In this work, a robust “turn-on” NIR fluorescent probe Cx-Cys was constructed for cysteine detection and imaging in Arabidopsis thaliana .

Wild orchids, valued for their beauty and economic importance, are facing the challenges of distribution contraction and range shifts from climate change. The rare Cymbidium cyperifolium (class II in the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants in China, Vulnerable on the China Biodiversity Red List) remains understudied regarding its responses to climate variability. Utilizing an enhanced MaxEnt model, we predicted suitable habitats under diverse climate scenarios, revealing a potential distribution of 52.37 × 104 km2, concentrated in eastern Yunnan, western Guangxi, the Guizhou border, and southern Hainan. Cymbidium cyperifolium is sensitive to climate change, and temperature annual range (Bio 7) contributes a significant 77.42% of the distribution probability (i.e., habitat suitability), highlighting temperature’s pivotal influence on its distribution. Although the overall potential distribution area and low-suitability regions in China are predicted to decrease, medium and high-suitability areas are expected to expand. The center of mass of the high-altitude habitat is concentrated in southeastern Yunnan Province, migrating just slightly, yet tending westward and northeastward. Based on these findings, we recommend the expansion of existing protected areas or the establishment of new ones for C. cyperifolium, particularly in eastern Yunnan and western Guangxi. Additionally, our research can serve as a reference for the ex situ conservation of C. cyperifolium and other orchids with similar ecological habits, underscoring the broader implications in biodiversity preservation efforts.

The genus Cymbidium, with its intricate floral elements, pronounced endemicity, and patchy distribution, evolves a rich diversity of morphological forms and a wide variety of species while causing an indistinctness in the classification of its species. To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among Cymbidium species and enhance their taxonomic classification by DNA barcoding, this study conducted amplification and sequence results of nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast genes (matK, rbcL, trnL-F, psbA-trnH) with phenotypic genetic diversity analysis, genetic distance analysis, and phylogenetic analysis from 48 samples of Cymbidium species. The comparison of genetic distance variations showed that psbA-trnH, ITS + psbA-trnH, and ITS + matK + psbA-trnH exhibit minimal overlap and significant genetic variation within Cymbidium species. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the combination, ITS + matK + psbA-trnH, has the highest identification rate. Notably, both the phylogenetic analysis and the genetic diversity analysis of phenotypic traits consistently indicated a clear divergence between epiphytic and terrestrial orchids, with epiphytic orchids forming a distinct clade. This provides reference evidence for studying the ecological adaptations and evolutionary differences between epiphytic and terrestrial orchids, as well as a scientific basis for the classification and identification, germplasm conservation, resource utilization, and phylogenetic evolution of orchids.

Background Bracts are important for ornamental plants, and their developmental regulation process is complex; however, relatively little research has been conducted on bracts. In this study, physiological, biochemical and morphological changes in Bougainvillea glabra leaves, leaf buds and bracts during seven developmental periods were systematically investigated. Moreover, transcriptomic data of B. glabra bracts were obtained using PacBio and Illumina sequencing technologies, and key genes regulating their development were screened. Results Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the bracts develop via a process involving regression of hairs and a color change from green to white. Transcriptome sequencing revealed 79,130,973 bp of transcript sequences and 45,788 transcripts. Differential gene expression analysis revealed 50 expression patterns across seven developmental periods, with significant variability in transcription factors such as BgAP1, BgFULL, BgCMB1, BgSPL16, BgSPL8, BgDEFA, BgEIL1, and BgBH305. KEGG and GO analyses of growth and development showed the involvement of chlorophyll metabolism and hormone-related metabolic pathways. The chlorophyll metabolism genes included BgPORA, BgSGR, BgPPH, BgPAO and BgRCCR. The growth hormone and abscisic acid signaling pathways involved 44 and 23 homologous genes, and coexpression network analyses revealed that the screened genes BgAPRR5 and BgEXLA1 are involved in the regulation of bract development. Conclusions These findings improve the understanding of the molecular mechanism of plant bract development and provide important guidance for the molecular regulation and genetic improvement of the growth and development of ornamental plants, mainly ornamental bracts.

Amino acid is the main transport form of reduced nitrogen in plants. To investigate the uptake and source–sink translocation process of plants to help understand their physiological roles and transport mechanisms, we designed and synthesized three fluorescent-dye-labeled amino acids as tools to visualize amino acid transportation in Arabidopsis thaliana; these amino acids consist of amino acids linked to the fluorophore nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) with excellent optical properties. Furthermore, we incubated Arabidopsis thaliana with these NBD fluorescent-dye-labeled amino acids for real-time imaging along with fluorescence enhancement for 24 h. The results showed that Arabidopsis thaliana could absorb them directly from the roots to the leaves. Therefore, our fluorescent-dye-labeled amino acids provide a de novo tool and strategy for visualizing amino acid absorption and transportation in plants.

