欧盟臭氧(O3)监测与评价起步相对较早.对比中国和欧盟O3例行评价,欧盟在O3标准限值、保护对象、评价指标、评价时间尺度、参评点位类型的设定和选取,以及O3浓度与前体物排放量的关联性分析等方面,均对中国O3评价具有一定的借鉴意义.以2017—2020年石家庄市8个国控站点O3观测数据为分析案例,采用欧盟常用的日最大8 h滑动平均浓度(MDA8)第4高值,以及O3暴露指标SOMO35和AOT40等3项评价指标,开展了尝试性评价应用和浓度对比.对照欧盟O3评价指标应用经验,未来可考虑从兼顾两类功能区、丰富评价指标、扩展参评点位类型、纳入暴露影响评估、关联前体物排放变化等方面,进一步完善中国环境空气O3评价方式,以更好地发挥其对空气质量精细化管理的数据支撑作用.
分析了2017—2019年中国337城市O3污染特征,结果表明:2017—2019年全国O3第20~70百分位浓度逐年增幅相对稳定,第80~95百分位浓度逐年上升速率最快,平均每年升高5.5μg/m3.全国O3超标以轻度污染为主,主要集中在5—9月,占全年O3超标天数的85.3%;"2+26"城市、汾渭平原交界、长三角、苏皖鲁豫交界O3超标天数占全国63.9%,"2+26"城市O3污染最为严重,平均每城市超标71 d.2017—2019年O3单因子超标分别损失全国空气质量优良天数比例为4.5个百分点、4.9个百分点和7.4个百分点,2019年9月O3单因子超标天数比例为18.8个百分点,单月使全年优良天数减少1.2个百分点.天津、河北、山东、北京、河南、山西、江苏的O3污染相对较重,天津市发生O3污染的关键温度为26~34℃,风速为2.0~2.5 m/s,相对湿度为40%~80%,降水明显减少和温度偏高是导致2019年O3浓度升高的重要气象因素.
基于全国空气质量监测网数据,分析了2015-2019年汾渭平原11个城市臭氧(O3)污染状况.结果 表明:2015-2019年,汾渭平原11个城市O3平均浓度总体呈升高趋势,年平均升高12.2 μg/m3,其中,2017-2019年均超过二级标准限值(160μg/m3).O3单项污染物的空气质量分指数占空气质量指数的比例逐年升高,O3超标使汾渭平原2015-2019年各年度空气质量优良天数比例分别减少了1.4、5.4、13.0、11.1、14.4个百分点.O3浓度呈春夏季(5-9月)高、秋冬季(11-12月)低的特点,其中,5-9月O3超标天数占全部O3超标天数的97%以上.各年度O3日最大8小时平均质量浓度(O3-8 h)的最大值分别为152、176、224、195、202μg/m3,均出现在5-7月.O3-8 h介于150 ~160μg/m3的日期主要集中在6-8月,介于160~170 μg/m3的日期主要集中在5-7月,两区间对应的日期属于O3达标敏感天.2017-2019年,区域内各年度首次出现O3小时污染的日期有逐渐提前的趋势.2019年,汾渭平原11个城市O3-8 h第90百分位浓度介于138~204μg/m3,9个城市超过二级标准限值,O3超标使临汾、洛阳、晋中、运城、渭南、西安、吕梁、咸阳8个城市的空气质量优良天数比例减少了10个百分点以上.
甲烷减排需要一整套监测统计核算方法支撑,国内外均开展了不同程度的监测实践.文章在对我国甲烷排放来源、减排路径和监测支撑需求分析基础上,提出我国甲烷监测体系建设建议,包括排放监测、大气浓度监测的内容和网络建设思路,质控体系和综合数据分析应用平台建设思路.
基于2003—2018年全国291个城市降水监测结果的分析表明:全国降水酸度明显降低,其中,2003—2006年有所升高,2006年之后呈降低趋势;酸雨区面积呈减小趋势,共减少约97万km2,酸雨发生频率超过5%的面积减少了20.9个百分点;全国酸雨城市比例为21.3%~40.9%,2009年开始总体呈下降趋势,2018年降为21.6%,重酸雨城市比例在2005年之后总体呈下降趋势;全国平均酸雨频率为11.7%~25.6%,2006年之后总体呈下降趋势,2018年酸雨频率在50%以上的城市比例较2006年下降了13.9个百分点.基于174个城市的降水离子组分分析结果显示:我国降水中的主要阴离子为硫酸根,其离子当量浓度占比为19.4%~32.9%,2003年以来年平均降低0.6个百分点;降水中的主要阳离子为钙离子和铵离子;硫酸根沉降通量年平均下降0.68 t/km2,硝酸根沉降通量年平均降低0.05 t/km2,全国SO2浓度变化趋势与硫酸根沉降通量变化趋势基本一致;我国降水中的硝酸根与硫酸根离子当量浓度比值总体呈升高趋势,表明硝酸根离子对降水酸度的影响逐渐增加,酸雨类型正由硫酸型向硫酸-硝酸混合型转变.
