The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is the most important rice pest in China and other East Asian countries. Identifying their source areas and predicting their population dynamics are crucial for managing migratory pests. Northern South China (NSC) is one of the key regions for northward BPH migration and a direct source of BPH in the key rice‐growing area of the Lower Yangtze River Valley (LYRV). Hence, this study aimed to explore the environmental drivers affecting the population dynamics of BPH in NSC, and develop models for predicting the immigration levels in the LYRV. Initially, the BPH immigrants in NSC were identified to have mostly originated from northern and north‐central Vietnam, Laos, and northeastern Thailand (15°–22° N) in May by using a trajectory analysis approach. The population model showed that immigration size of BPH in NSC in May can be predicted by the temperature observed in February over these source areas combined with the probability of BPH from south‐central Vietnam (their principal overwintering region) immigrating to these source areas in March. Subsequently, the immigration size of BPH in NSC in May combined with the onset time of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon (a sign of rain belt movement and arrival of the flood season in China), can be used to predict the immigration level of BPH in the LYRV in July. These 2 prediction models could forecast nearly 2 months in advance, allowing time for effective control measures to be implemented.

Many insect migrants rely on favorable seasonal winds to carry out long-range latitudinal migrations. In East China, the annual advance and retreat of the East Asian summer monsoon produces ideal conditions for seasonal range expansion and contraction of many migratory crop pests. However, climate-induced changes in the strength, timing, and location of the monsoon are impacting wind systems which may, in turn, affect migration patterns. We investigated these questions in the rice leafroller (RLR) moth, a severe pest of rice that annually invades the Lower Yangtze River Valley (LYRV) of China from winter-breeding areas further south. Using a 24-y dataset of RLR population dynamics from 31 monitoring stations across Southeast China, we investigated the impact of changes in monsoon wind regimes on fall migration patterns of the pest. Historically, RLR emigrated from the LYRV to South China on the favorably directed winds produced by the retreat of the monsoon at the end of the outbreak season (from mid-August onward). We show that in the recent 12-y period, prevailing late-season winds remain northward for longer than previously, preventing locally produced moths from emigrating southward. Additionally, winds now facilitate mass late-season immigrations into the LYRV, creating an ecological trap, as immigrants do not have time to produce another generation. As a consequence of the changing wind patterns, pest pressure is declining, and climate-induced changes to the East Asian summer monsoon result in seasonal migration becoming a riskier strategy. Such changes in insect migration patterns have severe implications for the population dynamics of windborne migrants, ecosystem functioning, and pest management strategies.

Numerous insects including pests and beneficial species undertake windborne migrations over hundreds of kilometers. In East Asia, climate-induced changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation systems are affecting wind-fields and precipitation zones and these, in turn, are changing migration patterns. We examined the consequences in a serious rice pest, the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) in East China. BPH cannot overwinter in temperate East Asia, and infestations there are initiated by several waves of windborne spring or summer migrants originating from tropical areas in Indochina. The East Asian summer monsoon, characterized by abundant rainfall and southerly winds, is of critical importance for these northward movements. We analyzed a 42-year dataset of meteorological parameters and catches of BPH from a standardized network of 341 light-traps in South and East China. We show that south of the Yangtze River during summer, southwesterly winds have weakened and rainfall increased, while the summer precipitation has decreased further north on the Jianghuai Plain. Together, these changes have resulted in shorter migratory journeys for BPH leaving South China. As a result, pest outbreaks of BPH in the key rice-growing area of the Lower Yangtze River Valley (LYRV) have declined since 2001. We show that these changes to the East Asian summer monsoon weather parameters are driven by shifts in the position and intensity of the Western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) system that have occurred during the last 20 years. As a result, the relationship between WPSH intensity and BPH immigration that was previously used to predict the size of the immigration to the LYRV has now broken down. Our results demonstrate that migration patterns of a serious rice pest have shifted in response to the climate-induced changes in precipitation and wind pattern, with significant consequences for the population management of migratory pests.

为探索机械直播稻田杂草化学防除的有效技术措施,开展了播前、播后芽前封闭和杂草茎叶期茎叶处理与封闭相结合的田间除草试验.结果 表明,播后2d用苄嘧·丙草胺芽前封闭处理效果最佳,在播后15d和30 d的株防效分别达到96.32％和86.56％.

