Background:Intensive and antibiotic-free broiler production requires nutritional strategies that support meat quality and redox stability. Broussonetia papyrifera flavonoids (BPF) have antioxidant and metabolic regulatory activities, but their effects on broiler muscle development and muscle metabolomic profiles remain unclear. Methods:A total of 240 healthy 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments for 42 days: a basal diet without BPF (control) or basal diets supplemented with 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg BPF (groups I-III). Meat quality, muscle morphology, antioxidant indices, and non-targeted LC-MS/MS metabolomic profiles were evaluated in pectoral and thigh muscles. Results:BPF improved selected water-holding capacity indices by reducing pectoral cooking loss and thigh drip loss (P < 0.05), with no significant effect on shear force (P > 0.05). BPF also altered pH and color traits, reduced muscle fiber diameter, increased fiber density, enhanced T-AOC, T-SOD, and GSH-Px activities, and decreased MDA content, with the most consistent responses observed at 200 mg/kg. Non-targeted metabolomics of the control and 200 mg/kg groups identified 75 differential metabolites in pectoral muscle and 65 in thigh muscle (P < 0.05). Enriched pathways were mainly associated with amino acid metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, fatty acid digestion and absorption, and oxidative stress-related metabolic regulation. Conclusion:Dietary BPF, particularly at 200 mg/kg, improved selected broiler meat quality, muscle fiber traits, and antioxidant status. The metabolomic findings provide exploratory evidence of muscle-specific metabolic remodeling that requires targeted validation.

In this study, Trichosanthes kirilowii seed oil diglyceride (DAG) emulsion was prepared by using tannic acid (TA), propylene glycol alginate (PGA) and diglycerides, and the TA-PGA composite was used as a surface stabilizer for DAG. The results showed that the TA-PGA composite prepared at pH 4.0 and the mass ratio of TA to PGA of 0.8 could achieve an embedding rate of 70.5% for Trichosanthes kirilowii seed oil DAG. The particle size of the emulsion under these conditions was 13.8 mu m, and the surface potential was-28.8 mV. This result indicates that the TA-PGA composite-embedded DAG emulsion improves the emulsification and oxidative stability of DGA, and provides an innovative approach for expanding the potential applications of Trichosanthes kirilowii seed oil DAG in the food industry.

Flavonoids, widely present in Artemisia argyi (AA), offer potential health benefits but are limited in food applications because of their bitter taste, inadequate absorption, and stability. Casein micelles encapsulation can enhance the flavonoid absorption, stability, and bioactivity. In this study, Artemisia argyi flavonoids (AAFs) were extracted using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to optimize the process. The glycosylation reaction between casein (CN) micelles and oat β-glucan (OBG) was employed to improve AAF’s emulsifying stability, sustained release during digestion, and cellular uptake. The maximum glycosylation degree of 32.33% was achieved at a CN-to-OBG ratio of 1:2, 120 min browning time, and 95 °C temperature. This glycosylated delivery system enhanced the emulsifying properties of the AAFs, digestive sustained release, and cellular uptake, showing potential as a cross-linking material for fat-soluble substances and medicines.

Micelle systems using safe food-grade biopolymers are of particular interest for the encapsulation and delivery of nutrition components. Micellar casein (MC) was assembled using transglutaminase (TGase) to couple with phosphoserine peptide, which enhance the stability of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from algae oil. The mechanism behind the construction of MC-phosphoserine peptide and the encapsulation of DHA was explored. The results showed that the average particle size of the MC-phosphoserine peptide was 155.09 nm, when the mass ratio of polypeptide was 3 %, TGase activity was 4.5 U and pH 6.5. The recombinant MC-phosphoserine peptide system can improve the emulsification and digestive stability of DHA compared to the control MC. Chelation interaction between phosphoserine peptide and MC played an important role in increasing the stabilization reassembly MC. The phosphoserine peptide high calcium-binding capacity enhances encapsulation efficiency and digestion sustained-release in self-assembled micelles for fat-soluble substances.

Cinnamaldehyde (CA), P-Anisaldehyde (PAA), N-heptanal (NHA) and Citronellal (CNA) were used to modify sodium caseinate (SC) as emulsifiers to stabilize β-carotene emulsion, and the binding mechanism of SC and spice aldehyde (SA) was discussed. The results showed that the binding of SA and SC was mainly driven by non-covalent interaction, especially hydrogen bonding. It was also found that CA may form covalent bond with SC through Schiff base reaction. Moreover, the combination of SA altered the structure of SC, enhanced its surface hydrophobicity, and improved its emulsifying property. The β-carotene has been better embedded by using CA-SC composite as surface stabilizer, and the droplets dispersed uniformly and with a droplet size of 222.65 nm, Emulsifying activity index (EAI) was 58.52 m2/g, emulsion stability index (ESI) was 42.22 min when the pH was 8.0. Thus, CA was better to be used to improve the emulsification stability of β-carotene by combining with SC as surface stabilizer.

