利用空间代替时间的方法,研究了浙江省仙居县3、9、14、21年生根系和土壤微生物量碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及化学计量比.结果表明,杨梅根系C、C:N在不同林龄间没有显著差异;随着林龄的增加,根系N、P含量降低,而C:P、N:P则增大;21年生杨梅根系N含量显著低于3年生(P<0.05),磷含量显著低于其他林龄(P<0.05);21年生杨梅根系C:P、N:P显著高于其他林龄(P<0.05).从根系N:P的变化可知,随着林龄增大,杨梅生长受到P的限制更加明显.土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)、微生物量磷(MBP)含量和MBC:MBN、MBC:MBP表现为先明显下降而后略有升高,而MBN:MBP总体呈现上升趋势.3年生杨梅MBC含量和MBC:MBN显著高于其他林龄(P<0.05),MBN、MBP含量显著高于9年生(P<0.05);9年生MBC:MBP显著低于其他林龄(P<0.05);3年生0—10 cm土层的MBN:MBP显著低于其他林龄(P<0.05),而21年生的10—30 cm土层的MBN:MBP显著高于其他林龄(P<0.05).从土壤微生物量N:P的变化可知,幼龄杨梅生长主要受N的限制,林龄达14年后,其生长主要受P的限制.

减缓气候变化刻不容缓,造林增汇是减缓气候变化的重要方式之一.采用将浙江省所有宜林地一次性营造为杉木林的方式测算其碳汇潜力;基于当前碳市场价格,对浙江省造林增汇进行效益评估并作碳价格单因素敏感性分析.结果表明,杉木造林项目的碳汇潜力为5508.76万吨,在4.90％ 的长期贷款利率条件下净现值为559068.77万元,内部收益率为11.25％.碳汇价格的单因素变动不会造成项目不可行.针对浙江省林地资源相对分散的特点和造林增汇的需求,应推动联合CCER认证营造碳汇林,降低林业经营者的计量检测费用与联合成本,有效借助外部力量.

杨梅(Myrica rubra)为我国特有常绿果树,但有关杨梅不同器官氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)的生态化学计量特征的认识还不够充分.以浙江省仙居县杨梅人工林为对象,通过对不同年龄杨梅叶片、茎(枝)、根系中N、P、K质量分数的测定,探讨了杨梅不同年龄各器官N、P、K化学计量特征及在各器官中的分配规律.结果表明:杨梅N、P质量分数大小表现为叶、根、茎,K质量分数高低排序为叶、茎、根;随年龄的增加,杨梅叶中P、K质量分数下降,根中N、P、K质量分数均下降,而茎中的N、K则逐年增高;杨梅各器官N:P介于12.69～42.97,N:K介于0.89～2.16,K:P介于9.10～26.04;随年龄的增长,杨梅叶N:P、K:P先降低而后增大,茎、根N:P、K:P逐年增高,N:K在叶中逐渐增高,茎中先上升而后降低,而根中则先下降而后升高.杨梅叶片的N、K平均分配比例达55.3％和43.1％,而在根系的分配比例仅为18.2％和18.4％.影响杨梅生长的限制元素是P,在生产经营过程中可适当增施磷肥.

为了解不同林龄杨梅(Myrica rubra)叶片和土壤的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征,以浙江省仙居县3、9、14和21年生的杨梅人工林为对象,研究了杨梅叶片和土壤的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及化学计量比.结果 表明,杨梅叶片碳、氮含量在不同林龄间无差异,3年生叶片磷含量显著高于14年和21年生(P＜0.05),21年生叶片C:P显著高于3年和9年生(P＜0.05).土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均随着林龄的增大表现为先降低而后升高.3年生杨梅林土壤有机碳含量显著高于其他年龄(P＜0.05),土壤全氮、全磷含量显著高于9年生(P＜0.05).土壤C:N、C:P及N:P在不同林龄间没有差异.同一林龄杨梅土壤碳氮磷含量及其化学计量比总体表现为随土层深度增加而降低.叶片氮含量与土壤全氮具有显著正相关(P＜0.05).杨梅生长的限制元素是磷,在生产经营过程中,可适当增施磷肥.