In this study, we investigated the dynamic occurrence and vertical distribution of three types of rice planthoppers ( Nilaparvata lugens , Sogatella furcifera , and Laodelphax striatellus ) in Shanghai, China. Our results showed that S. furcifera and L. striatellus infested the lower part of rice plants in the early development stage, S. furcifera and L. striatellus inhabited every part of rice in the middle development stage, and L. striatellus and N. lugens formicated in the upper part of the rice plant in the posterior development stage. The populations of rice planthoppers were larger in July and September, Where more than 600 adult and nymphal planthoppers, per a hundred hills of rice, were found in late July, and out of the 600, the majority were the nymphs of S. furcifera and L. striatellus . S. furcifera was mainly found from July to October, L. striatellus during the rice development, and N. lugens after September, during which their maximal individual number, per a hundred hills of rice, was 480, 220, less than 50, respectively. In addition, our results showed that adult rice planthoppers were mostly observed from late August to mid‐October with the highest population being found during mid to late September. The adult S. furcifera , L. striatellus , and N. lugens were mostly observed in August and September, from August to October, and past mid‐September, respectively. Moreover, the number of adult L. striatellus that were sticking to yellow sticky card was significantly higher than that of S. furcifera and N. lugens .

选择多种药剂,采取浸种或种子包衣的处理方式开展了水稻恶苗病防控试验,调查并比较不同处理的田间防效.结果 表明,32％乙蒜·戊唑醇悬浮剂浸种处理的总体防效最高,达98.76％,其次为4.23％甲霜·种菌唑微乳剂、17％杀螟·乙蒜素可湿性粉剂和12％氟啶·戊·杀螟可湿性粉剂处理,总体防效均达90％以上.上述4个处理防效间无显著差异.

稻米的农产品地理标志登记保护不但对发展区域特色优质稻米产业、打造农产品区域公用品牌、促进乡村振兴具有重要作用,同时也对我国稻作文化的传承、保护和发扬意义重大.通过对全国农产品地理标志查询系统相关数据的统计分析,总结了一个阶段以来我国稻米的农产品地理标志登记保护工作推进情况,以期为"十四五"期间我国地理标志稻米产业的健康发展及我国稻作文化的保护与传承提供参考.

Urbanization is a pressing challenge for earth's human because it is transforming and fragmenting not only natural environments, but also rural lands. Yet, the consequences of rural land-use change on insect populations that depend on these habitats remain largely unclear. We used a 17-year data set to investigate the dynamics of three dominant native farmland moths and its driving forces across the largest megaurban region of China. Total moth abundance declined by about 80%, which was strongly associated with loss and fragmentation of croplands during rapid urbanization. Our findings indicate that urbanization, through loss of traditional agricultural lands, can be a further threat to insect populations. It is therefore really critical to monitor and understand the agrobiodiversity dynamics in rapidly urbanizing regions, which are currently found in many developing countries worldwide.

Urbanization is a pressing challenge for earth's humans because it is changing not only natural environments but also agricultural lands. Yet, the consequences of cropland loss on pest insect populations that largely depend on these habitats remain largely unclear. We used a 17-year data set to investigate the dynamics of three moth pest species (i.e., striped stem borer, yellow stem borer, and pink stem borer) and their driving forces across the largest mega-urban region of China. Total abundance of three pest species is declined by about 80%, which was strongly associated with cropland loss during rapid urbanization. Our findings indicate that not only the increasing conversion of natural areas to human-dominated landscapes but also that of agricultural lands to urban landscapes can be critical to insect populations. It is therefore essential to monitor and understand the insect dynamics in rapidly urbanizing regions, which are currently found in many developing countries worldwide.

NY/T 393《绿色食品农药使用准则》是绿色食品标准体系中的核心基础标准之一.新版《绿色食品农药使用准则》(NY/T 393-2020)于2020年11月1日起正式实施.本文介绍了NY/T 393修订的总体情况,阐述了NY/T 393-2020中允许使用的农药清单的变化情况,并系统总结了标准中A级绿色食品生产中允许使用的其他农药清单中各类农药的作用机理等,旨在为根据新标准规范绿色食品生产中农药使用提供参考.