BACKGROUND:Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum (L. chinense var. rubrum) is a precious, coloured-leaf native ornamental plant in the Hunan Province. We found an L. chinense var. rubrum tree with three different leaf colours: GL (green leaf), ML (mosaic leaf), and PL (purple leaf). The mechanism of leaf coloration in this plant is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the metabolites and genes involved in determining the colour composition of L. chinense var. rubrum leaves, using phenotypic/anatomic observations, pigment content detection, and comparative metabolomics and transcriptomics.RESULTS:We observed that the mesophyll cells in PL were purple, while those in GL were green and those in ML were a mix of purple-green. The contents of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, and total chlorophyll in PL and ML were significantly lower than those in GL. While the anthocyanin content in PL and ML was significantly higher than that in GL. The metabolomics results showed the differences in the content of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, pelargonidin, and petunidin 3,5-diglucoside in ML, GL, and PL were significant. Considering that the change trend of anthocyanin content change was consistent with the leaf colour difference, we speculated that these compounds might influence the colour of L. chinense var. rubrum leaves. Using transcriptomics, we finally identified nine differentially expressed structural genes (one ANR (ANR1217); four CYP75As (CYP75A1815, CYP75A2846, CYP75A2909, and CYP75A1716); four UFGTs (UFGT1876, UFGT1649, UFGT1839, and UFGT3273) and nine transcription factors (two MYBs (MYB1057 and MYB1211), one MADS-box (MADS1235), two AP2-likes (AP2-like1779 and AP2-like2234), one bZIP (bZIP3720), two WD40s (WD2173 and WD1867) and one bHLH (bHLH1631) that might be related to flavonoid biosynthesis and then impacted the appearance of colour in L. chinense var. rubrum leaves.CONCLUSION:This study revealed potential molecular mechanisms associated with leaf coloration in L. chinense var. rubrum by analyzing differential metabolites and genes related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. It also provided a reference for research on leaf colour variation in other ornamental plants.

Rapid lignification and high lignin accumulation occur in the endocarps of the dove tree ( Davidia involucrata ) during a short developmental phase. Through transcriptome analysis, we identified a gene named DiCCoAOMT1 that plays a vital role in the rapid lignification process. The expression profile of the DiCCoAOMT1 gene was endocarp-specific, and its encoding product showed strong O -methyltransferase activity in vitro. Here, we overexpressed the DiCCoAOMT1 gene in both Arabidopsis and poplar ( Populus tomentosa ) to verify its function of lignin biosynthesis and accumulation. Increased plant height and lengthened pods arose in transgenic Arabidopsis lines, while elongated petioles were observed in transgenic poplar lines. Moreover, the stems exhibited enlarged xylem area, reduced pith area, and more compact cell architecture in both transgenic Arabidopsis and poplar lines. The lignin content was elevated by 26% and 20% on average in the stems of transgenic Arabidopsis and poplar lines, respectively. Furthermore, the lignin composition was altered in the transgenic lines indicated by the elevated S/G ratio. Taken together, we proposed that overexpressing the DiCCoAOMT1 gene can effectively increase lignin biosynthesis and change lignin monomer composition in both herb and woody plants. The endocarp-specific expression pattern of the DiCCoAOMT1 gene is assumed to be a key point to form the highly lignified structure in a short period, thus causing the long-period dormancy of Davidia seeds.

Seed abortion is a common phenomenon in woody plants, especially in rare and endangered species. Serious seed abortion occurs in the dove tree and largely restricts its natural reproduction. A number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between normal and aborted seeds of the dove tree have been previously identified through transcriptome profiling. Among these, most DEGs encoding laccase showed significant upregulation in the aborted seeds. In this study, the laccase gene with the highest expression level in aborted seeds, DiLAC17, was cloned from the dove tree genome and further verified. Overexpression of the DiLAC17 gene in Arabidopsis resulted in retarded growth, deformed siliques, and severe seed abortion. Most Arabidopsis genes involved in seed development, such as AtLEC2, AtANT1, and AtRGE1, were suppressed in the transgenic lines. Laccase activity and lignin content were significantly improved in transgenic lines under ectopic overexpression of the DiLAC17 gene. Excessive lignin accumulation in the early developmental stage was assumed to be a key cause of restricting silique growth and seed expansion, which ultimately led to seed abortion. These results indicate a laccase-mediated pathway for seed abortion, which might be a strategy adopted by this rare and endangered species to reduce the reproductive load.