基于2016—2019年全国城市环境空气质量国控监测点位自动监测数据,分析了汾渭平原城市空气质量状况.结果 表明:2019年,汾渭平原优良天数比例为61.7%,略高于"2+26"城市,明显低于全国及其他区域,空气污染较重.2016—2019年,汾渭平原超标天数中PM2.5、PM10、O3作为首要污染物的占比较高,PM2.5、PM10仍是影响汾渭平原空气质量的最主要污染物,O3和NO2的影响逐年升高.汾渭平原PM2.5浓度呈夏季低、秋冬季高的特点,2019年与2016—2018年PM2.5均值比较,1、2、4月分别偏高7.5%、36.7%、6.8%,其他月份均偏低,表明1、2、4月空气质量总体恶化,其他月份有所改善.汾渭平原O3浓度呈夏季高、秋冬季低的特点,O3浓度总体呈升高趋势,年平均升高10.3μg/m3,临汾市年平均升幅最显著(26.7μg/m3),不同百分位O3浓度均呈升高趋势,且高百分位浓度升幅明显高于低百分位浓度,年平均升幅最高出现在第90百分位浓度.2016—2019年,O3单项污染物超标导致优良天数比例损失分别为5.4个百分点、13.0个百分点、11.1个百分点和14.4个百分点,总体呈上升趋势,表明O3超标对空气质量影响越来越显著.煤炭消耗量、生铁产量、粗钢产量的大幅升高对空气质量有一定影响,建议加大对相关企业污染物的排放量检查,确保超低排放或采取可行的清洁能源替代.温度与O3浓度呈正相关,2017—2019年,温度大于25℃的天数中94.2%出现在6—8月,O3-8h超标天数占全部超标天数的81.4%,因此应加强温度较高月份的O3管控.
为掌握滨海城市环境空气质量变化特征,为污染精准管控和打赢蓝天保卫战提供科学参考,以沿海重要中心城市青岛市为研究区域,基于青岛市9个国控空气监测点位监测结果,对2013—2019年青岛市6项空气污染物浓度监测结果进行分析,总结归纳青岛市空气质量时间变化特征.结果 表明:2019年,青岛市空气质量超标,超标指标为颗粒物;青岛市2014年空气质量最差,2018年空气质量最好;2013—2019年,青岛市O3浓度总体呈上升趋势,其余5项污染物浓度呈下降趋势;青岛市环境空气主要污染物是PM2.5,其次是O3;青岛市空气质量冬季差于其他季节,春节期间烟花爆竹燃放等人为活动使空气质量变差.
排污许可制度证后监管技术体系构建对于排污许可制度实施具有重要意义。根据排污许可制度的特点,设计了基于资料分析的日常非现场监督检查、现场稽查检查、阶段性现场检查与评估3类相互关联衔接的监管方式。针对每类监管方式的定位和特点,提出具体的检查内容、检查方法、实施程序等,以期为中国排污许可制度的实施提供借鉴。
分析了2018年春节期间京津冀及周边区域空气质量状况,结果表明,京津冀及周边区域2018年春节期间空气污染较重,以石家庄、邢台、邯郸、晋城、长治为中心的区域污染最重,此次重污染过程呈污染范围大、持续时间长的特点.受微风、高湿、逆温等不利气象条件影响,颗粒物污染不断积累和二次转化.除夕(2月15日)至初六(2月21日),北京首要污染源为机动车尾气源,张家口、保定、太原、郑州为燃煤源,太原和廊坊烟花源占比高于其他城市.自除夕(2月15日)下午开始,区域内各城市烟花爆竹燃放相关离子浓度有不同程度的增加,北京、保定烟花源贡献率与贡献浓度与2017年春节期间相比有所下降.2018年春节期间PM2.5浓度明显高于2015-2017年,区域南部空气质量较差,重污染区域主要集中在以石家庄、邢台、邯郸、长治、晋城为中心的区域.