为研究不同管理方式和茬口模式对膜翅目昆虫组成及多样性的影响,调查了上海嘉定常规深翻、常规绿肥、有机深翻、有机绿肥4种类型稻田的水稻全生育期膜翅目昆虫群落结构和动态变化.调查期内,共诱集到膜翅目昆虫25科,其中缨小蜂科(Mymaridae)、茧蜂科(Braconidae)为优势类群;有机管理模式下稻田膜翅目昆虫数量和丰富度指数高于常规管理田块.

为明确不同药剂对玉米害虫草地贪夜蛾的防治效果、 持效期和安全性,开展9种药剂田间控害试验.结果表明,30％茚虫威水分散粒剂、200 g·L-1氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂、35％氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂和10％溴氰虫酰胺悬浮剂4个化学农药对草地贪夜蛾具有较高杀虫活性,田间持效期在14 d以上;生物药剂32000 IU·mg-1苏云金杆菌可湿性粉剂和30亿PIB·mL-1甘蓝夜蛾核型多角体病毒悬浮剂在速效性和持效期方面次之,但符合草地贪夜蛾的防控需求.各药剂对玉米生长安全,符合上海都市现代绿色农业发展科学用药要求.

对我国稻曲病分级标准的研究与应用现状进行了梳理.由于我国不同稻区水稻品种、耕作制度和气候环境的差异,以及稻曲病本身病征的特殊性,制定普适性的全国统一标准尚有难度.根据植保统计或抗病性评价的不同需要,选择合适的分级标准以满足不同需求是目前稻曲病研究中普遍采取的做法;亦有不少地区根据自身情况,通过室内考种建立符合当地实际的地方分级标准.目前我国主要有两套分级标准应用较为广泛,在标准的制定和采用上仍需加强攻关.

通过总结近十年来上海郊区水稻产业发展概况,梳理水稻生产面临的新问题.新形势下水稻生产中出现了稻田生态服务功能削弱、农机与农艺深度融合不紧密、稻田生态绿色防控效果不显著等一系列新情况,严重制约了水稻绿色发展.围绕“绿色、生态、高效、质量”发展目标,提出水稻绿色发展的技术对策和政策建议,以促进水稻产业提质增效、产能稳定、生态保护利用的良性发展态势,引领都市农业高质量绿色可持续发展.

为筛选出抗飘移、提防效的优质植保无人机助剂,提高植保无人机的施药效果,特开展了相关试验.结果 表明,植保无人机4种不同助剂处理对水稻病虫害的总体防治效果均较好,且与不加助剂的担架式喷雾机、自走式喷杆喷雾机处理的防效相当.植保无人机4种不同助剂处理对水稻植株上部病虫害的防治效果均较佳;对水稻植株下部病虫害,以迈飞和倍达通2种助剂处理的防效略好.

为了更好地防控稻纵卷叶螟,减少杀虫剂的用量,采用赶蛾法、黄色诱虫板诱集法和水稻白叶和卷叶数统计法,研究了稻纵卷叶螟在不同品种水稻田中的行为.结果 表明:稻纵卷叶螟在上海的始见期为7月初水稻分蘖期,7月中旬稻纵卷叶螟第四代成虫第一次发生,8月中旬和9月中旬相继第五、六代成虫发生,10月中旬成虫数量急剧减少,10月下旬几乎消失.至水稻收获期,田间很难再见到稻纵卷叶螟成虫的踪迹.稻纵卷叶螟成虫最适的栖境为‘浦优608’水稻田,最不适的为‘旱优53’水稻田;稻纵卷叶螟成虫偏向于在‘宝835’水稻苗上产卵为害,最不喜好在‘旱优53’上产卵为害;稻纵卷叶螟成虫偏向于在‘HSF越光’和‘浦优608’水稻田活动,最不喜活动在‘嘉33’水稻田.水稻亚种、育种方式对稻纵卷叶螟的为害无显著影响.本研究在一定程度上能反映稻纵卷叶螟在不同水稻品种上的发生动态规律,有助于采取更合理有效的防治措施.

