The development history of Technology Readiness was sorted out and the concept and classification of Technology Readiness were summarized. On the basis of claritying the development routes and the definition of terms, the definitions of Technology Readiness level（TRL） which were defined by NASA/DOD, Chinese intelligent manufacturing and Chinese composite materials sectors and so on were introduced in the paper, as well as the Technology Readiness Assessment（TRA） by U.S. Government Accountability Office（U.S. GAO） and Chinese intelligent manufacturing sector.The definitions of Technology Readiness levels of domestic aviation prepregs were given based on the cases. Some thoughts and suggestions on establishing the TRL and TRA were given. Reference was provided to related industries.

目的:分析单病种住院费用的影响因素及构成,为控制医疗费用提供科学依据.方法:对深圳市第二人民医院2015年1月1日至2017年12月31日收治的冠心病单病种住院费用进行单因素分析和人工神经网络分析.结果:冠心病患者的药占比已经得到有效控制,而材料占比逐年攀升,过快地抬高了住院费用.住院天数是影响住院医疗费用最显著的可控因素.结论:医院应该严控药品、材料等高成本项目的使用,大力提升医疗技术服务项目的价值,同时要有效缩短平均住院日.

为研究湖南不同产区烤烟糖和有机酸含量的差异对烟叶香气风格形成的影响,采用气相色谱法,对湖南4个不同产区郴州、邵阳、凤凰和慈利烤烟中部叶的糖和有机酸含量进行分析.结果表明:凤凰与邵阳的总糖和还原糖含量明显高于慈利和郴州,但非挥发酸含量却恰恰相反.4个产区烟叶中非挥发酸、挥发酸和有机酸总量均以慈利最高,郴州次之,凤凰最低,但凤凰的高级脂肪酸总量最高且与其他产区之间差异极显著;除丙二酸外,其他非挥发酸含量差异均达极显著水平;异丁酸、戊酸和3-甲基戊酸含量在产区间差异极显著,而丁酸差异不显著,其他绝大多数挥发酸含量产区差异较大,但4个产区间差异没有规律;慈利、凤凰和郴州这3个产区烟叶中的高级脂肪酸含量差异不大,但邵阳与这3个产区之间除肉豆蔻酸外其他成分含量差异均达显著水平.

C3F flue-cured tobaccos come from different production regions in Yunnan and Hunan were used for this study, the content of volatile and semi-volatile acid in flue-cured tobacco were studied by simultaneous distillation and extraction and gas chromatography. The results indicated that: (1) the content of volatile acid in Yunnan and Hunan existed greatly difference, but the content of semi-volatile acid differed little between the Yunnan and Hunan. Most content of volatile acid in Yunnan were all richer than those in Hunan, but the content of semi-volatile acid contrarily. (2) Most content of volatile acid in Qujing and Wenshan were significantly higher than those in Kunming and Zhaotong. The content of semi-volatile acid (except tetradecanoic acid) of Qujing was the highest, followed by Wenshan, while the Kunming was the lowest,and the difference was obviously. (3) Most content of volatile acid (except butyric acid) were significantly different among the different production regions in Hunan, but the difference had no obvious regularity. Most content of semi-volatile acid (except tetradecanoic acid) of Cili were the highest, while the Shaoyang were the lowest, and the difference was obviously.

The long-term equilibrium model and dynamic adjustment model for total demand quantity of cigarette in china were established according to the annual data to analyze relation between total sales volume of cigarette and its corresponding economic indicators.The demand of cigarette is mainly decided by GDP,cigarette prices,population and consumption level.The speed of adjusting total sales volume to demand quantity of cigarette is 0.42,namely 42% of the gap between annual cigarette demand quantity and sales volume has been adjusted within the year.It is illustrated that cigarette sales volume in China still has some growth potential to meet the increasing demand of cigarette consumption of residents.

目的 讨论做好手术操作分类的方法.方法 通过对我院3例错误的手术编码的分析,阐明手术分类方法.结果 对疾病及手术术式不了解、对手术方式不了解、不查看手术记录仅根据电脑操作均可导致编码错误.结论 要做好手术分类必须具有扎实的医学理论知识及,掌握疾病及手术操作方法,了解额手术目的 及术式,并不断更新知识.

Content of volatile and semi-volatile acid in flue-cured tobacco Yunyan 85 of different stalk position was studied by GC method.The test materials Yunyan 85 were collected from paddy soil and dry land of Binchuan County and Midu County in Yunnan province.Results showed that volatile and semi-volatile acid content in Midu County were higher than that in Binchuan County,among which 3-methyl valeric acid and benzoic acid showed clear difference.In adjacent pilot sites,content of most volatile and semi-volatile acids in dry land were higher than that in paddy soil,among which 3-methyvaleric,lauric and oleic acid showed notable difference.Content of volatile and semi-volatile acid in upper and middle leaves were higher than that of lower leaves,and this was not affected by tobacco growing areas and fields.

