Podophyllum hexandrum is an endangered medicinal plant which seeds exhibit strong dormancy, posing challenges in natural and artificial propagation due to low germination rates, long time lags, and uneven germination. Building upon previous research, we conducted an orthogonal experiment with three factors and five levels, combining cold stratification and plant growth regulator treatment, to promote the germination of P. hexandrum seeds. The results indicated that under the treatment conditions of Group 23 in the gibberellic acid treatment, the germination rate reached as high as 96.7 %, with a germination time lag of 9 days. To elucidate the molecular mechanism, we repeated these conditions and collected 10 samples at 9-day intervals starting from day 0 for transcriptome and metabolome analysis (Five experimental groups and five control groups). Through metabolome detection, a total of 59 metabolites were identified. Transcriptome analysis revealed 78,827 differential genes, closely related to the synthesis, regulation, and transduction of plant hormones at different germination stages. Combined analysis identified 23 co-expressed metabolic pathways. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) identified red and yellow-green modules related to the regulation of plant hormones of interest and pinpointed hub genes: Cluster-114934.0 and Cluster-114733.0. In this systematic study, we comprehensively screened technical methods to promote the germination of P. hexandrum seeds and deeply analyzed the molecular mechanism underlying this treatment-induced germination. Our findings provide a solid theoretical foundation and technical support for the artificial propagation of P. hexandrum.

Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (Mongolian milkvetch) is one of the most important traditional Chinese medicinal plants. In July 2021, root rot of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus was found in a field in Tongren City, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, China. The aboveground part of the plants exhibited yellowing, wilting and defoliation in severe cases. Seven fungal isolates were obtained, and their pathogenicity, morphology and phylogeny were analysed. A pathogenicity test was performed using the scratch and root irrigation methods, and the results showed that all seven isolates caused root rot on inoculated plants. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of multi-locus sequences (ITS, translation elongation factor [TEF-1 alpha], and RNA polymerase II beta subunit [RPB2] genes), two isolates were identified as Fusarium avenaceum, and five isolates were identified as F. flocciferum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of F. avenaceum and F. flocciferum causing root rot of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus in China.

Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Ying, an endangered perennial medicinal herb, exhibits morpho-physiological dormancy in its seeds, requiring cold stratification for germination. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying this transition from dormancy to germination remain unclear. This study integrates transcriptome and plant hormone-targeted metabolomics techniques to unravel these intricate molecular regulatory mechanisms during cold stratification in S. hexandrum seeds. Significant alterations in the physicochemical properties (starch, soluble sugars, soluble proteins) and enzyme activities (PK, SDH, G-6-PDH) within the seeds occur during stratification. To characterize and monitor the formation and transformation of plant hormones throughout this process, extracts from S. hexandrum seeds at five stratification stages of 0 days (S0), 30 days (S1), 60 days (S2), 90 days (S3), and 120 days (S4) were analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS, revealing a total of 37 differential metabolites belonging to seven major classes of plant hormones. To investigate the biosynthetic and conversion processes of plant hormones related to seed dormancy and germination, the transcriptome of S. hexandrum seeds was monitored via RNA-seq, revealing 65,372 differentially expressed genes associated with plant hormone synthesis and signaling. Notably, cytokinins (CKs) and gibberellins (GAs) exhibited synergistic effects, while abscisic acid (ABA) displayed antagonistic effects. Furthermore, key hub genes were identified through integrated network analysis. In this rigorous scientific study, we systematically elucidate the intricate dynamic molecular regulatory mechanisms that govern the transition from dormancy to germination in S. hexandrum seeds during stratification. By meticulously examining these mechanisms, we establish a solid foundation of knowledge that serves as a scientific basis for facilitating large-scale breeding programs and advancing the artificial cultivation of this highly valued medicinal plant.

In order to explore the effect of different combinations of artificial grasseland on the black soil land at the early stage of planting， three combinations were set up in this study， namely， upper grass combination: Elymus nutans， Elymus breviaristatus， SF; lower grass combination: lower grass combination: Poa araratica， Festuca sinensis， Puccinellia tenuiflora， XF; upper + lower grass combinations: Elymus nutans， Elymus breviaristatus， Poa araratica， Festuca sinensis， Puccinellia tenuiflora， SFXF. Plant community characteristics and soil nutrient changes under three mixed combinations were studied and the best restoration combination was selected. The results showed that the three mixed combinations significantly increased above-ground vegetation biomass （P＜0.05）， but reduced plant diversity （P＜0.05）; the mixed combinations improved soil properties and nutrients， significantly increased soil water content （P＜0.05）， significantly increased total soil phosphorus and soil nitrate （P＜0.05）， and significantly reduced soil ammonium content from 0 to 20 cm （P＜0.05）， SFXF measures were ranked as the best combination of the three mixes using principal component analysis.