为从野生春兰根中分离并筛选出有益内生真菌,应用于提高春兰对环境的适应性和抗病性,本研究从春兰根段中分离培养获得内生真菌,结合真菌形态特征和分子生物学技术进行分类鉴定,将获得的真菌与三种兰科植物病原菌进行对峙培养以筛选拮抗菌,再用其发酵液进行复筛.从春兰根段内分离到11株真菌,经鉴定9株为常见的兰科菌根真菌美孢胶膜菌(Tulasnella calospora),1株为产红色色素的篮状菌(Talaromyces sp.),1株为毛壳菌(Chaetomium sp.).11株真菌对齐整小核菌(Sclerotium rolfsii)均无明显的抑制作用,9株美孢胶膜菌对胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)的抑制率较低,但分离株毛壳菌Cg2-10-11对胶孢炭疽菌的和立枯丝核菌均表现出明显的抑制效果,其抑制率分别为(71.21±1.52)％和(87.04±5.78)％;篮状菌Cg2-10-7对立枯丝核菌的抑制率为(95.37±1.61)％,明显高于其对胶孢炭疽菌的抑制率(34.34±0.88)％.本研究结果显示春兰根中受到广泛认知的兰科共生真菌美孢胶膜菌对兰科常见病原菌拮抗效果不佳,而分离鉴定的篮状菌Cg2-10-7和毛壳菌Cg2-10-11则具有生防菌开发潜力,以期用于兰科植物的资源保护.

通过查阅近3年国内外文献,概述了城市景观格局研究方法以及基于不同研究地域类型、研究内容的城市景观格局研究现状.结合对景观格局演变驱动力因素的分析,归纳城市景观格局演变的主要特点和发展趋势,并展望了未来城市景观格局的可持续发展.

红花檵木(Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum)为金缕梅科檵木属常绿灌木或小乔木,是湖南等地主要园林彩叶植物.针对生产与应用中存在的"季节性花叶"现象,对其表型及光合特性进行调查和比较分析.结果表明:综合所有调查的292个样方中花叶表型,根据叶片颜色和大小将红花檵木这种异常花叶类型分为叶片变小的花叶(A)、绿黄相间花叶(B)、红黄相间花叶(C)、黄化或白化叶(D)、红色斑点(块)花叶(E)5类典型表型;5类表型叶片的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色素苷含量占比间差异各不相同,叶绿素含量表现为E＞CK(正常叶)＞B＞A＞C＞D,花色素苷含量表现为CK＞A＞C＞E＞B＞D,类胡萝卜素表现为D＞B＞C＞CK＞E＞A;5类表型叶片横切面结构观察与色素含量测定基本相符,叶片细胞层间叶绿体呈现不均匀分布,导致各类型间叶片叶绿素含量和叶色形成差异;5类表型叶片中A类的最大荧光值、PSⅡ的潜在光化学活性、PSⅡ有效光化学量子效率均为最高,暗呼吸速率显著高于其他类,E类的初始荧光值与叶绿素含量显著高于其他类,CK叶片的最大净光合速率显著高于其他类,光饱和点、光化学猝灭系数均高于其他类,C类的光补偿点显著高于其他类,B类的各项指标次于A、E和CK,优于C和D类,而D类的各项指标均最差;5类异常叶色叶片的光合特性与各色素含量相关,其中A类和E类各光合指标与正常叶较为接近,而B、C、D类叶均比正常叶差,其中B类总体光合能力优于C类,D类对环境适应能力最差.

Low seed fertility seriously limits the survival and adaption of rare plant species. Here, we identified a seed-specific gene, DiZF-C3H1, from the dove tree and verified its function. Overexpression of DiZF-C3H1 caused retarded root development, delayed anthesis, abnormal floral organs, and deformed siliques in transgenic Arabidopsis lines. No offspring were obtained in transgenic Arabidopsis lines due to serious seed abortion. Therefore, we performed further verification in tobacco. Similarly, overexpression of DiZF-C3H1 retarded root development and reduced berry size and seed yield in transgenic tobacco lines. Moreover, although transgenic tobacco offspring were obtained, the viability of transgenic seeds was reduced and their germination was delayed. In addition, faded flowers were observed in transgenic tobacco lines. Taken together, DiZF-C3H1 was verified to play a negative role in root growth, floral organ development, and especially seed development in Arabidopsis and tobacco. This appears to be a deleterious gene for these model plants with high seed fertility. However, this function might be of special significance for Davidia, whose seed dormancy period is extremely long; DiZF-C3H1 might play a critical role in the distinctive reproduction strategy adopted by this rare and endangered species.