通过对自走式喷杆喷雾机、担架式机动喷雾机、背负式喷雾器3种不同施药机械在水稻病虫害防治中的应用效果进行试验示范,比较了不同施药器械的施药效率和作业成本,以期为自走式喷杆喷雾机在规整的大面积田块中推广作业提供参考依据.结果表明:自走式喷杆喷雾机与其它施药器械处理的防治效果相近,平均作业效率为2.0 hm2/h,作业效率较高,是担架式机动喷雾机的1.67倍,是背负式喷雾机的20倍;自走式喷杆喷雾机单次平均作业成本为38.6元/hm2,比担架式机动喷雾机和背负式喷雾机分别减少110.8元/hm2和148.9元/hm2,成本优势明显,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益.

建立了一种用气相色谱仪分析小麦粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)毒素残留的分析方法.样品以乙腈/水混合溶液提取,样品提取液经充分晾干后,将毒素生成三甲基硅烷(TMS)衍生物,最后用电子捕获检测器(ECD)测定.DON在0.01 ～ 1.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数为0.998 5.在0.04、0.2、1.0 mg/kg 3个浓度水平进行了添加实验,在小麦粉中其平均回收率为93.8％ ～ 108.5％,相对标准偏差为4.3％ ～ 8.6％.方法的最低检测浓度为0.01 mg/kg.该方法操作简单、快速、准确,可普遍用于基层检测机构中小麦粉DON的日常检测.结果表明:面粉中DON含量明显低于小麦粒中,对田间看似健康的小麦粒是否感染DON毒素,是无法简单通过肉眼观察到的,所以对小麦粒进行DON含量监测和去毒处理是非常有必要的.

为了引进推广果园害虫绿色防控技术,2014年4月至7月在上海市浦东新区桃园对240mg/根梨小食心虫性信息迷向素防治梨小食心虫效果进行试验.结果表明,从花期到采收期,迷向处理园梨小食心虫成虫数量明显低于对照园.在495根/hm2和720根/hm2密度处理区,越冬代、第1代、第2代梨小食心虫雄虫迷向率均可达90％以上,种群数量减退率达78.23％～85.15％;迷向丝处理区蛀梢防效达72.73％～95.32％,蛀果防效达78.26％～95.65％,果实品质和产值高于常规对照区,经济效益显著.

[Objectives] The controlling effect of the yellow sticky card on rice planthoppers was estimated, which will provide scientific basis for decreasing the dosage of the chemical insecticides. [Methods] Yellow sticky cards were used to trap rice planthoppers in the field, which was compared with white porcelain plate-flapping method. [Results] The number of the adult white-backed planthoppers Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)(WBPH) was maximum in the late August in Shanghai. The highest population density of both the adult small brown planthoppers, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)(SBPH) and brown planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens (St?l) (BPH) and planthoppers (PH) occurred in the medium September. On the whole, the number of adult SBPHs was the highest among three adult rice planthoppers. The maximum of adult SBPHs was (6.12±4.50) per card per day. There were 18 rice varieties that the averages of adult SBPHs were equal or larger than two per card per day, and for the other six rice varieties, the averages were less than two, and all cards trapped adult SBPHs during the investigating period. For WBPH, the maximum of adult WBPHs was (2.29±0.13) per card per day. There were seven rice varieties that the averages of adult WBPHs were equal or larger than one per card per day, and for the other 17 rice varieties, they were less than one, and all cards trapped adult WBPHs. For BPH, the maximum of adult BPHs was (1.50±1.85) per card per day. There was one rice variety that the average of adult BPHs was equal or larger than one per card per day, and for the other 23 rice varieties, they were less than one, especially, there were three rice varieties of which didn’t trapped adult BPHs. In conclusion, the maximum of three rice planthoppers was (7.50±4.36) per card per day. There were 23 rice varieties that the means of adult PHs were equal or larger than two per card per day, and only one rice varieties that the average was less than two. The height of the yellow sticky card was an important factor for trapping adult rice planthoppers. The closer the distance from the lower fringe of the yellow sticky card to the top of the rice was, the more adult rice planthoppers were trapped. [Conclusion] Using yellow sticky card in rice field was significantly effective for controlling adult rice planthoppers, because it can greatly reduce the number of adult rice planthoppers. It will be a perfect non-chemical control measure, which will effevtively decrease the usage of chemical insecticides.