利用斑马鱼模型评价血红栓菌急性毒性,并对其主要有效成分进行测定.以血红栓菌为样品组,牛樟芝为样品对照组,同时设溶剂对照组,设置9个药物浓度梯度,对野生型AB品系2-5 dpf斑马鱼进行水溶给药,以死亡率评价筛选药物浓度;有效成分检测采用分光光度法.试验结果:血红栓菌的最大非致死剂量MNLD为200g/kg,LD50为467g/kg,未观察到斑马鱼相应的器官毒性,与牛樟芝的试验结果相似;测得血红栓菌的多糖含量为2.31％,三萜含量为1.8％.

[目的]探讨地木耳的可栽培性能,为实现人工培育地木耳提供参考依据.[方法]分别进行地木耳打浆后在高湿条件下培育、地木耳充分吸水后分栽及野外采集的干品分栽,对比分析其在蛭石、珍珠岩、沙子、石子、泥土、泥土+覆苔藓、石子+覆苔藓、泥土+覆草皮及野外泥地等不同基质中人工栽培的成活率及产量表现.[结果]地木耳打浆液以石子、沙子、珍珠岩、蛭石为栽培基质,在高湿条件下可培育出球状体地木耳,其叶绿素a、可溶性蛋白、总糖含量较野生地木耳的低.地木耳充分吸水后分栽时,持续高湿条件加速其自溶;遮雨棚下筐式栽培地木耳,以泥土为栽培基质的地木耳损失最多,石子、珍珠岩为栽培基质的地木耳干重变化小,但地木耳并未扩展蔓延;野外条件下以沙子、石子、沙石、草皮及泥土为基质栽培地木耳,大量地木耳个体自溶消失.野外采集的地木耳干品分栽时,持续高湿条件有利于其恢复生长,以煤灰为栽培基质长势更佳.[结论]打浆后的地木耳片段或细胞具有再生能力,野外收集的地木耳在减少损伤、高湿状态下正放栽培可恢复生长,说明地木耳可进行人工栽培.

着重对透气钉结构和原理进行介绍,对涨袋率、发菌状况、免刺孔栽培、病虫感染状况、产量性状及菇品质量进行分析,并与常规栽培进行对比,对取得的数值进行分析,得出结论。

On the basis of functional analysis of bryophytes including environment protection,landscaping,environmental directives and green features and so on,species of bryophytes garden developing products,such as bryophytes park,bryophyte LED aquarium,bryophyte bottle garden,bryophyte ecological restoration and bryophyte landscape products were put forward according to the characters of bryophytes.The key technology of tissue culture and bryophytes carpet technology in developing these products were discussed.

[Objective]The experiment of cultivating Lentinus edodes using poplar sawdust or poplar bark instead of hardwood sawdust was conducted in order to make full use of poplar wood processing waste materials.[Method]Effects of different formulas on bacteria survival rate,mycelial growth,production of fresh mushroom were studies.[Result]According to the test results of L.edodes cultivation,using 100% poplar sawdust or 100% poplar bark instead of hardwood sawdust as main medium,the mycelia growth was slower,the yield of fruit body was lower.While using 50% poplar bark and 50% hardwood sawdust mixture as main medium,the mycelia growth was best,the yield of fruit body was close to conventional hardwood sawdust formulation.[Conclusion] It was feasible to cultivate L.edodes using poplar bark partly instead of hardwood sawdust.