Abstract Background: Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum is a typical colorful ornamental and medicinal plant. However, the coloration information and potential colorful molecular mechanisms of its leaves remain unclear. We analyzed structural and regulatory genes for flavonoid metabolites and anthocyanin biosynthesis in 3 kinds color of leaves（PL, pink leaves; ML, middle color leaves; GL, green leaves) of L. chinense var. rubrum.Results: Metabolic detection to the samples showed that there were significant differences in the metabolites accumulated in different color leaves. Meanwhile, transcriptome indicated that DFR, ANR and UFGT genes in L. chinense var. rubrum might be one of the reasons for the accumulation of anthocyanin in ML and GL. We also found that several key members of the MYB, BHLH, and WD40 gene families played important roles in regulating the accumulation of flavonoids in plants, which were considered to be the main drivers of transcriptional changes in different colors of L. chinense var. rubrum leaves. Our findings provided a comprehensive data set for the metabolism and transcription of L. chinense var. rubrum as well as candidate structures and transcription factors information related to leaf pigmentation.Conclusions: The conclusion would provide useful information for elucidating the formation of leaf color and anthocyanin accumulation in L. chinense var. rubrum，which could also explain the color variation in its leaves.

Trehalose and some members of the trehalose 6-phosphate synthase (TPS) gene family play important roles in response to abiotic stress in plants. However, no studies investigating the TPS gene in rose have been reported. In this study, the trehalose content in the stems and roots of Rosa chinensis was significantly increased under heat stress, and nine TPS family members were identified from the genome of R. chinensis. The R. chinensis TPS (RcTPS) family members could be divided into two subfamilies based on the structure and phylogenetic analysis. In this study, we found that segmental duplications contributed to the expansion of the RcTPS gene family, and the type II subfamily gene pairs RcTPS9–RcTPS10 and RcTPS7a–RcTPS7b were created by segmental duplication events. The type I subfamily RcTPS members contained 17 exons in the protein-coding region, whereas type II subfamily members only had 3 or 4 exons. Most cis-acting elements in the promoters of RcTPS members were related to plant hormones, especially ABA hormones. A phylogenetic tree of 78 TPS homologous amino acids from R. chinensis and another 7 species was constructed, which could be divided into 5 clades, and purity selection was observed to be the dominant evolutionary selection pressure. Under heat stress, except for RcTPS1b, the other eight RcTPS members were upregulated in the roots, stems, orleaves. The type II subfamily members RcTPS7a and RcTPS7b showed significantly high expression patterns in response to heat stress in all three tissues. Our findings indicate that RcTPS7a and RcTPS7b may play important roles in the heat tolerance of R. chinensis and are helpful for future functional studies of the two RcTPS members during heat stress.

在乡村振兴和建设美丽中国的大背景下,要加快生态文明体制改革,建设现代化的生态文明建设.文章总结了中国乡村建设的现状问题,并针对所出现的问题提出相应的建议及新型农业的发展方向,以实现传统乡村规划模式向新型乡村规划建设转变,推动美丽乡村的建设更加生态化、全面化.

随着科技的进步与遥感技术的成熟发展,遥感技术已经广泛应用于森林景观格局研究领域中,近年来取得了较为显著的研究成果.为进一步提升我国森林景观格局的研究水平,从森林景观分类、森林景观驱动因素分析、森林景观演化模拟与预测分析3个方面较为详细地介绍了森林景观格局研究进展,基于风景园林视角下对未来森林景观格局研究提出展望.

通过对韶关市市辖区景观格局研究揭示其城市景观发展规律,总结作为生态风景旅游城市的韶关市存在的生态问题.在ENVI5.3中对韶关市市辖区遥感影像进行景观分类,利用景观格局指数、景观类型转移矩阵和移动窗口法对研究区景观格局演变进行分析和计算,揭示韶关市市辖区2005～2021年的景观格局演变规律和主要趋势.研究结果表明:2005～2021年,受城市化进程影响,韶关市市辖区耕地面积减少293.83 km2,建设用地面积增加313.30 km2.说明了韶关市市辖区景观在2005～2021年间整体多样性上升、景观趋于集中分布.