以浙江省常山县3年生、6年生、9年生、30年生的油茶人工林为研究对象,分析了不同林龄油茶叶片和土壤的碳、氮、磷含量及化学计量比.结果表明:油茶叶片碳含量在不同林龄间差异不显著;9年生叶片氮含量显著高于3年生的,磷含量则表现为9年生和30年生的叶片显著高于3年生的;3年生叶片的C:N显著高于9年生的,C:P则表现为3年生叶片显著高于9年生和30年生的.土壤有机碳含量随着年龄的增长而随之增加,9年生和30年生油茶林表层土壤有机碳含量显著高于3年生的.土壤氮、磷含量则随着林龄的增大而降低,3年生和6年生油茶林土壤磷含量显著高于30年生的,其中土层为10～30 cm的土壤氮含量显著高于30年生的.土壤C:N、C:P均随着林龄的增加而增大,不同林龄间具有显著性差异.除N:P外,同一林龄油茶土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量比均随土层深度增加而降低.叶片氮、磷含量与土壤有机碳含量有显著正相关关系;叶片碳含量与表层土壤氮含量之间有显著正相关关系,而叶片氮、磷含量则与表层土壤氮含量呈显著负相关.油茶生长的限制元素是氮,在生产经营过程中,可适当增施氮肥.

As an important part of the active soil organic carbon(SOC)pool,microbial biomass carbon(MBC) is the impetus and key to nutrient and energy cycling in the soil ecosystem.To provide important scientific ref-erences for forest soil carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emission in this region, the warming effect on forest soil MBC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)were determined using an incubation experiment. The content dynamics of MBC and DOC of an evergreen broadleaf forest,a Cunninghamia lanceolata forest, a mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest, and a Cryptomeria fortunei forest in the National Nature Reserve of Fengyang Mountain were studied using an incubation experiment at 10 ℃, 20 ℃, and 30 ℃. Results showed that SOC and DOC in the Cryptomeria fortunei forest were significantly higher(P<0.05)than other forests; MBC in the mixed broadleaf forest was significantly higher(P<0.05)than the other forests; and SOC, MBC, and DOC in the Cunninghamia lanceolata forest were significantly lower(P<0.05). At 10 ℃, MBC for various stand types declined fast at an early stage and then declined slower. However, DOC rose in the early stage and then de-clined later. At 20 ℃, MBC and DOC with various stand types slowly declined. At 30 ℃, MBC with various stand types rose early but declined later, and DOC quickly declined early and slowly declined later. For the same detection time, MBC for the same stand type was characterized by 30 ℃>20 ℃>10 ℃; whereas, DOC was 10 ℃>20 ℃>30 ℃. For the same temperature, MBC and DOC in the evergreen broadleaf forest as well as the mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest declined larger on the whole than in the C. lanceolata forest and the C.fortunei forest after the 56 days of incubation experiment.

[Objective]Myrica rubra is a subtropical tree grown for its sweet,crimson to dark purple-red,edible fruit,which is very populous in China.It is native to eastern Asia,mainly in south-central China,where the tree has been cultivated for at least 2 000 years.Due to the high medicinal and edible values of M.rubra,the planting area of the fruit has exceeded 5 million acres in China including 1.3 million acres in Zhejiang province.With people' s concerns about the healthiness of the diet,increasing attention is being paid upon the production environment and fruit quality and safety of M.rubra.Heavy metal content in M.rubra soil is an important parameter for the safety of the product.In this study,the contents of six heavy metals in soils sampled from orchards in Taizhou,Wenzhou,Shaoxing and other places of Zhejiang province were investigated.The aim was to provide a reference for the evaluation and management of soils and environmental quality in the traditional M.rubra producing regions in China.[Methods]Two hundred and forty-one soil samples were collected from the M.rubra producing areas in Zhejiang province from 2007 to 2013.Soils were sampled from a depth of 0-40 cm,and each sample volume was 1 kg evenly composed of soils sampled from five sites randomly selected from M.rubra orchards.The Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn and Cr contents were detected with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and As and Hg contents were detected using an atomic fluorescence spectrometer.Correlation analysis was carried out to reveal the relationships between heavy metals.The assessment of heavy metal pollution in the orchards was conducted using single pollution index and comprehensive pollution index methods.[Results] The average contents of heavy metals in the soil samples from the M.rubra plantations were in the order of Zn＞ Cr＞ Pb＞ Cu＞ As＞ Hg＞ Cd.The contents of Hg,As,Pb and Zn in some soil samples exceeded the limits.In case of Hg,there was only one sample with 0.21 mg kg-1,which was slightly higher than the limit of 0.20 mg kg-1.The contents of As in 6 soil samples were slightly higher than the limit.The Pb contents in 18 soil samples collected mostly in 2007 and 2008 were higher than the current limit of 45 mg kg-1.In addition,20 soil samples had a Zn content that exceeded the limit value of 100 mg kg-1.The majority of heavy metals in the M.rubra soils showed a slow deceasing trend from 2007 to 2013.Correlation analysis of heavy metals and pH value in the soils showed that there was no significant correlation between Hg and other elements.The content of Cu showed significant positive correlations with As,Zn,Cd and Cr.There was a positive correlation between Pb and Cd as well as between Cr and As (P＜O.001).However,a significant negative correlation was found between pH and As and between pH and Cr.Except for Hg,As,Pb and Zn in a few of the soil samples,the heavy metal contents in most of the soil samples were lower than the limits of the soil environment quality standard.Soil samples were also assessed by means of the single factor pollution index method and the comprehensive pollution index method.The result showed that the highest single factor pollution index was found in Pb in soil samples collected in 2008,which was 0.90.For most of the years (except for 2009 and 2012),the pollution index of Zn was higher than 0.70,which was below the limit for food safety.However,the single factor pollution indexes of the heavy metals were all lower than 1.0,and so was the comprehensive pollution index.[Conclusion]Although some soil samples contained heavy metals exceeding the limits,the pollution index showed low risk of heavy metal pollution in the soils of M.rubra plantations in Zhejiang province.However,the pollution index of zn was always on the alert level,which needs to be further studied with the method of source apportionment.Policy of source control and prevention should be adopted to control heavy metal pollution in M.rubra plantations.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">高保护价值森林理论已在我国林业相关部门受到广泛关注,但只有少数森林经营单位实际开展了高保护价值森林区划判定工作。由于我国关于高保护价值森林的判定标准还没有量化指标,使得大多数森林经营单位无法得出确切的区划结果。文中介绍了高保护价值森林与生态公益林的概念,从判定标准、区划方法和应用范围3个方面比较了高保护价值森林与生态公益林之间的异同点,并以我国4个森林经营单位作为案例分析,对我国建立高保护价值森林区划体系提出建议,以期推动高保护价值森林在我国的发展。</span>