Rhubarb is a popular food in Europe due to the purgative action. Cultivation is the key way to ensure sustainable development and utilization of this herbal plant. In this paper, standardized cultivation of Rheum tanguticum (a kind of rhubarb) was explored through a three-year field experiment which investigated the effect of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer on growth indexes, sennoside content of R. tanguticum at different harvesting stages. Results showed that P and K fertilizer significantly increased root length, root diameter and root fresh weight, the maximum root fresh weight was 894.22 g/plant. Sennoside content of three-year-old R. tanguticum applied K fertilizer was over 5.87% at each harvesting stage in the third growth cycle and it increased along with growing year. Sennoside content has no obviously increment at the same harvesting stage, it also has no positive correlation with different harvesting stages and the wilting stage > green stage > growth stage in the same year. This study demonstrated that P and K fertilizer had accelerated effect on growth of R. tanguticum at the same harvesting stage, but had no obvious influence on the sennoside content. This will provide experimental data and guidance for the standardized cultivation of R. tanguticum.

休眠与萌发的调控是由种子本身的休眠水平和外界环境因素共同决定的复杂的生理生化过程,其调控伴随各种不同的休眠机制且根据植物的生存环境而演变.桃儿七根茎中鬼臼毒素含量达到2％～10％,鬼臼毒素是一种成功商品化的天然木脂素化合物,其及其衍生物在治疗尖锐湿疣、抗癌与抗肿瘤、抗病毒及乳腺癌治疗方面已得到广泛应用.因桃儿七独特与显著的药理学活性,导致桃儿七药材长期过度采挖致使其野生资源面临濒危.目前,通过化学合成和生物技术等手段获取大量鬼臼毒素仍难以满足商业化需求,供求矛盾日渐突显.通过本综述总结和概述桃儿七种子萌发、休眠特征及破除休眠的技术方法,一方面有利于指导桃儿七人工规范化生态种植,另一方面有利于桃儿七野生资源的保护、合理利用及鬼臼毒素用药的可持续发展.

为掌握莎草科植物种子的休眠特性及解除休眠的方法,以青海四种莎草科植物种子为试验材料,研究不同植物生长调节剂、不同浸种时间以及植物生长调节剂浸种处理+冷层积复合处理对四种莎草科植物种子萌发特性的影响.结果表明,同一植物生长调节剂浸种不同时间对种子萌发率和萌发时滞的影响不同,同一植物生长调节剂同一浸种时间对不同种子的萌发率和萌发时滞的影响也不同.四种种子萌发率与萌发时滞的相关性均为负相关.F 1+L 处理下,HB种子萌发率和萌发速率最高且萌发时滞最短,萌发率最高,为 86.00％,萌发时滞最短,为 3 d;HZ种子萌发率和萌发速率最高的处理是Z1+L,萌发率为 56.67％,萌发时滞最短的处理是 E3,为 3 d;PME 种子萌发率最高的处理是F 1+L,为 71.33％,萌发时滞最短的处理是Z3,为 1 d;QZ种子比较难萌发,Z 1+L处理下 QZ种子萌发种子数最多,但是平均仅有 1.7 粒种子萌发.

为找到快速测定珍稀中藏药材桃儿七种子生活力的测定方法,以野生植株种子为研究材料,采用 2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑染色法(TTC法),运用4因素4水平的正交试验L16(44)设计,研究不同浸种时间、染色温度、TTC溶液浓度和染色时间对桃儿七种子生活力的影响.结果表明,桃儿七种子生活力测定的最佳条件为30℃下浸种24 h,35℃于1%TTC溶液中染色3 h,种子胚部染成红色,生活力达到了95.6%.该测定方法操作简单、准确、高效,在合适的条件下反应速度快,可得到明显的试验结果.