The heavy metal cadmium(Cd) was added into the culture medium at certain concentration in order to study the uptake and accumulation by Lentinus edodes during two consecutive growth years. The tested Lentinus edodes strain was"Lentinus edodes L26"during May, 2004 to May 2005 and the tested Lentinus edodes strain was"Qing Ke 20" during May 2005 to May 2006. The results showed that Cd uptake and accumulation by Lentinus edodes could be fitted by equation of:y=541.77x2.938 2, (the correlation coefficient R2=0.913 5), where x was culture materials(mg·kg-1) and y was Cd content in the fruit body. When y=1.5 mg·kg-1, the threshold content of Cd in the culture material:x=0.134 7 mg·kg-1. In addition, three additional different species of Lentinus edodes were also investigated on their Cd uptake and accumulation capacity, the species namely were "Qing Ke 20"、"QingYuan 241" and "QingYuan 9015", and Lentinus edodes "QingYuan 9015" showed the lowest accumulation of Cd, so Lentinus edodes strain "QingYuan 9015" could be chosen as the optimal variety. Two other different cultivation patterns were also investigated on Cd uptake and accumulation by Lentinus edodes, and "the cultivation pattern of shelf-plangting" showed the lowest accumulation of Cd, which could be chosen as the optimal cultivation pattern. This study is helpful for development of Cd integrated control techniques and provides basis for safety of Lentinus edodes.

从细菌性污染的黑木耳及香菇袋中分离出分属枯草芽孢杆菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、黄海芽孢杆菌等的5个细菌菌株,其中4个为芽孢杆菌。镜检观察表明,4种芽孢杆菌的菌体、芽孢形态均有一定差异,另1个菌株不能形成芽孢,说明引起香菇袋污染的细菌种类不同。非芽孢细菌在高压和常压下均可灭菌失活,污染袋中的非芽孢细菌污染可能是由于接种等操作污染引起的。在常压下灭菌,不同芽孢菌存活率不同,生产中常压灭菌后,就可能有部分芽孢存活下来,造成培养料细菌性污染。

食用菌培养料常规灭菌时间长,能耗大,设备周转慢,尤其在温度上升过程,从35℃到65℃中温区间,细菌和酵母菌大量繁殖,造成培养料的酸化和营养物质的消耗,对后期的产量和品质造成较大影响.在培养料中添加无毒、无害的矿物盐等特定的抑菌物质,中温过程细菌和酵母菌得到有效抑制;当培养料温度升高到97℃～100℃时,理化两方面共同作用,在1 h内杀灭所有真菌、细菌,甚至细菌芽孢.采用这种灭菌新工艺,灭菌时间短、接种成活率高、发菌快、分解吸收营养的能力明显加强,产量和品质都有一定程度的提高.

<正>上世纪末,日本发明了胶囊菌种,并在段木香菇上大面积应用,1999年该项技术引进到我国。庆元县食用菌科研中心经多年研究,攻克了胶囊菌种在代料香菇上应用的技术难题,并实现了国产化生产。由于胶囊菌种具有省工、省力和成活率高的优势,十分适合规模生产。近两年,应用量成倍增涨,目前已推广应用数千万袋,估计若干年后,这项技术将在我国普遍使用。为了使业内人士更好的了解该项技术,笔者将胶囊菌种的主要特点、生产技术和使用方法介绍如下。

夏季覆土栽培香菇技术在一定程度上解决了高温生产的技术问题,但仍存在3方面的技术障碍:一是夏菇高温栽培容易受杂菌感染而出现烂棒;二是覆土栽培使菇体粘带泥沙,影响质量;三是表面菌皮容易硬化,影响产量。浙江省庆元县食用菌科研中心经过多年试验研发出香菇水培技术,具有管理方便、产量高、品质好的优点,很好地解决了我国高温栽培香菇的多个技术难题。

浙江省庆元县食用菌科研中心90年代研究与推广的高棚层架代料栽培花厚菇技术,促进了我国香菇栽培从数量型向质量型转化,奠定了我国香菇生产在全球的领先地位。但这一栽培模式尚有2个技术问题未曾解决,一是割袋出菇操作十分烦琐,二是出菇时间过于集中,不仅费工费力,还严重影响香菇产量和品质。定向出菇技术同时解决这两个瓶颈问题。其技术思路是将大部分菌皮用保水剂覆盖,不使出菇,只留3 cm~5 cm空白菌皮以通气并出菇。其出菇特点是:无张力,免割袋,持续均匀出菇,营养分配合理,菇形极佳且产量高,真正做到优质、高产、省工目的。目前国内尚未见相关报道。