The heavy metals contents of Pb,Cd and As in rhizome shoots of Phyllostachys pubescens were analyzed.The results show that there were 3 kinds of heavy metals(Pb,Cd andAs),the detectable rates all were 100%,the content sequence was Pb > Cd > As,but did not exceed 50% of the limited value.From 2010 to 2012,the contents of Pb and Cd in rhizome shoots showed an obviously raising trend,the comprehensive pollution index also rose by 40.35%;by analysis from different producing areas,the safety of rhizome shoots from Wenzhou region was the safest,the comprehensive pollution index of rhizome shoots from Quzhou was the highest,the comprehensive pollution indexes of rhizome shoots from every areas were less than 0.7.It is found that the pollution level of heavy metal pollution in rhizome shoots of Zhejiang province was small,the rhizome shoots quality are relatively safe.

综述了食品中现有的甲醛检测方法(光度法、色谱法、电化学法、传感器法),比较了各检测方法的优缺点,并指出在实际分析过程中应根据不同检测方法的原理、范围、灵敏度、干扰因素、反应条件、检测速度等进行分析比较。

Analysis was made on the development process and motivation of forest food industry in Zhejiang province on the statistical yearbook of Zhejiang Forestry Department.The results showed that the development process in Zhejiang is in the later growth period.Output value of economic forest products has decreased its percentage in forest food industry,while that of non-timber forest products has increased.Chestnut is in relatively stable development life cycle of maturity.Hickory and Chinese torreya is at the growth period.Factors to influence forest food industry development are policy,climate,techniques and market.

This paper analyzed nitrite residues in bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys violascens) under different cultivations including winter mulching, autumn mulching and not mulching, and nitrite residues in shoots (Ph. edulis) with high fertilization level and no fertilization. The results indicated that nitrite residues in Ph. violascens shoots were ordered by winter mulching, not mulching and autumn mulching. Nitrite residues in rhizome shoots and winter bamboo shoot of low yield Ph. edulis forest were higher than those of high-yield Ph. edulis forest. The nitrite residues in bamboo shoots were probably related to temperature and soil nitrogen content alike.

The pollution degrees of pesticide residues in 180 kiwi fruits of the main kiwi fruit-producing areas of Zhejiang were evaluated by the State non-environmental pollution deciduous fruit berry standards.The results showed that 5 pesticide residues of the 7 pesticides were detectable in fresh kiwi fruits.The detectability rate of pesticide varieties was 71.4%,and sample detectability rate was 52.2%.Dichlorvos and dimethoate were not detected.The pesticide detectability rates of cypermethrin,chlorothalonil,triadimefon and deltamethrin were 25.6%,17.2%,12.2% and 0.56%,respectively.The detectability rate of carbendazim was 26.7%,which exceeded the tolerance of State standards.There were some differences in the pesticide detectability rates in different regions and sampling sites.The detectability rate in the production base was lower than that in free markets.After integrating evaluation into single pollution index and the intergrated pollution index,kiwi fruits were not polluted by pesticides.

