In this study,samples were collected during heating and non-heating period in 2012 in Zhengzhou,Luoyang and Pingdingshan to explore the concentrations and characteristics of 22 inorganic elements in PM2.5.The methods of enrichment factor and factor analysis were used to analyze the sources.Results revealed that concentrations of inorganic elements in 3 cities were higher in heating period than non-heating period.The proportions of 22 inorganic elements in PM2.5 ranged from 1.7％ to 3.6％ in different sampling periods.For Al,Na and Ca,their relative mass ratios in PM2.5 were negatively correlated with PM2.5 concentration.However,there were no significant decreasing trends between PM2.5 concentration and relative mass ratios of anthropogenic elements,including Zn,Pb and Cu.Among the 22 inorganic elements,Se,Cd and Br had enrichment factort above 1000 in all 3 cities while Pb,Zn and Cu had enrichment factors between 100 and 1000.The enrichment factors of Co,SccCr,Ni,As,Mn and Ba were between 10 and 100.These mass concentrations of 13 anthropogenic elements amounted for 18.9％ to 26.3％ of 22 inorganic elements while the mass concentrations of K,Fe,Ca and Al amounted for 67.9％ to 76.1％.Results of factor analysis showed that the inorganic elements of PM2.5 in 3 cities had similar sources,mainly come from coal combustion,vehicle,fugitive dust and construction dust.But certain other sources may contribute to accumulation of Ni,Co,Sr and Ba in PM2.5.

A kind of pressed active carbon was prepared by H2SO4 and ZnCl2 complex activation method,using dehydrated sewage sludge and fine semi-coke as raw materials.The synthetic product was characterized by the methods of FTIR、BET and TG.The following factors were considered such as pH,solid-to-liquid ratio and adsorption time in treating semi-coking wastewater.And then the pressed active carbon was revived after adsorption.The single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments showed that the influencing factors of iodine sorption value by pressed active carbon were activation temperature,activation time and immersion ratio (the mass of the sewage sludge and fine semi-coke mixture to the volume of the activating agent).The optimum technological conditions were:the activation temperature was 750 ℃,the activation time was 2 h and the immersion ratio was 1∶2.5.The pressed active carbon had the average hole diameter of 9 nm and specific area of 194 m2/g.Furthermore,the product contained alkane,arene,alcohol,hydroxybenzene and many other kinds of alkanes and oxygen containing functional groups.The results indicated that while in the condition of pH ≈8,solid-to-liquid ratio was 1∶30 and adsorption time was 32 h,the remove effect of ammonia nitrogen and chromaticity were best,which can reach to 83％ and 42％.While after five times recondition,the iodine sorption value and compression strength of pressed active carbon reduced by 31％ and 62％ separately.

大气CO2浓度的长期连续观测是研究全球和区域碳循环过程及其气候和环境效应的重要基础.利用基于非色散红外吸收光谱法(NDIR)的大气CO2在线观测系统,于2012年3月-2013年2月在青海门源大气背景站对青藏高原高寒草甸地区大气φ(CO2)进行了连续观测.结果表明:①观测期间,门源站大气φ(CO2)波动较大,其背景值出现频率为59％,背景值平均为391.2×10-6,低于2012年全球平均值(393.1×10-6);受排放源和吸收汇影响的φ(CO2)非背景值出现频率分别为25％和16％,二者平均值分别为401.1×10-6和380.7×10-6.②夏季φ(CO2)日变幅最大,达到28.9×10-6;春季、夏季、秋季、冬季φ(CO2)最高值分别出现在08:00、07:00、08:00和11:00,最低值均出现在16:00.③门源站φ(CO2)背景值季节变化明显,最高值出现在1月,月均值为397.7×10-6;最低值出现在8月,月均值为381.0×10-6.④不同季节φ(CO2)-风玫瑰图分析结果显示,春季、夏季、秋季φ(CO2)高值主要出现在W-NW-N扇区,冬季高值主要出现在SE-S-SW扇区.门源站大气φ(CO2)的季节变化特征主要是排放源、吸收汇以及地面风共同作用的结果.

Existing manual methods for ambient air quality monitoring issued in 2005, has been nearly 10 years. During the 10 years, some standard analysis methods was repealed, some have updated and added some new standard analytical methods. The new ambient air quality standards issued in 2012 promulgated PM2?5 , Cadmium, Mercury, Arsenic, hexavalent Chromium and other projects which are not involved in manual methods for ambient air quality monitoring. This paper puts forward some suggestions for amendments to manual methods for ambient air quality monitoring according to problems in practical applications.