Diacylglycerol (DAG)-rich cheese was prepared by partially replacing milk fat with DAG emulsion stabilized with α-Lactalbumin (α-La)-lecithin through ultrasound processing. The emulsification of the DAG and texture, rheological properties of soft cheese were evaluated. The results showed that the binding rate of lecithin to α- La was 70.4 % when the ultrasound power was 400 W and the ratio of lecithin to α-La was 4/10 (w/w). The DAG enriched soft cheese were processed when the additive percentage of α-La-lecithin DAG emulsion was 1.6-2.0 %. With the increase of the ultrasound power from 100 W to 400 W, the droplet size of emulsion was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the ζ-potential was increased in negative. Ultrasonic treatment below 400 W can alter the conformation of α-La, promote the non-covalent binding of α-La with lecithin, improve the emulsifying performance of DAG, and change the rheological and textured properties of soft cheese.

Cold stimulation can impair the immune and antioxidant functions of animals, which further leads to a decline in animal production performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Caragana korshinskii (CK) on the antioxidant and immunological properties of sheep under oxidative stress induced by cold stimulation. In this study, a total of 54 healthy 2-month-old sheep were randomly divided into six groups, namely the control group and experimental groups I–V. The control group sheep were fed the basal diets, while the sheep in experimental groups I–V had their diets supplemented with 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 g kg−1 of CK aqueous extract, respectively; the sheep from all groups were housed in semi-closed enclosures for 65 d (the pre-trial period was 15 d, and the experimental period was 50 d) in a cold environment (−20 to −10 °C). The results showed that the final body weight and average daily gain (ADG) of sheep in groups I, II, and III were significantly increased compared with the control group (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p>0.05). Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were decreased (p<0.05); malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased (p<0.05); and the tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were increased (p<0.05), whereas interleukin-10 (IL-10), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) were decreased (p<0.05) in the blood of the control sheep after 50 d of cold stimulation. In contrast, T-AOC, GSH-Px, and SOD increased (p<0.05); MDA decreased (p<0.05); and TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-6 decreased (p<0.05), whereas IL-10, IgM, and IgG increased (p<0.05) in the group with the addition of CK aqueous extract. Moreover, the CK aqueous extract decreased MDA (p<0.05) and increased T-AOC, GSH-Px, and SOD in sheep liver (p<0.05) and decreased TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-6 (p<0.05) and increased IL-10, IgM, and IgG in the thymus and spleen (p<0.05). These results suggest that the addition of CK aqueous extract can promote sheep growth and improve oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune response to chronic cold stimulation in sheep.

Despite the established role of acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 2 (ACAA2) in hepatic lipid homeostasis in mammals, its function in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism during the embryonic stage of chickens remains unexplored. This study aimed to explore the regulatory role of ACAA2 in hepatic lipid metabolism and investigate its molecular mechanisms in chicken embryos. A recombinant ACAA2-shRNA plasmid was successfully constructed for targeted suppression of ACAA2 expression. Knockdown of ACAA2 significantly increased triglyceride content, promoted lipid droplet accumulation, and upregulated lipogenesis-related gene expression in chicken embryos. The knockdown of ACAA2 significantly suppressed both mRNA and protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1), while conversely upregulating sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) mRNA and protein expression. Notably, these metabolic alterations caused by ACAA2 knockdown were markedly reversed by the activation of PPARα in primary chicken embryonic hepatocytes, suggesting functional crosstalk between the ACAA2 and PPARα signaling pathways. These results indicate that fat accumulation action of the knockdown of ACAA2 was due to enhancing SREBP-1c expression and reducing PPARα expression. In present study, ACAA2 was identified as a critical modulator of embryonic lipid metabolism, offering a target for interventions to reduce embryonic mortality or metabolic diseases in poultry.