目的:研究大气PM2.5短期暴露对心脑血管疾病住院风险的滞后效应和累积效应.方法:利用河南省人民医院2015年1月1日至2018年6月26日全部心脑血管疾病住院患者病例资料以及郑州市日均大气污染物监测资料,采用病例交叉研究的方法,分别利用单污染物、复合污染物条件Logistic模型分析大气PM2.5短期暴露(0~15天)对心脑血管疾病住院风险的滞后效应和累积效应.结果:共纳入5194例患者,平均年龄(48.5±22.8)岁,男性占57.4%.郑州市2015年1月至2018年6月PM2.5日均浓度80.8μg/m3.单污染物模型中,PM2.5短期暴露在滞后2~5天及8~13天时,心脑血管疾病住院风险显著升高,滞后12天时风险最高,PM2.5浓度每升高10μg/m3,风险增加3.8%(OR=1.038,95%CI:1.022~1.053).滞后8~13天时,PM2.5短期暴露对心脑血管疾病住院风险升高的累积效应达到最大,PM2.5浓度每升高10μg/m3,风险增加19.4%(OR=1.194,95CI%:1.176~1.212).多污染物模型中,PM2.5短期暴露无显著滞后效应.结论:PM2.5短期暴露在滞后2~5天及8~13天时显著增加心脑血管疾病住院风险,累积效应在8~13天时达到最大.
分析了2013-2016年冬季采暖期与非采暖期中国北方地区颗粒物污染现状及时空变化特征.结果表明:中国北方地区空气污染比较严重,采暖期尤为突出.2016年,中国北方地区重度及以上污染天数比例超过10%,采暖期优良天数比例较非采暖期下降22.8%,重度及以上污染天数比例升高10.1个百分点.颗粒物浓度呈现明显的冬季高、夏季低的特点,最高值一般出现在12月至次年1月,最低值一般出现在7-9月.2013-2016年,北方地区空气质量呈较为明显的改善趋势,PM10和PM25浓度总体呈下降趋势,但2014年以来采暖期同期比较显示,PM25浓度呈缓慢升高趋势,采暖期空气污染形势十分严峻.颗粒物浓度呈现明显的空间分布规律,采暖期石家庄、保定、衡水、邢台、邯郸、安阳等城市为京津冀区域污染最严重的城市.
《环境空气质量手工监测技术规范》(HJ/T 194-2005)自2005年首次颁布以来,十余年未经修订,直到2017年底完成了该规范的首次修订并正式发布.在本次修订过程中,基于广泛资料梳理和需求调研,编制组逐渐摸索出八个重点方向的修订思路,力求形成一部可切实指导各地开展手工监测的新规范.
The concentration and distribution of black carbon in different time scale at 14 national ambient air background stations in 2015 were analyzed in this paper.The results showed that the hourly average concentration of black carbon at each station was a logarithmic normal distribution.The hourly peak cocentrations ranged from 685.0-13731.0 ng/m3, and the annual average concentrations were between 88.7-1487.6 ng/m3among the 14 background monitoring stations.The concentration of black carbon at Hengshan station in Hunan province and Changdao station in Shandong province were higher than the other stations.The hourly average concentration changed as a single peak shape during a whole day,but the peak time were different at the 14 stations.The lariation trends of the concentration in working days and weekends were similar,but the concentration level were different at all the 14 stations,relating to the production and life style in each area.The relationship between the black carbon concentration and the wind speed and wind direction in some typical episode was discussed.The research showed that the wind direction influenced the black carbon concentration more obviously than the wind speed, and the backward trajectory study result also proved the influence of the wind direction.
This paper discussed the examination of laboratory construction using the visibility meter .The technical characteristics of the visibility meter for examining the laboratory were introduced , and three aspects related to the examination , including the construction of the standard visibility meter ,the environment simulation ,and the method of detection were discussed .A scheme for accomplishing the visibility test was proposed in the simulated shelter environment within the meteorological optical range of 3 km.
Existing manual methods for ambient air quality monitoring issued in 2005, has been nearly 10 years. During the 10 years, some standard analysis methods was repealed, some have updated and added some new standard analytical methods. The new ambient air quality standards issued in 2012 promulgated PM2?5 , Cadmium, Mercury, Arsenic, hexavalent Chromium and other projects which are not involved in manual methods for ambient air quality monitoring. This paper puts forward some suggestions for amendments to manual methods for ambient air quality monitoring according to problems in practical applications.
文章总结了我国环境空气质量监测工作的历程,深入分析了我国环境空气质量监测工作现状和面临的主要问题及原因,结合我国环境空气监测工作的新形势,从加强环境空气监测能力建设、规范空气监测质量控制、拓宽空气监测项目、杜绝数据行政干预等方面,对我国环境空气质量监测工作提出建议.