在测定杨梅硒含量的过程中比较微波消解法和湿法消解(电热板加热消解)法对测定结果的影响。结果表明,微波消解法的测定结果更为准确和稳定,且更节约成本及时间。

This paper studied the changes in nitrite residual content of bamboo shoots during storage.Shoots under test included spring-shoots,winter-shoots and rhizome shoots of Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens,mulch-promoting autumn-shoots,mulch promoting winter-shoots and spring-shoots of P.praecox cv.prevernalis as well.The results showed that the nitrite residual content of spring-shoots of P.heterocycla cv.pubescens,spring-shoots and,spring-shoots and mulch promoting winter-shoots of P.praecox first increased and then decreased.While that of the other kinds of bamboo shoots was just the opposite.

On the statistical analysis of the oil-tea camellia seed oil data from the field sampling in major output county areas in Zhejiang Province,the study on the content levels of the acid value and peroxide value of oil-tea camellia seed oil in Zhejiang Province was made.The results showed that the effective sample number of the oil-tea camellia seed oil was 50.The average acid value(KOH) was 0.36 mg/g,according with the Standard of DB33/T 525-2004 <Non-environmental pollution oil-tea camellia seed oil>(acid value≤1.0 mg/g),and the content range was 0.11～1.00 mg/g.The average peroxide value was 3.52 mmoL/kg,according with the Standard of DB33/T 525-2004<Non-environmental pollution oil-tea camellia seed oil>(peroxide value≤6.0 mmoL/kg),and the content range was 0.42～9.20 mmoL/kg.

Phytoremedication of heavy metal pollution in bamboo forest land was studied by four green plants.The results showed that the hyperaccumulator could reduce the content of specific elements in soil of bamboo forest.Pb,Cd and Zn in soil could be super-accumulated by Sedum alfredii,and these elements could be accumulated up to 50.4 mg·kg-1,33.0 mg·kg-1,73.1 mg·kg-1 through one growth cycle of rhizosphere,and the 3 elements reduced by 8.7%,10.5%,and 4.0%,respectively in test plots.Zn and As in soil could be super-accumulated by Eremochloa ciliaris,and these elements could be accumulated up to 82.7 mg·kg-1,72.1 mg·kg-1 through one growth cycle of E.ciliaris,and these elements in the soil reduced by 5.3% and 20.0% in test plots.The of heavy metal enrichment of the plants varied in different growth time,and rapid accumulation in the early and medium-term,more moderate accumulation in later phase.

In order to provide scientific basis for the quality and satety assessment of Myrica rubra by investigating the pollution levels of Pb,Cd,As and Hg in Myrica rubra fruit.128 samples of Myrica rubra Fruits in 13 counties of Zhejiang province was assayed,evaluated and compared with national standard.This study determined the content of Pb and Cd by using the Thermo Solar S4 graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after wet digestion,the content of As and Hg by using the AFS-930 atomic fluorescence spectrometer after pressure digestion.And the content of four elements were compared and evaluated with the national standard.The results showed that the detection rates of Hg,As,Pb,Cd were 100% and average concentration of Hg,As,Pb,Cd was 0.0036,0.0290,0.1400,0.0120 mg/kg respectively.The ratio of concentration and criterion of four elements in fruits was Pb (70%),Cd (40%),Hg (35.8%),As (5.8%) respectively.There were some differences of concentration of Hg,As,Pb,Cd in different regions.The order of the single-factor pollution index of heavy metal determined was Pb>Cd>Hg>As,and the order of the integration pollution index of Myrica rubra fruits was free from pollution while the polluted status by the heavy metal in qingtian county was light.

The contents of main contaminants of soils in bamboo shoots production areas in Zhejiang were studied.The results showed that the content of Pb,Cd,Hg,As,Cr,Cu and Zn in soil was 28mg/kg,0.11 mg/kg,0.096 mg/kg,5.60 mg/kg,36 mg/kg,14 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg,respectively.The soil pH was 5.0.According to the national soil quality standards,the contaminant contents of soils in bamboo shoots production areas in Zhejiang were in the safe levels by the single factor pollution index method,but the comprehensive pollution index was near the threshold value of pollution.Based on the forest food standard,the content of Zn and Pb were higher over the standard.The contaminant level in soil was in the older of Zn>Pb>Cd>Cr>As>Hg>Cu.The contaminant levels in different districts were obviously different.The relative standard deviation of Pb content in the areas was the highest(33%),and the others was in the order of As>Cu>Cr>Cd>Hg>Zn.The quality and quantity of the fertilizer should be focused in the production of bamboo shoots in this areas.