This study aimed to determine the mechanisms of heat-induced oxidative stress in the thymus and spleen of broilers. After 28 d, 30 broilers were randomly divided into the control (25°C ± 2°C; 24 h/d) and heat-stressed (36°C ± 2°C; 8 h/d) groups; the experiment lasted for 1 wk. The broilers in each group were euthanized, and some samples were collected and analyzed at 35 d. The results showed that the birds subjected to heat stress reduced the weight (P < 0.01) and the indices of thymus (P < 0.01), the activities of T-AOC (P < 0.01) and SOD (P < 0.05) of spleen, and levels of IL-10 (P < 0.05) and the GSH-PX (P < 0.05) in thymus and spleen, and increased the IL-6 content of thymus (P < 0.05), the MDA content (P < 0.01), and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels (P < 0.01) in thymus and spleen. Moreover, the expression of the IgG gene in the thymus and spleen of heat-stressed broilers was increased (P < 0.05); however, the expression of the IgM gene in the spleen was increased (P < 0.05), with no difference (P > 0.05) in the thymus of heat-stressed broilers compared with the control. Furthermore, the relative expression of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) in the thymus and spleen both increased (P < 0.05). The sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 (SVCT-2) (P < 0.01) and mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) (P < 0.01) mRNA levels in the thymus of heat-stressed broilers increased, and the expression of ABCG2 (P < 0.05), SVCT-2 (P < 0.01), and MCU (P < 0.01) proteins in the thymus and spleen of heat-stressed broilers increased compared with the control group. This study confirmed that heat stress-induced oxidative stress in the immune organs of broilers, further reducing immune function.

Objective: To explore the conditions of embedding diacylglycerol (DAG) with sodium casein (SC) and nano cellulose cellulose (NCC) as wall materials and improve the quality of functional fermented dairy products.Methods: Using milk fat as raw material, DAG was prepared by enzymolysis reaction. Using SC and NCC as wall materials, oil in water DAG emulsion was prepared. The addition amount of SC and NCC, particle size and homogeneous pressure of the emulsion under optimal preparation conditions were screened, and rheological analysis, texture analysis and sensory analysis were conducted on soft cheese with DAG nano-emulsion added. The stability difference between them was investigated and soft cheese was prepared as a fat substitute. Results: The optimum conditions for preparing sodium caseinate cellulose DAG lotion by the high-pressure homogenization method were as follows: NCC content 1.5%, SC content 5%, core wall ratio 1:1, homogenization pressure 100 MPa. All lotions are oils in water with particle sizes between 100~240 nm. By analyzing the characteristics of soft cheese, with the addition of DAG lotion, the elasticity of soft cheese increased, and the hardness, consistency, and cohesiveness all increased at first and then decreased. When the addition of lotion was 2%, the sensory quality was significantly higher than in other groups. Conclusion: In the NCC content of 1.5%, SC content of 5%, core wall ratio of 1:1, under the conditions of homogenization pressure of 100 MPa, DAG could be effectively embedded, and the embedding rate could reach 77.9%. When 2% DAG lotion was added to soft cheese, the sensory quality of the soft cheese could be significantly improved.

Abstract Background Age at puberty is an important factor affecting goat fertility, with endocrine and genetic factors playing a crucial role in the onset of puberty. To better understand the relationship between endocrine and genetic factors and mechanisms underlying puberty onset in goats, reproductive hormone levels were analyzed by ELISA and ultraperformance liquid chromatography–multiple reaction monitoring–multistage/mass spectrometry and RNA sequencing was performed to analyze ovarian genes. Results Serum follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, 11-deoxycortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, cortisone, and cortisol levels were found to be higher but progesterone were lower in pubertal goats as compared to those in prepubertal goats (P < 0.05). A total of 18,139 genes were identified in cDNA libraries, and 75 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified (|log2 fold change|≥ 1, P ≤ 0.05), of which 32 were significantly up- and 43 were down-regulated in pubertal goats. Gene ontology enrichment analyses indicated that DEGs were mainly involved in “metabolic process,” “signaling,” “reproduction,” and “growth.” Further, DEGs were significantly enriched in 91 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, including estrogen signaling pathway, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and cAMP signaling pathway. Bioinformatics analysis showed that PRLR and THBS1 were highly expressed in pubertal ovaries, and ZP3, ZP4, and ASTL showed low expression, suggesting their involvement in follicular development and lutealization. Conclusions To summarize, serum hormone changes and ovarian DEGs expression were investigated in our study. Further studies are warranted to comprehensively explore the functions of DEGs in goat puberty.

在新农科建设背景下,在鱼类生理学教学过程中,通过案例式和启发式教学法将思政教育渗透到教学的各环节,同时利用在线教育平台、互动式教学软件和学习型移动终端将现代信息技术融入到教学实践中,而后以修订教学大纲、健全教学评价体系等途径实现课程思政与现代信息技术的有机融合,以立德树人为教学中心环节,培养学生的综合学习能力和学科整合意识,提升学生对建设农业农村现代化、服务乡村全面振兴的使命感和责任感,为全面建设社会主义现代化培育高素质应用型人才.

教学队伍建设是优秀人才培养的根本保障.动物生理学是农业院校动物类专业重要的专业基础课,也是链接基础学科与专业学科的重要课程之一.本文围绕动物生理学国家级一流本科课程建设,分析了教学团队的重要性和动物生理学的重要性以及动物生理学教学团队的现状,并对动物生理学教学团队的建设目标进行了思考.