文章总结了我国环境空气质量监测工作的历程,深入分析了我国环境空气质量监测工作现状和面临的主要问题及原因,结合我国环境空气监测工作的新形势,从加强环境空气监测能力建设、规范空气监测质量控制、拓宽空气监测项目、杜绝数据行政干预等方面,对我国环境空气质量监测工作提出建议.

Based on observed atmospheric CO2 concentrations at 5 background stations in East Asia since 1 994,temporal and spatial variation characteristics and changesand impacts of the anthropogenic sourcesof atmospheric CO2 are analyzed.Results reveal that the annual average CO2 concentrations showed a clear upward trend,the concentration increased by 8.4% ~9.0% in 201 0 compared with 1 994.Monthly average CO2 concentrations exhibit strong seasonal variations.The higher values prefer to present in cold seasons such as winter and spring,while the lower values appear mostly in summer seasons in northern hemisphere.Reducing the fossil fuel consumption,increasing the forest coverage and improving the agricultural coverage will help reduce the mean CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.

利用中国北方847个地面气象台站观测的天气现象,从沙尘日数的时空分布、变化趋势等方面对1961 2012年中国北方春季沙尘活动进行了分析。结果表明,中国西北部的沙漠地带是春季沙尘暴和扬沙的多发和频发区。除个别台站,绝大部分北方站点的沙尘暴日数、起沙日数均呈显著下降趋势。1961 2012年中国北方区域平均的春季沙尘暴日数、起沙日数变化趋势分别为-1.2 d·（10a）-1和-2.3 d·（10a）-1,下降趋势显著。另外,沙尘暴的影响范围也逐步缩小。通过分析大气环境监测的PM10质量浓度（ρPM10）日平均值数据表明,发生沙尘时,北京、石家庄、济南、兰州、西宁的日空气质量易超标。ρPM10日平均值与沙尘持续时间呈显著正相关,即沙尘持续时间越长,ρPM10日平均值增幅越大。

Based on the principles from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States, an analysis was conducted to study the form of 24-hour standard of particulate matter in China by methods of statistical regression, proportional rollback and controlling contrast maps, using the monitoring data of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) from 120 cities in China during year 2005 to 2012. It was found that for cities in China, when the annual arithmetic mean of PM10 was equal to the national standard, the non-exceedance rates of daily average PM10 in most cities were higher than 95.0% , and the average rate for all cities was 97.1%. The average non-exceedance rate was 96.3% for cities in North China and Northwest China, 96.6% for Northeast China, 97.2% for East China and Central South China, and 98.1% for Southwest China. When the 97th percentile was chosen as the form of 24-hour standard of particulate matter for China, the 24-hour standard had an equal controlling strength with the annual standard. The 24-hour standard will become the controlling standard when larger percentiles were chosen, otherwise the contrary. By considering together the statistical characteristics of PM10 level in China, the robustness of the percentiles and protection of human health, the 95th percentile was suitable as the preferred form of the 24-hour standard of PM10 and PM2.5 in China.

Based onanalysis and comparisonof the fine particle monitoring networks between China and abroad,the paper points that the existing network proposed in the air monitoring strategy during the 12th five year is available for reflecting the status of PM2.5 pollution.In order to research the characteristic and the source of PM2.5,should considerate setting up some industrial stations and traffic stations,and monitoring both mass concentration and major chemical composition in the future.In the matter of monitoring technique,bothbeta attenuation monitor incorporates a dynamic heating system and tapered element oscillating microbalance monitor incorporates a filter dynamic measurement system can meet the demand,after estimating the performance and running cost of each monitor,we could come to the conclusion that the beta attenuation monitor is more convenient to operate and has lower cost,and is more suitable to be used in the PM2.5 monitoring network in China.

The air monitoring data for Jiaozhou Bay from 2005 to 2009 was used to analyze the distributions of major air pollutants in this area,by using air trajectory and sector analysis with HYSPLIT4.8 dispersion model.The contribution of each sector was calculated to estimate the distribution of air pollutants by transport in Jiaozhou Bay.The main transport paths were found from the north and northwest.The contribution of SO2,NO2 and PM10 from the north and northwest were 25.32% and 28.21%,21.16% and 21.53%,20.25% and 22.83%,respectively.The distributions of contribution affected by the surrounding areas of Jiaozhou Bay,in which the east and southeast are the ocean while north and northwest are some industry cities.Typical episode also showed the same transport paths as sector analysis.The results also showed that during the past five years the SO2 concentrations decreased,NO2 concentrations increased and PM10 concentrations didn't change significantly in Jiaozhou Bay.This is consistent with the environmental statistics for Qingdao and the five provinces surrounding areas of Jiaozhou Bay,which those SO2 emission decreased while the coal consumption and nitrogen oxide emission increased year by year in this region.