分别用基于城市下垫面和雨污排放口监测方法对内江市建成区城市面源进行3次全过程降雨监测.结果表明:(1)屋面5种污染物3次降雨的次降雨径流平均浓度(EMC)平均值均低于其他监测点位.雨污排放口氨氮、总氮的浓度总体高于其他监测点位.交通道路,尤其是交通主干道,由于受人类活动影响大,各种污染物浓度都普遍较高.(2)交通主干道的降雨初始冲刷效应(FFE)最明显,其次为一般道路、庭院、屋面;雨污排放口的FFE很不明显.(3)两种监测方法相对误差最大的是9月6日总磷的估算结果,为14.75%;两种监测方法所得的COD相对误差最大,为9.10%~14.30%,相对误差最小的为氨氮.(4)比例推算法与基于城市下垫面监测方法的相对误差为1.3%~19.2%;排放强度法与基于城市下垫面监测方法的相对误差为0.7%~25.4%.
Based on observed atmospheric CO2 concentrations at 5 background stations in East Asia since 1 994,temporal and spatial variation characteristics and changesand impacts of the anthropogenic sourcesof atmospheric CO2 are analyzed.Results reveal that the annual average CO2 concentrations showed a clear upward trend,the concentration increased by 8.4% ~9.0% in 201 0 compared with 1 994.Monthly average CO2 concentrations exhibit strong seasonal variations.The higher values prefer to present in cold seasons such as winter and spring,while the lower values appear mostly in summer seasons in northern hemisphere.Reducing the fossil fuel consumption,increasing the forest coverage and improving the agricultural coverage will help reduce the mean CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.
受经济和社会发展程度的影响,我国环境空气监测点位在运行、维护和管理上未能出台相应的系统化管理文件或指南,导致各地环境监测站点运行维护制度差异较大,存在较多问题.为了更好地获得科学可靠的监测数据,本文给出了建立系统化空气监测点位管理模式的几点建议,为监测点位系统化建设提供理论支持.
More and more concerns have been raised to urban non-point source pollution and it is of much importance for the study on its characteristic and discharge load in view of the corresponding measures for preventing and controlling. A case study on the characteristic of urban non-point source pollution and its discharge load was carried out in Neijing, Sichuan Province. Underlying surface of Neijing was divided into four categories including roof, courtyard, road, and urban water according to the hydrology effect and non-point source pollution characteristic. Several sampling spots were designed in each underlying surface for the monitoring. The results indicated that pollution concentration of major roads was highest among four categories, while that of roofs was comparatively lower. The average concentrations of COD, suspend matter, total phosphours, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen of major roads and roofs were215.31 mg·L-1, 280.20 mg·L-1, 0.35 mg·L-1, 2.29 mg·L-1, 4.06 mg·L-1 and 85.56 mg·L-1, 117.25 mg·L-1, 0.13 mg·L-1, 2.03 mg·L-1, 3.63 mg·L-1, respectively. Among roofs with different materials, asphalt roof had highest pollution levels, while terra-cotta one had the lowest. The average concentrations of COD, suspend matter, total phosphours, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen of asphalt and terra-cotta roofs were 73.4 mg·L-1, 56.0 mg·L-1, 0.181 mg·L-1, 2.529 mg·L-1, 5.254 mg·L-1 and 30.8 mg·L-1, 45.4 mg·L-1, 0.106 mg·L-1, 2.099 mg·L-1, 4.167 mg·L-1, respectively. COD load in each rainfall was in the range of 34.6~73.7 t, which equaled to urban daily sewage discharge. It was estimated that annual discharge loads of COD, suspend matter, total phosphours, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen were 2177.1 t, 2 778.3 t, 3.855 t, 41.410 t, 69.133 t according to three times’ the typical rainfall monitoring, Annual COD load of urban non-point source accounted for nearly 20%of city life pollution. Among the discharge loads in one typical rainfall from all underlying surfaces, that from the roofs was highest which accounted for 30.9%. The following came as courtyard, major loads, general roads and urban water, contributing 28.7%, 24.7%, 14.9% and 0.8%, respectively. The initial flush effect is most obvious on the major roads among all the underlying surfaces. The general roads came the second. The courtyard and roofs came the third and fourth. Accordingly, much attention should be paid to COD and suspend matter pollution from urban non-point sources. Different pollution characteristic exhibited in different underlying surfaces. The pollution concentration from the roofs was low, but the discharge load was high due to its large area. It is essential to take it as one of the most important urban non-point pollution sources. Interception and treatment of the initial runoff from the urban rainfall is the critical to control urban non-point pollution sources.