[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01373.].

Background Levodopa is regarded as a standard medication in Parkinson disease (PD) treatment. However, long-term administration of levodopa leads to levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), which can markedly affect patient quality of life. Previous studies have shown that neuroinflammation in the brain plays a role in LID and increases potential neuroinflammatory mediators associated with the side effects of levodopa. Objective The treatment effect of C16 (a peptide that competitively binds integrin αvβ3 and inhibits inflammatory cell infiltration) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1; a vascular endothelial growth factor vital for blood vessel protection), along with levodopa, was evaluated in a rodent model of PD. Methods We administered a combination of C16 and Ang-1 in a rodent model of PD induced by MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine). Seventy-five mice were randomly divided into five treatment groups: control, vehicle, levodopa, C16+Ang-1, and levodopa+C16+Ang-1. Behavioral, histological, and electrophysiological experiments were used to determine neuron function and recovery. Results The results showed that C16+Ang-1 treatment alleviated neuroinflammation in the CNS and promoted the recovery effects of levodopa on neural function. Conclusion Our study suggests that C16+Ang-1 can compensate for the shortcomings of levodopa, improve the CNS microenvironment, and ameliorate the effects of levodopa. This treatment strategy could be developed as a combinatorial therapeutic in the future.

目的:评价多肽C16/血管生成素1(Ang1)联合胎盘来源间充质干细胞(PDMSCs)治疗大鼠视神经脊髓炎(NMO)的效果.方法:分离培养大鼠PDMSCs,通过脑室及脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射水通道蛋白4(APQ4)抗体与人补体C5蛋白诱导大鼠NMO模型,将大鼠分为5组,即正常组、NMO模型组、PDMSCs组、C16/Ang1组以及C16/Ang1+PDMSCs组.对治疗后大鼠进行8周的神经行为学评分,采用免疫组化观察脊髓炎症因子CD48的表达,神经丝蛋白200及髓磷脂碱性蛋白免疫荧光双染评价脱髓鞘和轴索缺失,Nissl染色计数脊髓神经元数量,Evans blue染色评估血管通透性,ELISA检测血清中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-8、IL-10和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的含量变化,Western blot检测胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、AQP4以及caspase-3表达水平.结果:C16/Ang1+PDMSCs组神经行为学评分高峰出现延后,并在8周时评分出现显著性下降(P<0.05);炎症细胞的实质浸润和脊髓神经元丢失减少(P<0.05),腰段脊髓的脱髓鞘和轴索缺失评分下降(P<0.05)及血管通透性降低;促炎因子IL-1β、IL-8和TNF-α的表达降低(P<0.05),抗炎因子IL-10的表达升高(P<0.05);脊髓组织中GFAP和APQ4的表达上升(P<0.05),caspase-3则下调(P<0.05).结论:C16/Ang1联合PDMSCs能够有效延缓NMO的疾病进程,其通过抑制炎症细胞浸润及内源性细胞凋亡,促进神经功能的修复.

目的 探索废电池造成的土壤重金属污染对小鼠肝脏的毒性效应.方法 将21只1月龄ICR小鼠,按体重随机分为三组,每组7只.其中一组饲喂普通饲料,一组饲喂含有未污染土壤的饲料,一组饲喂含有废电池污染土壤的饲料.饲喂10天后结束,称量小鼠体重,并测定肝脏组织中重金属含量,观察肝脏组织学变化,测定肝脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量,检测肝脏组织中金属硫蛋白(MT1和MT2)的mRNA表达水平.结果 与对照组相比,废电池引起的污染土壤减少了小鼠29％的体重,提升小鼠肝脏内30％的MDA,并引起肝脏炎症浸润、细胞核固缩等组织损伤.与此同时,废电池污染土壤组中的小鼠显著提高MT1和MT2基因的表达应对重金属的胁迫.结论 废电池造成的土壤污染对小鼠肝脏具有损伤,具有潜在的健康风险.

Transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) into spinal cord injury (SCI) may alleviate neuropathic pain and promote functional recovery. The underlying mechanism likely involves activation of glial cells and regulation of inflammatory factors but requires further validation. SCI was induced in 16 ICR mice using an SCI compression model, followed by injection of lentiviral vector-mediated green fluorescent protein- (GFP-) labeled hUC-MSCs 1 week later. Behavioral tests, histological evaluation, and inflammatory factor detection were performed in the treatment (SCI+hUC-MSCs) and model (SCI) groups. Histological evaluation revealed GFP expression in the spinal cord tissue of the treatment group, implying that the injected MSCs successfully migrated to the SCI. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores showed that motor function gradually recovered over time in both groups, but recovery speed was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the model group. The pain threshold in mice decreased after SCI but gradually increased over time owing to the self-repair function of the body. The corresponding pain threshold of the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the model group, indicating the therapeutic and analgesic effects of hUC-MSCs. Expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in the spinal cord tissue of the treated group decreased, whereas glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression along with ED1 expression increased compared with those in the model group, suggesting that SCI activated ED1 inflammatory macrophages/microglia, which were subsequently reduced by hUC-MSC transplantation. hUC-MSCs are speculated to enhance the repair of the injured spinal cord tissue and exert an analgesic effect by reducing the secretion of inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α and upregulating the expression of GDNF.