[Objective] To compare different extraction method for volatile oil from orange peel.[Method] The volatile oils were extracted from orange peel by steam distillation(SD) and ultrasound-assisted steam distillation(UESD),respectively.The chemical constituents in the volatile oils were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS and their relative contents were calculated based on GC peak areas.[Result] For steam distillation,21 compounds of 30 detected peaks were identified,accounting for 93.89% of the volatile fraction.The main components were dimethyl phthalate(51.93%);For ultrasound-assisted steam distillation,38 compounds of 45 detected peaks were identified,accounting for 98.07% of the volatile fraction.The main components were D-Limonene.[Conclusion] The results indicated that,there is a significant difference in the composition and relative amounts between the volatile oils obtained by SD and UESD methods;the common components of the two extracts were organic acids and alkanes.SD method allows higher amount of organic acids than UESD.

我国当前区域性、复合型大气污染问题逐渐凸显,迫切需要一套科学全面的评价方法体系来评估复杂的大气污染形势。建议我国在制定《环境空气质量评价技术规范(试行)》过程中,扩展评价规范适用范围并增加短历时标准超标频次要求从而与国际通行做法接轨,且继续以城市整体达标作为我国现阶段目标,从而逐步推动我国大气污染防治精细化管理。

Black carbon mass concentration was measured with an Aethalometer-AE21 during May 6th to 9th in Xisha Yongxing Island.The results showed that black carbon hourly concentrations were in the range of 0.1-2.9 μg/m3 and the average concentration was 0.6 μg/m3.80.5% of hourly data were in the range of 0.2-0.7 μg/m3.There was a close relationship between t he variation of black carbon concentration and wind speed,precipitation.The higher the wind speed and precipitation were,the lower black carbon concentration was.The concentration of black carbon was near to that in Waliguan Station,higher than that in Zhongshan Station,and lower than that in urban or rural area.

Acid rain and dust events are both serious environmental problems striking China nowadays. This study investigates the distribution and change of precipitation pH and discusses the influence of dust events on precipitation acidity qualitatively and quantitatively in China. Acid rain exhibits remarkable regionality with strong acidic in South China and the acidity gradually decreases from the South to the North. This distribution is decided not only by the concentration of SO2 in atmosphere but also has relationship to the occurrence of dust events. Comparing the monthly changes of precipitation pH in the semiarid region (which is influenced by dust events) with those in the humid region (which is acid rain areas), it is found that the variation trends are just opposite in the two regions and there is an obvious peak value of pH in spring in semiarid region which coincides with the increase of dust event days. Chemical analysis results of precipitation in Lanzhou (a semiarid city intruded by dust events frequently, especially in spring) indicate that the ratio of Ca2+ plus Mg2+ concentrations (indicators of soil dust) to the total cation concentrations is the highest in spring, and the Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations are 1.8 and 1.9 times higher in spring than in summer respectively. The acidity of precipitation can be restrained by dust events qualitatively by increasing alkaline materials in the atmosphere and precipitation. The analysis of daily dust events and precipitation data at 6 stations in Northwest China indicates that the pH of precipitation influenced by dust events is greater than the precipitation not influenced by dust events. The increase degrees are different between different stations and have lagging effects. The direct increases are from 0.03 to 0.91 for the precipitation pH. Dust events can promote the precipitation pH to a certain extent quantitatively.