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 106, No. 6First Report Disease of Clonostachys rosea Causing Root Rot on Astragalus membranaceus in China PreviousNext DISEASE NOTE OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report Disease of Clonostachys rosea Causing Root Rot on Astragalus membranaceus in ChinaHexing Qi, Xiaoming Duan, Wenhua Xu, Yuantao Zhou, Haixia Ma, Weili Ma, and Guihua MaHexing Qi†Corresponding author: H. Qi; E-mail Address: [email protected]https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5092-2837College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China, Xiaoming DuanCollege of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China, Wenhua XuNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China, Yuantao ZhouCollege of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China, Haixia MaCollege of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China, Weili MaCollege of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China, and Guihua MaCollege of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, ChinaAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Hexing Qi1 † Xiaoming Duan1 Wenhua Xu2 Yuantao Zhou1 Haixia Ma1 Weili Ma1 Guihua Ma1 1College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China 2Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, the Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China Published Online:14 Apr 2022https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-21-1511-PDNAboutSectionsView articlePDFSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat View articleAstragalus membranaceus, a perennial plant in the family Leguminosae, is one of the most important traditional Chinese medicines. Root rot is a serious constraint to commercial production of this plant in northeastern, northern, and northwestern China. In June 2020, A. membranaceus plants in a field in Sada, Minhe County, Haidong City, Qinghai Province (36°19′8.58″N, 102°51′30.8″E, 2,437 m.a.s.l.), showed symptoms of many brown longitudinal cracks or turtle cracks in the root, weak aboveground growth, and yellowing and falling off of leaves in severe cases. Root rot seriously affects the quality and yield of A. membranaceus. An investigation was performed in a 3,996-m2 field with a root rot incidence of 10%. Five root rot samples were collected. To isolate the fungus, rotted root pieces (∼0.5 cm) were cut with sterile scissors at the junction of infected and healthy tissues. Symptomatic roots were surface disinfected with 3% NaClO for 1.5 min and washed three times with sterile water. The disinfected pieces were dried and placed on a water agar plate in an incubator for 2 days at 25°C. After the root surface was moldy, abundant conidiophores and conidia formed. Conidia were put into sterile water with a pipette to prepare a spore suspension. Then, 200 μl of spore suspension was spread on the surface of a water agar plate and put in an incubator for 12 h at 25°C. Single spores were picked under a stereomicroscope and single spore isolates were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Ten isolates were obtained. Mycelia were white or light yellow on PDA. Primary conidiophores were Verticillium-like with two to three levels. Stipe length was 41.91 to 97.62 μm. Secondary conidiophores were penicillate with two or three whorls of phialides. Stipe length was 36.67 to 65.98 μm. Conidiogenous cells were slender cylindrical. Conidia were colorless, round or oval, and aseptate, with an average of 6.5 to 8.5 × 2.5 to 3.5 μm. Chlamydospores were round or oval, with an average of 9.91 to 16.21 × 8.07 to 13.64 μm. The identity of 10 isolates was confirmed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) locus using the primers ITS1F/ITS4 (sequence length was 526 bp), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) gene using the primers EF-1H/EF-2T (sequence length was 567 bp) (Cao et al. 2020), and sequences including ITS1, 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, ITS2, and large ribosomal RNA gene using the primers F1/F2 (sequence length 1010 bp) (Cao et al. 2020). BLAST analysis of all three sequences of isolates HQ-1, HQ-1-1, HQ-2-1, HQ-3-1, HQ-4, HQ-6, HQ-6-1, HQ-7-1, HQ-9-1, and HQ-10-1 in the GenBank database resulted in matches of 99.2% or more for Clonostachys rosea (NCBI accession Nos. MZ433169 to MZ433178 [ITS], MZ451390 to MZ451399 [TEF1-α], and MZ433195 to MZ433204 [ITS 1, 5.8 S rRNA, ITS 2, and LSU]. Ten isolates were inoculated on their host for pathogenicity test. The isolates were grown on PDA for 6 days for sporulation. Healthy seedling stage roots were inoculated with 10 ml of conidia suspension (1 × 105 conidial/ml). A control group of 10 seedlings of the same age was treated with sterile water. Inoculated roots were put in an artificial climate box at 25°C, 70% relative humidity, and 12 h light/12 h dark. Typical symptoms first appeared as tiny brown spots at ∼3 days, extended and cracked for 5 to 7 days, and mycelia were observed on the surfaces of the lesions. Uninoculated plants remained healthy. Isolates were reisolated from the symptomatic root, and the colonial morphology was the same as the original isolate. The assays were conducted three times. These results showed that these isolates maintained their pathogenicity to their own hosts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. rosea causing root rot of A. membranaceus in China. C. rosea has been previously reported to cause root rot of soybeans in the United States (Bienapfl et al. 2012). The disease must be considered in management practices, and our findings provide a foundation for preventing or curing this disease.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.References:Bienapfl, J. C., et al. 2012. Plant Dis. 96:1700. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-12-0550-PDN Link, ISI, Google ScholarCao, Z. Y., et al. 2020. J. Plant Prot. 47:178. Google ScholarFunding: Funding was provided by Scientific Research Foundation of Qinghai University (4139040111).The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 106, No. 6 June 2022SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Download Metrics Article History Issue Date: 2 Jun 2022 Published: 14 Apr 2022 First Look: 24 Jan 2022 Accepted: 5 Jan 2022 Page: 1752 Information© 2022 The American Phytopathological SocietyFundingQinghai UniversityGrant/Award Number: 4139040111KeywordsAstragalus membranaceusClonostachys rosearoot rotThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.PDF downloadCited byFirst Report of Colletotrichum spinaciae Causing Leaf Anthracnose on Quinoa in ChinaLin Wei, Wei Li, Rong Hu, Shuo Shen, and Jian Wang17 November 2023 | Plant Disease, Vol. 107, No. 12Isolation of Main Pathogens Causing Postharvest Disease in Fresh Codonopsis pilosula during Different Storage Stages and Ozone Control against Disease and Mycotoxin Accumulation21 January 2023 | Journal of Fungi, Vol. 9, No. 2