杂交构树'中科 1 号构树'(Broussonetia papyrifera'Zhongke No.1')属桑科构属落叶灌木,具有生长迅速、产量高、蛋白含量丰富的特性,是一种极具开发价值的非常规蛋白质饲料资源.但其作为一种饲料原料,粗纤维含量高、蛋白质结构复杂,且含有抗营养因子.为了提高构树饲料适口性和营养物质消化率,降低其中纤维素含量,本试验选用植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)、乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)、布氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus buchneri)作为发酵菌种,对半干构树采用正交设计来优化菌种组合、物料组合、含水量、青贮时间等条件,以感官指标、化学指标以及营养指标为判定青贮质量优劣的依据,最终确定最优的构树半干青贮饲料工艺参数组合.结果表明,构树半干青贮最佳工艺参数为水分含量 55%、植物乳杆菌:乳酸片球菌:布氏乳杆菌组合比例 4:1:1、糖蜜添加量 3%、纤维素酶添加量 9×103 U·kg-1、青贮时间 60 d.该条件下有氧稳定性为 226.33～245.67 h,粗蛋白含量为16.27%～16.62%,酸性洗涤纤维含量为 32.25%～32.61%,中性洗涤纤维含量为 44.17%～44.81%.本研究确定了杂交构树半干青贮饲料适宜工艺参数,为构树青贮饲料在畜牧养殖业的应用提供依据.

Goose astrovirus (GoAstV), goose parvovirus (GPV), and goose circovirus (GoCV) infections have similar symptoms, such as severe diarrhea, and cause serious economic losses to the goose industry globally. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a rapid and accurate method for the differential diagnosis of the 3 viruses. In this study, a TaqMan probe-based multiplex reverse transcription-qualitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method was established and optimized for simultaneous detection of the three viruses. Three pairs of specific primers and probes were designed considering the conserved sequences of ORF2, VP3, and Rep of GoAstV, GPV, and GoCV, respectively. Singleplex real-time RT-qPCR detected a minimum of 10 copies of these genes, while multiplex real-time RT-qPCR detected a minimum of 100 copies. The correlation coefficients exceeded 0.99, and the amplification efficiency was 80 to 100%. The assay had high sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability. In 85 tissue samples, GoAstV and GPV were the main pathogens and demonstrated co-infection. This assay provides a rapid, efficient, specific, and sensitive tool for the detection of GoAstV, GPV, and GoCV. This can facilitate disease management and epidemiological surveillance.

As a special case of a quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) code, a full-length row-multiplier (FLRM) QC-LDPC code is described by a compact exponent matrix based on two sequences of integers. The codes designed by a framework known as greatest-common-divisor (GCD) method, belong to a salient class of FLRM QC-LDPC codes, which can eliminate cycles of length up to six by carefully selecting a special sequence subject to a set of simple inequalities. However, the GCD method ensures the absence of these cycles only if circulant sizes are larger than a certain threshold. By combining the existing GCD method, novel sequences and a new analysis method (based on new lemmas of circulants and integers) for modulo equations, a group of novel FLRM QC-LDPC codes free of 4-cycles and 6-cycles are explicitly proposed for column weights from three to five in this paper, which possess circulant sizes much smaller than the forgoing threshold. Simulations show that the new FLRM QC-LDPC codes with shorter lengths perform almost the same as the existing FLRM QC-LDPC codes with longer lengths, and that the novel FLRM QC-LDPC codes noticeably outperform their counterparts with (nearly) identical lengths.

By utilizing a Sidon sequence, two new methods are proposed to construct quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. The first method yields a QC-LDPC code without 4-cycles and the second method gives a QC-LDPC code without 4-cycles and 6-cycles. In the literature there are two methods which employ mathematical objects somewhat resembling a Sidon sequence to remove 4-cycles, and there are two explicit constructions which guarantee the absence of 4-cycles and 6-cycles. Compared with the former, our first method is much more flexible in selecting parameters while providing identical or better performance. Compared with the latter, our second method provides much better performance.

动物生理学是研究动物细胞、组织、器官机能活动及其规律性的科学,是兽医及相关专业的重要专业基础课.安徽农业大学通过多年的教学实践和教学改革,开展建设动物生理学一流课程的探索,形成一个中心——以学生为中心,两个目标——以知识传授和价值引领为目标,三个层次——"课前+课上+课后"三层次的线上线下混合的教学方法、融合课程构建"生理学+病理学+药理学"三层次的教学内容、理论联系实际建立"理论+实验+实习"三层次的教学方案,四个保障——以一流师资队伍建设、理论课教材和实验指导教材等教学文件建设、课程考核体系建设、教学质量评价制度建设为保障的"1234"培养体系,为一流课程建设、一流本科人才培养提供参考.