas and female residents displayed more rational food choices.

OBJECTIVE:To understand the current situation and changing trends of eating away from home in adult residents aged 18-49 years old. METHODS:Data was collected from 2002 Chinese Nutrition and Health Survey, 2010-2012 Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance and 2015 Chinese Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance. The multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used in all the surveys(surveillance). The sample sizes for 2002, 2010-2012 and 2015 were 24 709, 15 701and 32 337, respectively. The basic information, height, weight and eating out index of the subjects were collected through inquiry survey, physical measurement and dietary survey. RESULTS:From 2002 to 2015, the proportion of Chinese adults aged 18 to 49 years old who eat away from home showed an overall rising trend. From the perspective of gender, from 2002 to 2015, the proportion of Chinese adult men aged 18 to 49 years old eating away from home increased from 37.6% in 2002 to 46.8% in 2015, and the proportion of adult women eating away from home increased from 29.9% in 2002 to 35.0% in 2015, showing an increasing trend. From the perspective of age group, from 2002 to 2015, the proportion of adults aged 18 to 49 years old who eat away from home showed a downward trend as the age increased. From the perspective of geographical region and urban and rural areas, the proportion of adults aged 18-49 years old eating away from home in seven categories of regions in China from 2002 to 2015 showed an increasing trend, among which, the proportion of adults in South China and East China was higher, with more than half of adults eating away from home every week. The urban growth rate was higher than that in rural areas. CONCLUSION:From 2002 to 2015, the proportion of Chinese adults aged 18 to 49 years old who eat away from home shows an overall rising trend. With the increase of age, the proportion of adults eating away from home shows a declining trend, which is higher in urban areas than in rural areas, and higher in South and East China than in other geographical regions.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the relationship between the triglyceride-glucose(TyG) index and the risk of new onset hypertension in Chinese adults aged 18 and above. METHODS:Data was extracted from follow-up study for Nutrition and Health of Chinese Residents(2021), which was conducted from May 2021 to December 2022. Stratified systematic sampling method was used to select 10 survey sites from 150 surveillance sites based on the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010-2012. demographic information, physical status, lifestyle were collected through questionnaire, physical measurements and laboratory tests. The TyG index was calculated using baseline fasting serum triglyceride and blood glucose, and was divided into quartiles(Q1-Q4). Multiple-adjusted logistic regression was used to test the association between the TyG index and the risk of hypertension, after adjusting for basic demographic information, physical characteristics, lifestyle behaviors, and intake of oil and salt. The restricted cubic spline model was applied to analyze the dose-response relationship between the TyG index and hypertension. Stratified analysis and interaction tests were conducted to evaluate the interaction in different subgroups. RESULTS:A total of 2516 subjects with normal blood pressure at baseline was included, with mean TyG of 8.53±0.67 on baseline. And the rate of new onset hypertension was 57.95%. Significantly positive correlation trend was observed between the TyG index and hypertension(β=1.51, P&lt;0.05). Consistently, high levels of TyG index were significantly associated with increased risk of new-onset hypertension when TyG index was grouped into quartiles. Compared with Q1, the risks were 1.28 times(95%CI 1.01-1.62, P&lt;0.04), 1.39 times(95%CI 1.09-1.76, P=0.01), and 2.11 times(95%CI 1.64-2.71, P&lt;0.01)in Q2-Q4, respectively. Restricted cubic spline analysis suggested a positive linear relationship between the TyG index and the incidence of hypertension(P_(overall)&lt;0.01, P_(nonlinear) = 0.54). The associations were consistent in various subgroups(P&lt;0.05) such as age, gender, living area, education, household income, second-hand smoking, physical activity, family history of hypertension, cooking salt and oil intake, overweight and obesity, and central obesity. CONCLUSION:High TyG index was significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension among Chinese adults.