为鉴定青海省民和地区蒙古黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus var.mongholicus)根腐病病原菌及筛选防治该病害的有效杀菌剂,本研究基于形态学特征、rDNA-ITS,TEF-1α和RPB2序列分析对蒙古黄芪根腐病病原进行鉴定,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定8种杀菌剂对病原菌的抑制作用.结果发现,引起黄芪根腐病的病原菌为腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium soani)、逗号镰刀菌(F.virguliforme)、木贼镰刀菌(F.equiseti)和锐顶镰刀菌(F.acuminatum).室内药剂试验表明硅唑·咪鲜胺对4种镰刀菌的抑制作用最好,EC50在0.195～0.588 mg·L-1之间;多菌灵对腐皮镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌和锐顶镰刀菌的抑制作用较强,EC50在0.113～0.869 mg·L1之间;咯菌腈对逗号镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌和锐顶镰刀菌的抑制作用较强,EC50在0.153～0.390 mg·L-1之间;甲基硫菌灵、噁霉灵、溴菌腈和石硫合剂对4种镰刀菌的抑制作用较差,EC50在1.018～4.360 mg·L-1之间.试验结果为生产上合理选用杀菌剂防治黄芪根腐病提供了科学依据.

为明晰莎草科植物种子萌发特性,提高莎草科牧草种子的萌发率.本文以3种莎草科种子为研究对象,采用8种温度条件、3种化学试剂和冷层积处理法,结合扫描电子显微镜技术研究莎草科种子对各种处理的萌发响应过程.结果表明:变温下种子的萌发率显著高于恒温下的萌发率,华扁穗草(Blysmus sinocompressus)和帕米尔薹草(Carexpamirensis)种子最适萌发温度分别为15℃/25℃和15℃/30℃;华扁穗草为萌发喜光性种子、帕米尔薹草为萌发光不敏感性种子;冷层积处理和化学试剂+冷层积综合处理能显著提高华扁穗草种子的萌发率,并显著降低萌发时滞;化学试剂+冷层积综合处理能使帕米尔薹草种子的萌发率达到70％以上;青藏薹草(Carex moorcroftii)种子在化学试剂+冷层积下萌发率最高达到10％;一定浓度的硫酸(H2 SO4)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)、次氯酸钠(NaHClO)溶液均能破坏种皮,更易于水分和氧气进入种子,从而促进种子萌发.