Bract, or inflorescence leaf, is cryptic in most model plants due to a conserved suppression mechanism. While, bract is present in some ornamental plants and plays an important role in their reproductive growth. The huge and long-standing bract of an ancient species, the dove tree (Davidia), implies the existence of a distinctive pathway of bract development. However, compared to bract suppression, little is known about the regulators during bract promoting. Here, a gene named DiASR1 involved into bract development regulation in Davidia is reported. During bract development, the expression profile of the DiASR1 gene was bract-specific, and increased along with the bract growth. The DiASR1 gene was activated by environmental cues including high temperature, strong light and abscisic acid, while inhibited by low temperature, dark, gibberellin. Remarkably, ectopic expression of the DiASR1 gene resulted in bract-like leaves, besides early flowering, abnormal floral development, and aborted pollens in transgenic Arabidopsis lines. The bract-like Arabidopsis leaves exhibited a similar fading process and cell architecture to those of Davidia bract. The ectopic induction of bract-like leaves confirmed the critical function of the DiASR1 gene for bract development, and provided new insights to understand the regulation mechanism underlying the process of leaf metamorphosis.

Hydrangea macrophylla has a large inflorescence and rich colors, which has made it one of the most popular ornamental flowers worldwide. Thus far, the molecular mechanism of flower color formation in H. macrophylla flowers is unknown. By comparing the pigment content and transcriptome data of the bud period (FSF1), discoloration period (FSF2) and full-bloom stage (FSF3) of infertile blue flowers of H. macrophylla cv. “Forever Summer,” we found that genes associated with anthocyanin production were most associated with the formation of blue infertile flowers throughout development. The anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway is the main metabolic pathway associated with flower color formation, and the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway appeared to have almost no contribution to flower color. There was no competition between the flavonoid and flavonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways for their substrate. At FSF1, the key genes CHS and CHI in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were up-regulated, underlying the accumulation of a substrate for anthocyanin synthesis. By FSF3, the downstream genes F3H, C3′5′H, CYP75B1, DFR, and ANS in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were almost all up-regulated, likely promoting the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins and inducing the color change of infertile flowers. By analyzing protein–protein interaction networks and co-expression of transcription factors as well as differentially expressed structural genes related to anthocyanin synthesis, we identified negatively regulated transcription factors such as WER-like, MYB114, and WDR68. Their site of action may be the key gene DFR in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. The potential regulatory mechanism of flower color formation may be that WER-like, MYB114, and WDR68 inhibit or promote the synthesis of anthocyanins by negatively regulating the expression of DFR. These results provide an important basis for studying the infertile flower color formation mechanism in H. macrophylla and the development of new cultivars with other colors.

Flower color is one of the most important ornamental traits of flowering plants, and it has a major influence on the ornamental and economic value of flowers. The inflorescences of hydrangea are richly colored, and the plants with blue flowers are one of the most favorite types of hydrangeas. In this study, we identified the transcription factor HymMYB2 that is highly expressed in the sterile flowers of blue hydrangea cultivars. The open reading frame of the HymMYB2 was obtained by gene cloning, with a length of 939 bp that encodes 312 amino acids. HymMYB2 has R2 and R3 conserved domains, belongs to the R2R3-MYB family, and has the highest level of homology with the MYB2 of kiwifruit. The results of qPCR analysis showed that the HymMYB2 is expressed in all tissues and organs of hydrangea, and it is expressed at higher levels in blue tissues and organs. A correlation analysis showed that the level of expression of the HmMYB2 significantly correlated with the total anthocyanin content in the sterile flowers of the blue H. macrophylla 'Forever Summer' at the P < 0.01 level, but there was no correlation between the total anthocyanin content in sterile flowers of red and white hydrangea cultivars. The expression of HymMYB2 in the sterile flowers of blue H. macrophylla 'Forever Summer' correlated with the expression of C3′5′H (flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase), DFR (flavanone 4-reductase) and ANS (anthocyanidin synthase) at the P < 0.01 level and the expression of F3H (naringenin 3-dioxygenase) and BZ1 (anthocyanidin 3-o-glucosyltransferase) at the P < 0.05 level. The transcription factor HymMYB2 may regulate blue flower color formation by affecting the levels of C3′5′H, DFR and ANS. In this study, we discovered that the transcription factor HymMYB2 has a positive regulatory effect on the formation of blue hydrangea flowers. The results provide a basis for the formation and breeding of blue hydrangea flowers.