通过室内盆栽试验研究了中、低浓度铅（Pb）和苯并[a]芘（B[a]p）复合污染在土壤-植物系统中的归宿规律和相互影响,以考查Pb-B[a]p复合污染的相互作用.采用4因素6水平均匀设计试验方案,w（Pb）范围为0～1 120 mg·kg^-1,w（B[a]p）范围为0～6.4 mg·kg^-1.结果表明,在非根际环境中,Pb的不同结合态未受到B[a]p的影响,而土壤中B[a]p的自然降解过程也未受到Pb的影响;在黑麦草根际环境中,Pb的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态以及Fe/Mn氧化物结合态含量与非根际土壤相比明显降低,有机物和硫化物结合态含量明显升高,这与黑麦草根际分泌物和植物根际的吸收作用有关;玉米和黑麦草地上部和根部Pb含量均与土壤中Pb总量之间呈显著正相关关系,与B[a]p含量间不存在显著相关性;在玉米和黑麦草根际环境中,B[a]p的降解速率比非根际土壤有明显提高,其中黑麦草的促降解作用强于玉米;Pb对玉米和黑麦草根际土壤中B[a]p的降解过程具有一定的抑制作用,这与根际环境对Pb的活化作用进而增加Pb对微生物有效性有关;Pb对植物根部吸附B[a]p的过程也有一定影响.总体而言,在根际和非根际条件下B[a]p与Pb的共存均未影响Pb的归宿,在非根际环境中Pb也未影响B[a]p的归宿,但在根际环境中Pb抑制了B[a]p在土壤中的降解及植物根部对B[a]p的吸收.

The environmental air quality assessment methods now widely applied played a positive role to the decision of environment management and promoted the environmental air quality improvement.But with the growing of regional and combined pollution,the limitations of the current evaluation method highlighted.This article elaborated the status quo of air environment quality assessment method in China,and proposed some improvement suggestions.In order to explain the present situation of environmental air quality,trends and its possible risks better,national standards such as Environmental Specifications for Air Quality Assessment Technology should be enacted in environmental air quality assessment field,and evaluation projects should be increased at the right moment.It is necessary to combine the short-term and long-term evaluation,to combine the comprehensive pollution index and maximum contamination index,to increase the regional pollution evaluation,and to expand the evaluation scope,so as to serve the decision of environment management and the public better.

In each year, Dust and Sandstorms (DSSs) triggered by cold air masses enhance particle concentration over large areas in China during spring and winter. In this paper, daily Air Pollution Index (API) of 113 major cities in China during dust events was analyzed to present the influence of DSSs on urban air quality. From 2005 to 2010, a total of 93 dust events were identified, on average there are approximately 16 dust events in a year. The number of total polluted days caused by DSSs in 113 major cities ranged from 147 to 546 each year, with maximum in 2010 and minimum in 2007. The number of total heavily polluted days caused by DSSs in major cities ranged from 14 to 78 each year, with maximum in 2010 and minimum in 2005. DSSs affected major cities most severely during March to May. Furthermore, a typical DSS observed from 26 to 31 May 2008 was described in terms of meteorological features and PM10 concentration as well as API levels of 113 major cities. This event lead to high PM10 concentration and low visibility over major cities, with maximum daily PM10 concentration of 1511 μg m−3 in Chifeng on 28 May, which was directly caused by strong wind in front of surface high pressure system passing through sand source areas in Mongolia and North China. The most severe pollution occurred on 29 May, with 38 cities polluted and 7 cities heavily polluted.

During 2005~2010 there were totally about 59 large-scale dust-weather or sandstorm cases in the mainland.Among them,there were about 10 episodes that could impact the ambient air quality of the major environmental protection cities.Inflected by the dust-weather or sandstorm,the non-attainment days appearing in the major environmental protection cities were approximately 332 days,which included about 40 heavy pollution days according to the daily standards of Air Pollution index(API).These episodes most occurred in the spring season every year.Conclusively,the dust-weather or sandstorm have a significant impact on the urban ambient air quality in the mainland of China,which the inflection could even reach to the south-east areas including Hongkong and Taiwan region.To reduce impact of dust-weather or sandstorm on the urban ambient air quality,the ecological situation should be continuously improved with efforts.

利用2011年PM25监测数据分析了灰霾试点城市PM25浓度特征,结果表明:灰霾试点城市PM25日超标比例范围为3.3％～42.9％,年均浓度超标严重；灰霾日PM25浓度和PM25/PM10较非灰霾日分别升高80.0％和4.1％.分析了北京总站点位在12月3-13日污染过程中颗粒物浓度变化特征,结果表明:颗粒物浓度升高和气象条件差是导致能见度降低的两大重要因素,OC/EC变化范围是3.6～11.4,存在严重的二次污染；粒子数浓度与能见度呈现负相关,污染日不同粒径段的粒子数浓度均高于清洁日,91.8％的粒子在1 μm以下；地面气象条件和天气形势明显影响PM25浓度.