Angelica sinensis is a perennial plant in the Apiaceae and a source of one of the most important traditional medicines in China. This medicinal herb has been mainly cultivated in Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shanxi, Hubei, and Qinghai Provinces. In June 2020, angelica plants in a field in the village of Sada, Minhe County, Haidong city, in Qinghai Province (102°83'00.00″E, 36°31'93.00″N, elevation:2437 m), displayed symptoms of yellowing, stunting, root rot, and wilting（Fig. S1）. Severe brown discoloration of vascular tissue in the stems of infected plants was observed. Root rot seriously affected the quality and yield of A. sinensis. The incidence of root rot in the fields reached 15% in 2020 and 18% in 2021. Fungi were isolated from diseased roots using a single spore method. The identity of isolates was confirmed by sequencing the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) using the primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al, 1990) and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) gene using the primers EF-1/EF-2 (O'Donnell et al. 1998). BLAST analysis of the ITS and TEF1-α sequences of isolates DG-1, DG-1-1, DG-1-2, DG-2, DG-2-1, DG-5, and DG-5-1 in the NCBI database showed 99% to 100 % nucleotide identity to those of Clonostachys rosea (NCBI accession Nos. MZ424803-MZ424809 (ITS), and MZ451383-MZ451389 (TEF1-α)). BLAST analysis of the ITS and TEF1-α sequences of isolates, DG-3, DG-3-1, and DG-4 in the NCBI database produced matches of 99.1% or better to Fusarium acuminatum (NCBI accession Nos. MZ424810-MZ424812 (ITS), and MZ441148-MZ441150 (TEF1-α)). Conidia of C. rosea were hyaline, round or oval, aseptate, with an average length and width of 6.5-8.5×2.5-3.5 μm. Chlamydospores were round or oval, with an average length and width of 9.9-16.2×8.1-13.6 μm. Conidiophores of C. rosea were hyaline, septate, Verticillium-like, conidiogenous cells were slender and cylindrical. Macroconidia of F. acuminatum were hyaline, falciform, 0-5 septate, with an average length and width of 22.5-39.5 × 2.5-4.5 μm. Microconidia were rare. Chlamydospores were oval, with an average length and width of 9.5-14.3×8.1-11.8 μm. Conidiophores of F. acuminatum were hyaline, septate, branched (Fig. S2). A pathogenicity test was performed by inoculating a conidial suspension of 1×105 per ml in 0.025% Tween 20 onto roots of A. sinensis. Inoculated roots were incubated in a humid and dark chamber at 26°C for 24 h, and then with 12 h light/12 h dark for six days. The pathogenicity assay was repeated three times for each isolate. Root rot was observed seven days after inoculation and mycelia were observed on the surface of the lesions (Fig. S1). Two isolates were recovered from the lesions and named DG-2-D and DG-3-1-D. The colonial morphology of these two isolates and the original isolates DG-2 and DG-3-1 was identical after six days of inoculation on PDA (potato dextrose agar) (Fig. S2). The two isolates recovered were identified as C. rosea and F. acuminatum, respectively, by amplifying and sequencing a portion of the TEF1-α gene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. rosea causing root rot of A. sinensis in China. Fusarium acuminatum was reported to cause root rot of A. sinensis in Gansu province, China in 2021 (Niu et al. 2021). Clonostachys rosea has been previously reported to cause root rot of soybean in the United States (Bienapfl et al. 2012). The disease must be considered in existing management practices, and our findings provide a foundation for management this disease.

Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Ying is a precious traditional herb medicine, which is used to treat rheumatism, bruises, menstrual irregularities, dysmenorrhea, abdominal pain, cough and other symptoms. It is also one of the raw materials for synthetic of anti-cancer drugs, thus has high value. However, few studies have focused on the influence of different environments on S. hexandrum, especially the differences in metabolites. In this study, the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-four-stage rod mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was used to detect the difference in chemical components of S. hexandrum roots growing in shrubland and canopy environments. The differential metabolites of S. hexandrum were obtained by multivariate statistical analysis methods using orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The results indicated that, S. hexandrum developed into two distinct eco-types under different environment conditions, and their metabolism also changed accordingly. In both positive and negative modes, total 1003 compounds were detected, of which 136 compounds had significantly changes. In shrubland and canopy environments, the content of Agremonine, esculetin-7-quinic acid, 5-methoxysalicylic acid, 5-(2-hydroxythyl)-2-O-glucosylohenol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol-glucopyranoside, 2-(3-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) ethanolglucopyranoside, 6-prenylapigenin, 13-hydroperoxy-otadecadienoic acid, saccharic acid were the most significant up-regulated metabolites. Moreover, there were 20 most enriched KEGG pathways including the biosynthesis of flavonoid, flavone, flavonol, phenylpropanoid, and secondary metabolites; and the metabolism of ascorbate and aldarate. Overall, the results of this study will provide ideas for the cultivation of medicinal plants and the development and utilization of resources, and provide a new research approach for improving the content of target.