比较香菇在高棚层架和露地畦床式栽培条件下,镉(Cd)在香菇内的积累数量,结果表明,当培养基中Cd浓度较高时,以高棚层架栽培方式对Cd的富集能力较强,比露地畦床式栽培方式Cd含量提高16.21%;当培养基中Cd含量不高时,以露地畦床式栽培方式对Cd的富集能力较强,比高棚层架栽培方式Cd含量提高3.58%。

Lentinula edodes,which is the biggest export amount in our country,was chosen for testing material.Five kinds of harmful heavy metals were added into the culture medium in order to study the dynamics of heavy metals absorption and accumulation.The results showed that the correlation equation of Cd absorption and accumulation is y=541.77x2.9382(x and y are the content of Cd in culture medium and L.edodes,respectively),R2=0.9135.When y is 1.5 mg/kg,x is 0.135 mg/kg;The correlation equation of Hg is y=302.19x2-20.507x+0.2962,R2=0.9984.When y is 0.2 mg/kg,x is 0.0628 mg/kg;The correlation equation of As is y=1.7392x2+1.3433x+0.1438,R2=0.9058.When y is 1.0 mg/kg,x is 0.42 mg/kg;The correlation equation of Cu is y=0.5974x,R2=-0.8521.When y is 10 mg/kg,x is 16.7 mg/kg;The correlation equation of Pb is y=0.0002x2+0.0152x+0.2347,R2=0.9494.When y is 2.0 mg/kg,x is 63.3 mg/kg.The accumulation coefficient was 10.4-18.0(Cd),2.62-14.2(Hg),2.11-3.70(As),0.483-1.07(Cu),0.025-0.207(Pb),respectively.The order of accumulation abilities is CdHgAsCuPb.

选择出口量最大的香菇为材料,分析了三个不同香菇品种对有害重金属镉的积累,结果表明,3个香菇品种对重金属Cd的富集能力为:庆科20＞241-1＞9015,建议可以9015为抗重金属Cd的栽培品种。

香菇是当前世界上栽培量最大的木腐型食用菌,也是最早人工栽培的菇类之一.最原始的香菇人工栽培方法是原木砍花法,由浙江庆元(当时归属于龙泉县)的先民发明.

Agricultural way was used mainly to control diseases and pests of Lentinula edodes by bag cultivation in this paper.

Eighty-four different types of pathogenic and competitive microorganisms, and 92 types of pests, were identified during an investigation of diseases and pests associated with Lentinula edodes production in Zhejiang Province of China that was conducted during the period 1999～2004. Microbial types belonged to the Eumycophyta, Bacteria, Myxomycota, Actinomycetes and Viruses, and the pests to Arthropoda and Mollusca. The major diseases of L. edodes were caused by Trichoderma, Mucor, Rhizopus, Aspergillus flavus Link, Rhodotorula and Monilia. Lycoriella pleuroti Yang et Zhang and a Scatopse species were the preponderant pest species, although Mycophila fungicola Felt was responsible for causing major levels of damage.

介绍了庆元县食用菌科研中心对代料香菇栽培技术进行技术改进,形成了半生料灭菌技术、香菇胶囊菌种应用技术、开放式接种技术、花菇免割袋出菇技术等四项主要技术为主的省力低耗、高产、优质的代料香菇轻型栽培技术.

随着形势的发展,尤其是我国加入WTO后,对产业的生产效率、产品质量、卫生安全、生态平衡等方面提出了更高的要求.为解决目前产业存在的散乱局面,提升产业水平,我县建立了"农庄型"香菇标准化示范基地,从更高的层次摸索走科技化、基地化、规模化、标准化的发展道路,取得了明显成效.