综述了烟草特有亚硝胺(TSNA)的发现、形成过程、危害、检测方法及国内外研究成果,并对进一步开展降低TSNA的研究进行了展望,以期为生产优质低害的烟叶提供参考依据.

Spatio-temporal variability of potassium content in C3F flue-cure tobacco leaves from main growing areas in Yunnan province between 2003 and 2007 was studied by geostatistics and GIS technique.Results indicated that potassium content in flue-cure tobacco leaves in Yunnan province was low,and the spatial variability was significantly different.Potassium content greatly increased from 2003 to 2005 and slowly decreased from 2005 to 2007.Potassium content was higher and stable in Simao area,while lower and changed greatly between years in other areas.

Soil nutrient status in Qujing area was comprehensively evaluated in order to establish a theoretical basis for tobacco soil and hence to improve tobacco leaf quality and characteristics.Fuzzy math and multivariate statistical analysis were adopted to calculate soil nutrient which expressed by value of IFI.Statistical methods and GIS technology were applied to analyze their trend and spatial distribution.Results indicated that pH and content of O.M.,total N,total K,available S,water soluble Cl were moderated,content of hydrolytic N was higher,content of available P,total P,available K were rich.The fertility status of most tobacco-planting soil in Qujing was in medium range and higher level,and soil fertility was in good condition.Integrated Nutrient Index(IFI)of Luoping,Malong,Shizong,and Xuanwei were higher while Fuyuan and Huize were the lowest.Soil fertility reduced in Qujing with increase of altitude.

In order to clarify the changes and distributions of available Ca and Mg contents in tobacco soil at different altitudes,in total 2 552 soil samples between 1300 m and 2300 m altitude in tobacco-growing region of Qujing were collected and analyzed by statistical analysis and geostatistics.The results showed that the mean contents of soil available Ca and Mg in tobacco-growing soil Qujing were 2 640.86 mg/kg and 314.26 mg/kg,respectively.The content of soil available Ca was highest in the middle altitude region,suitable at the low and lower altitude regions,but lower at the high and higher altitude areas.The content of soil available Mg declined with the increase of altitude.The content of soil available Mg was higher in the low and lower altitude regions but suitable in other regions.The contents of soil available Ca and Mg were correlated negatively with altitude.The ratio of Ca/Mg in the middle altitude region was highest,but significantly lower in the low and lower altitude regions than other regions.The available Ca was correlated negatively with available P,positively with other soil nutrients.The available Mg was correlated negatively with alkali-hydro nitrogen and available P,positively with other soil nutrients.The content of soil available Ca gradually declined from east to west in Qujing.Available Mg was higher in south and north regions but lower in middle region,the ratio of Ca/Mg was higher in east region but lower in south,north and west regions.

In order to explore the changes of organic acid and senior fatty acid in each stalk positions of different varieties of flue-cured tobacco during maturing,we used four tobacco varieties as experimental materials to determine their leaf organic acid contents,including Hongda,Yunyan 87,K326 and Zhongyan 100.The results showed that the non-volatile organic acid content of Zhongyan100 was low and those of Hongda,Yunyan87 and K326 were high.The non-volatile organic acid content of bottom leaves was higher than those of top and middle leaves.As tobacco mature,the multiple organic acid contents decreased gradually,the content of senior fatty acid decreased first,then increased,and finally decreased in middle and top leaves,and decreased gradually in low leaves.

In order to realize the contents of soil nutrients distribution status in tobacco-growing area of Qujing,the 2 560 soil samples in Qujing were collected and analyzed,and the contents of soil nutrients were studied by geostatistics.The result showed that the plant-tobacco soil samples in most areas of Qujing were acidic and those in the west of Huize and the centre of Qilin were alkaline.The contents of organic matter in soil were rich and more than 2.25% except the north of Huize.Overall,the contents of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen(N) were lower and the average was 120.28 mg/kg.The contents of available phosphorus(P) were higher and obviously increased from east to west,the difference among area was large.The contents of available potassium(K) declined from southeast to northwest.The contents of total N was suitable,but had a downtrend from east to west.The contents of total P were suitable in Xuanwei,Luping and Shizong,lower in other areas.The contents of total K increased from east to west and were suitable in the west of Huize and junction of Malong and Zhangyi,but lower in the south of Xuanwei and junction of Zhanyi and Fuyuan.

Pot experiment was conducted in Pb contamination soil to study the effects of different levels of potassium fertilizer(K2SO4) on the growth and development,and Pb uptake of tobacco and its distribution in shoot.The results showed that the growth of tobacco was promoted and Pb uptake was decreased with the increment of potassium fertilizer,which indicated that application of potassium fertilizer reduced the effectiveness of Pb.Analysis on effect of application rate of K2SO4 on decreasing effectiveness of Pb showed that the impact of K2SO4 reduced Pb content in tobacco was induced by the interaction between K+ and SO42-.