Kobresia is a subfamily of Cyperaceae, a perennial herbaceous plant that stores a large amount of organic carbon and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.) in the soil. This type of grass is soft and appreciated by all kinds of farm animals. It is one of the predominantly excellent fodder on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Its good growth plays an important role in developing the local economy and maintaining ecological balance on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau as well. The main objectives of this review are to systematically present and analyze the factors responsible for the low germination rate of Kobresia and to analyze the physical and chemical methods that are used in order to alleviate dormancy and to improve the germination rate of Kobresia seeds. This is performed in order to lay the foundation for future research in this field. At the same time, we have analyzed the research deficiencies and formulated recommendations for the future. This review will provide comprehensive information in order to reduce the cost of planting Kobresia, as well as to provide theoretical support and technical guidance for the purposes of ecosystem restoration and livestock development.

Alpine grassland is an important aspect of the ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The degradation of alpine grassland seriously affects the regional sustainable development. At present, the change mechanism of vegetation attributes and soil properties in different degradation stages of alpine grassland has not meant clarified. Taking alpine grassland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as the research object, the changes of vegetation attributes and soil properties of alpine grassland in different degradation stages of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their internal relationship through meta-analysis. The results showed that with the deepening of degradation, the response of vegetation attributes showed a downward trend, species evenness and Shannon–Wiener index showed a downward trend from moderate degradation to severe degradation, and species richness showed a “V” trend in the degradation stage. Soil total nitrogen, total potassium, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, soil moisture, soil organic matter, and soil organic carbon showed a downward trend, while soil bulk density and pH showed an increasing tendency. This study is useful to clarify the degradation laws of alpine grasslands at different degradation stages, and provide the scientific basis and the theoretical basis for the restoration of degraded alpine grassland.

羌活(Notopterygium incisum)是重要的药用资源和濒危物种,明确其适宜分布情况对其可持续利用至关重要.基于三江源18个羌活分布点数据,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术预测了气候变化背景下羌活在三江源的适宜分布情况,并筛选出影响其分布的主要环境因子.结果表明:当前羌活适宜分布面积为146.43×103 km2,占三江源区域的26.67％,且主要集中在三江源区的东部和南部;影响羌活分布主要的环境因子有6个,按贡献率由大到小分别是:海拔(37.1％)、年平均气温(15.9％)、坡向(12.2％)、最湿季降水量(11.4％)、最冷季平均气温(9.6％)、气温季节性变动系数(5.4％);未来羌活在不同CO2浓度情景下的适宜分布面积由大到小为:RCP2.6(126.92×103 km2)、RCP4.5(95.32×103 km2)、RCP6.0(25.53×103 km2)、RCP8.0(22.13×103 km2),未来不同CO2浓度情景下羌活的适宜分布面积均小于当前羌活适宜分布,且未来高CO2浓度情景下的羌活适宜分布面积小于低CO2浓度情景.当前及未来不同CO2浓度情景下三江源国家公园中羌活的适宜分布面积分别为:当前(22.60×103 km2)、RCP2.6(16.64×103 km2)、RCP4.5(4.79×103 km2)、RCP6.0(0.43×103 km2)、RCP8.0(0.27×103 km2),羌活在三江源国家公园的适宜分布面积相对较小.该研究对于理解三江源区羌活野生资源生长环境具有重要意义,并有利于实现这一野生药用植物资源的科学保护与合理利用.

Abstract Ribes himalense Royle ex Decne. (family Saxifraaceae, subfamily Grossulariaceae, genus Ribes) is a wild berry fruit with illustrated health‐promoting features, which widely distributed in Northwest China are deficiently exploited. This study aimed to assess the potential of a Ribes himalense as a source of natural bioactive compounds through characterizing its nutraceutical characteristics, phytochemicals properties, and antioxidant ability. Fresh berries were quantitatively analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidin, and polysaccharides contents through China National Food Safety Standard; the characterization and identification of extracts of wild berries obtained with ethanol 30%, ethanol 50%, and ethanol 95% were firstly performed by UPLC‐Triple‐TOF‐MS2. Furthermore, antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was evaluated via different assay methods such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. The results indicated that the most important bioactive composition was procyanidin (0.72%), polyphenols (0.49%), total flavonoids (0.38%), vitamin C (64.6 mg/100g FW), and K (218.44 mg/100 g FW), and a total of 95 compounds were detected with polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins as the dominant, and also ethanol extract possessed stronger antioxidant activity. These results suggested that Ribes himalense fruit has great potential in protecting human health, with the focus on the development of functional products.