OBJECTIVE:To estimate the usual vitamin intake and the prevalence of inadequate intakes among Chinese adults in 2015, and to provide a scientific basis for developing nutrition intervention strategies and measures for target populations. METHODS:Data was drawn from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015-2017, a nationally representative cross-sectional study. The multistage stratified whole-group random sampling method was used to draw participants from 298 surveillance sites in 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities). Participants with no available information or abnormal energy intake were excluded, and finally, a total of 72 231 participants aged 18 years and older were included in the current study. The dietary data of the participants were collected by the 24-hour dietary recall method combined with the condiment weighing method for three consecutive days. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate the distribution of the usual intake of vitamin B_1(thiamine), vitamin B_2(riboflavin), niacin, vitamin C(ascorbic acid), and vitamin E(tocopherol), and the prevalence of inadequate intake was evaluated based on estimated average requirement or adequate intake from the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes 2023. RESULTS:The usual intake of vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin B_1, vitamin B_2 and niacin were 27.93 mg/d, 77.67 mg/d, 0.78 mg/d, 0.62 mg/d and 13.15 mg/d, respectively. The prevalence of inadequate intake was, in descending order, vitamin B_2(95.98%), vitamin B_1(86.73%), vitamin C(63.70%), niacin(39.81%), and vitamin E(21.17%). The prevalence of inadequate vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin B_1 and niacin intake among females was higher than among males(P&lt;0.01). Overall, the prevalence of inadequate vitamin intake increased with age. Rural residents had a higher prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamin C, vitamin B_2 and niacin than urban residents(P&lt;0.01). Except for vitamin E, the prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamins decreased with increasing education levels. The prevalence of inadequate intake of these five vitamins was higher among participants with lower income levels than those with middle or high income(P&lt;0.01). Participants with normal weight had a higher prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamin E than those with overweight or obesity and had a higher prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamin C than those with obesity. However, participants with normal weight had a higher prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamin E than those with overweight or obesity, with the differences being statistically significant(P&lt;0.01). Except for vitamin E, the prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamins decreased with increasing physical activity intensity. CONCLUSION:In 2015, the usual intake of dietary vitamins of Chinese adults was low. There are differences in usual intakes of vitamins and prevalence of inadequate vitamin intake for adults aged 18 years and above in males and females, different age groups, urban and rural areas, education levels, household income levels, body mass index and physical activity intensity.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the differences in estimated food, energy, and nutrient intakes between the consecutive 3 days 24-hour dietary recall(24HR)(referred to as the 3-day method) and consecutive 2 days 24HR(referred to as the 2-day method) to provide a basis for the use of consecutive 2 days 24HR in China nutrition surveillance. METHODS:Using objective sampling to select participants in northern and southern provinces, dietary data were obtained through consecutive 3 days 24HR, and the average intakes of food, energy and nutrients were calculated for three days from Thursday to Saturday and two days on Friday and Saturday, respectively. The 3-day method was considered as the reference standard method to evaluate the performance of the 2-day method for estimating food, energy and nutrient intakes. RESULTS:Among 778 participants aged 18-60 years in urban and rural areas of two provinces, the errors of the mean and median of 2-day method for estimating the intake of four major food categories less than 6% compared with the 3-day method, and there were significant equivalencies(P&lt;0.025) and no significant differences in four major food categories group(P&gt;0.05). Of the 24 food groups estimated by the 2-day method, 17 had mean errors within 5%, the largest error was in animal offal(13.45%) and the smallest in fruit(0.15%), and there were significant equivalencies(P&lt;0.025) and no significant differences in seven food groups(P&gt;0.05). For energy and nutrients, the mean and median errors of energy were less than 0.5% and there were significant equivalencies(P&lt;0.025) and no significant differences for energy(P&gt;0.05). Among the 25 nutrients, except sodium, iodine and vitamin E, the mean and median errors of the other 22 nutrients were less than 5%, and there were significant equivalencies(P&lt;0.025) and no significant differences in 16 nutrients(P&gt;0.05). CONCLUSION:There was little difference between the two survey method in assessing the intake of high consumption frequency foods, energy and most nutrients at group level, the 2-day method can be used as an alternative to the 3-day method to collect dietary intake data with high consumption rates in the population.