当代医学模式已经从传统的生物医学模式转变为生物-心理-社会综合医学模式,护理学作为医学领域的一个分支,其服务模式也已发生了根本性的改变,应该以人为本、充分体现人文精神和人文关怀。因此,本文作者就护理人文关怀的内涵与重要性以及护理工作中人文关怀的实现要素进行了探讨。

The content of volatile and semi-volatile organic acids in tobacco leaves and stems from three different positions (B2F, C3F and X2F) of YunYan85 were analyzed by gas chromatography. The results showed that the contents of volatile and semi-volatile organic acids in tobacco leaves and stems from different positions were significant different, which represented the contents of organic acids in upside and middle leaves were higher than that of lower part leaves in general. But the results of variance analysis indicated that the differences of the most volatile and semi-volatile acids content and its total content were not significant among three positions. The contents of volatile and semi-volatile organic acids in tobacco leaves were significantly higher than that in tobacco stem except the content of hexadecanoic acid.

Quantity analyses of cigarettes consumption data and factors affecting the demand of cigarettes in Zhangzhou were carried out by Partial Least-Squares(PLS) regression.According to the analysis,the type cigarettes of first and second are the growth pole of cigarettes consumption in Zhangzhou,the third and fourth are becoming the capital cigarette consumption type and the fifth is exiting the market progressively.The cumulative fraction of the sum of squares(SS) of all the Y and Z variables explained by all extracted components were 99.2% and 99.6% while the cumulative overall cross-validated R2Z for the component was 0.99.All the points consisted of the observed and predicted values fell close to the 45 degree line of regression plot and the regression coefficient was 0.9966.So,the forecast pattern was a good model.Consumer fixed-base price index is the most influence factor of cigarettes consumption.As increasing of GDP,rapid growing of every industry and improving of people′s livelihood,the demand of cigarettes will increase.Raise cigarettes retail price properly could reduce cigarettes consumption.

Flue-cured tobacco variety K326 was used as material to study the effects of different concentrations of GA on contents of nicotine and kalium in tobacco leaf,and weight of single leaf by three application methods,stem cuttage,stem injection and foliage spraying,in Changsha in 2008.The results indicated that the main indexes of quality were affected by GA despite of application methods,while the effect of foliage spraying was best,and the effect of stem cuttage was slightly better than that of stem injection.In this study,to decrease nicotine content in upper leaf and increase potassium content in upper leaf and weight of single leaf,the optimum choice was spraying 5 mg per plant.The effects of different concentration of GA on different positional leaves were different,and the effects on upper and middle leaves were more evident than that on lower leaves.

The comparative and correlation analysis of routine chemical indices of C3F flue-cured tobacco leaves from nine counties of Qujin from 2005 to 2007 was carried out.The results indicated that:(1)except that total sugar,reducing sugar and the ratio of total sugar to nicotine were higher,potassium was lower,total nitrogen,nicotine,chlorine contents,the ratio of total nitrogen to nicotine,potassium to chlorine and other chemical indices were correspond with the requirement of high quality flue-cured tobacco.(2)except that the difference of nicotine,chlorine,potassium were great,other chemical components were quite stable.(3)the concentration difference of chemical components was not statistical significant between counties(except chlorine),years(except chlorine and potassium),mainly planting cultivars(except reducing sugar and potassium)(4)total sugar and reducing sugar were in high positive correlation;nicotine and total nitrogen,the ratio of total nitrogen to nicotine,total sugar to nicotine were in moderate positive correlation;total nitrogen and the ratio of total sugar to nicotine,nicotine and the ratio of total sugar to nicotine,nicotine and the ratio of total nitrogen to nicotine,chlorine and the ratio of potassium to chlorine were in moderate negative correlation.The next direction to develop quality of Qujin flue-cured tobacco leaf is to control the content of total sugar,to harmonize ratio of total sugar to nicotine and to improve the content of potassium.

In order to improve the quality of tobacco leaf production and show the characteristics of flue-cured tobacco,the research comprehensively evaluates tobacco soil nutrient in Shidian areas and provide the theoretical basis of the soil aspects. Fuzzy math and multivariate statistical analysis are adopted to calculate the soil nutrient expressed by value of IFI,and statistical methods and GIS technology are applied to analyze their trend and spatiality. Studies indicated that the content of organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen of the soil in Shidian were slightly higher. And the quantity of the available P,available K,available Zn,available B were suitable while water soluble Cl was comparatively lower. The nutrient contents of the soil in Shidian varied widely and the coefficient of variation of various nutrient standards were 11%-76%. According to IFI,the tobacco-growing area was classified as 5 levels such as high,less higher,middle,less lower and low and the ratio of the three levels,less higher,middle and less lower accounted for 86.7%.Comprehensive evaluation shows that in tobacco soil nutrient the north-south areas is higher(the north is higher than the south )and the middle is lower in North-South direction;from west to east it gradually decreased in east-west direction. uneven nature of the topography in tobacco-growing areas led to the differences in soil nutrient,however,by using the evaluation flue-cured tobacco varieties and precision fertilizer,the actual production capacity in tobacco-growing areas will be increased.