以青海4种野生糖茶藨、青藏茶藨、门源茶藨、长刺茶藨的新鲜果实为研究对象,评价茶藨子属浆果资源的潜在应用价值.采用国家食品安全标准中的方法和实验室自建方法分别对其果实的一般营养成分、维生素、氨基酸、矿物质、重金属、生物活性成分进行测定和全面分析比较.结果表明,茶藨子果实的营养成分含量具有低脂肪(1.83±0.39)％、高VC(58.20±8.77)mg/100g、高VE(1.53±1.28)mg/100g、高钾(271.50±64.14)mg/100g等特点,可作为开发新食品的原料来源;检测到果实中的活性成分有总黄酮(0.18±0.11)％、多酚(0.22±0.20)％、多糖(3.34±3.09)％、花青素(0.09±0.07)％(均为质量分数)等.该研究可为今后茶藨子浆果资源的开发利用提供理论依据.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: The genus Ribes Linn., which belongs to the Grossulariaceae family, contains 160 species distributed mainly in temperate and cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere. There are 59 species in southwest, northwest and northeast China. Some species of Ribes have been used as traditional and local medicines for the treatment of glaucoma, cardiovascular disease, stomachache, hepatitis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and other ailments. However, the data provided in recent years have not been collated and compared. Aim of the study: This review aims to summarize the current status of ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical applications, and pharmacokinetics of the genus Ribes to better understand the therapeutic potential of the genus Ribes in the future and hope to provide a relatively novel perspective for further clinical application on the genus. Materials and methods: The literature on Ribes was collected through a series of scientific search engines including Elsevier, ACS, Springer, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Wiley, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and books. Results: Ribes species have been used for detoxification, glaucoma, cardiovascular disease, stomachache, hepatitis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and other ailments. These plants mainly contain phenolic glycosides, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, polysaccharides, etc. Most traditional uses are related to biological activity and have been confirmed by modern research. Pharmacological studies in vitro and in vivo revealed that the extracts and pure compounds possessed significant hypolipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, and antiviral activity, eyesight protection and other effects. Conclusions: The traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical applications described in this article explained that the Ribes species has numerous activities, and these findings will promote further action in the area of mechanism research. However, very few preclinical and clinical studies have focused on the toxicology and pharmacokinetics of crude extracts and pure compounds from the genus Ribes. Moreover, several clinical evidence to support the health benefits of Ribes plants. The development of new medicines based on Ribes species as ingredients may be restricted. The pharmacological activity, clinical efficacy and safety of Ribes species need to be verified by systematic and comprehensive preclinical studies and clinical trials.

Plant can accelerate or slow down the soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition by the rhizosphere priming effect (RPE). In forest ecosystems, the change of light availability due to canopy gap formation strongly influences growth of young trees and rhizosphere microbial activities in soil. However, the responses of RPE of forest young trees to light availability and its driving mechanisms remain elusive. We investigated the effects of about 60% shading on RPE of two dominant forest tree species (i.e., shade-tolerant species maple and photophilic species oak) over the four months of the growing season using the 13C natural tracer approach. Our results showed that the effects of shading on RPE were not dependent on the tree species. Under natural light, negative RPE on SOC decomposition prevailed during the experimental period (The loss of soil carbon via CO2 was 31.9% lower in planted soil than in unplanted soil). RPE under shading was 71.1% more positive than that under natural light. Under natural light mineral nitrogen (N) content and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) were lower in planted soil than in unplanted soil, suggesting that N competition between roots and microbes due to N uptake by plants may be responsible for the negative RPE. The results of two-way ANOVA showed that although shading only had the tendency of increasing MBC, it significantly increased MBN and C-acquiring enzyme activities. These changes contributed to more positive RPE under shading. The main reason for this result may be the alleviation of root-microbes competition, the higher demand of available substrates from SOC by microbes and the higher soil moisture conditions under shading. Our study also highlights the importance of soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity when studying the mechanisms of the responses of RPE to shading or other environmental changes.