Chemotherapy leads to a loss of fertility and reproductive endocrine function, thereby increasing the risk of premature ovarian failure (POF). Studies have suggested that the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells could inhibit apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells and improve follicular development. In the present study, the effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (UCMSC) transplantation on ovarian function after ovarian damage caused by chemotherapy and the mechanism underlying these effects were investigated. POF model rats were obtained by the intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide, and cultured UCMSCs were transplanted by tail vein injection. Serum estrogen, follicle-stimulating hormone, gonadotropin releasing hormone, and anti-Mullerian hormone levels were detected by ELISA. Folliculogenesis was evaluated by histopathological examination. The expression levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), high affinity nerve growth factor receptor (TrkA), follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), and caspase-3 were evaluated by western blotting and RT-qPCR. The natural reproductive capacity was assessed by pregnant rate and numbers of embryos. The results indicated that UCMSC transplantation recovered disturbed hormone secretion and folliculogenesis in POF rats. NGF and TrkA levels increased, while FSHR and caspase-3 decreased. The pregnancy rate of POF rats was improved. Therefore, UCMSCs could reduce ovarian failure due to premature senescence caused by chemotherapy, and the NGF/TrkA signaling pathway was involved in the amelioration of POF.

为探讨虚拟和传统相结合的形态学实验教学改革效果,对524名护理专业专科生进行了教学实践.通过对施教学生进行实验考核,学生座谈、问卷调查等方式进行评价,结果显示该实验教学模式能更有效的激发学生学习兴趣,加强学生的动手能力和分析解决问题能力,提高形态学实验教学质量.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on liver function in patients after hep-atectomy. Methods One hundred and eighteen patients scheduled to undergo major liver resection were randomly designated to group A(receiving conventional postoperative treatment n=36), group B (receiving conventional treatment plus intravenous in-jection of 20μg/d Lipo- PGE1 for 14d, n=40) and group C (undergoing portal vein infusion of 20μg Lipo- PGE1 immediately after portal vein clamping was finished during surgery plus the same regimen as group B, n=42). The levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and cytokines TNF- α, IL- 6, IL- 10 and IFN- γin peripheral blood were measured before and 1, 3, 5, 9, 14 and 28 d after surgery, and the portal venous flow volume was also determined before and 1, 7 and 24 d after surgery. Results Al parameters among the three groups had no significant differences before surgery (al P>0.05). The levels of TNF- α, IL- 6 and IL- 10 in all groups were markedly increased after surgery and then returned to baseline gradual y, while these cytokines in groups B and C were increased significantly less and decreased shorter than those in group A (al P<0.05). The pre- and postoperative IFN- γlevels in group A showed no significant changes, but those in groups B and C were significantly increased and continued to rise until 28 d after surgery (al P<0.05).No difference was observed in portal venous flow volume before and after surgery in group A, while a continuous increase was found after surgery in groups B and C (al P<0.05). All the changes caused by PGE1 intervention were more evident in group C than those in group B. Conclusion PGE1 is beneficial for early recovery of liver function after hep-atectomy, which may be related to regulating cytokines levels and increasing the portal venous inflow.

Objective To discuss the suitability between the distal femoral form and dynamic condylar screw by measuring the femoral condyle form and curvature of femur. Methods In 30 male and 30 female femur specimens, the height of internal condyle, lateral condyle and fossa intercondyloidea were measured, and femoral condyle shaft angles were recorded. Then femurs of 30 normal adult volunteers were taken by X-ray to measure the angles of coronal plane. Results The height of internal condyle, lateral condyle and fossa intercondyloidea in male were significantly higher than those in female, while the femoral condyle shaft angles in female was higher (P 0.01 or P 0.05). The angles between femoral shaft and femur distal segment, and between femoral shaft and femur proximal segment were significantly different between male and female(P 0.01). After fixing femoral form specimens and DCS, there were 4 mild inappropriate and 2 obviously inappropriate cases in male, 7 and 2 cases in female, respectively. Conclusion There should be gender differences in the design of DCS, and the steel plate should be pre-buckled to suit for curvature of the femur during the operation.

Objective To provide anatomic data for clinical application of dynamic condylar screw.Methods(1)30 male and female femur specimens were collected in this study.The widths of femoral condyles,medial and lateral condyles,the anteroposterior diameters of medial and lateral condyles,and the slope angles of medial and lateral femoral condyles,were measured respectively.(2)The femur X-ray images of 30 normal adult volunteers were collected and measured on coronal plane.Results The width of femoral condyles,and dedial and lateral condyles,the anteroposterior diameters of the medial and lateral condyles,presented the significant gender differences(P<0.01).The slope angles of homosexual medial femoral condyle were apparently greater than that of lateral condyle(P<0.01).The angles between femoral shaft and the distal end,femoral shaft and proximal end,femoral shaft and knee articular facet,had gender differences(P<0.01~P<0.05).The angle between femur distal and proximal ends had no gender difference(P>0.05).Conclusions During the surgery of dynamic condylar screw,it is necessary for improving operational effects by paying attention to the sex differences of anatomic features of femurs.

介绍解剖学教学中,采用理论实践一体化(理实一体化)教学方法的设计思路与实施过程,比较分析理实一体化教学方法与传统教学方法的教学效果差异,并提出实施理实一体化教学需要注意的若干问题,证实理实一体化是适合高职教育的一种有效教学形式。

Objective To explore the related branch operating area of recurrent laryngeal nerve and to identify its variation in the position,so as to protect those brancehes,and to provide anatomical basis for clinical application.Methods The anatomy positioning observation of cervical specimens of 25(50 sides) adult body was made.Results(1) There were 22.0% being branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve,showing claw-like loop distribution;(2) The 14.0% variation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve occured,those variants can be divided into 3 different kinds: ① The branchs connecting with the sympathetic trunk in 4 sides(8%);② The other branches communicating with the superior laryngeal nerve,in 2 sides(4%),including 1 side(2%) with double-recurrent laryngeal nerve;③The aortic nerve from the recurrent larynged nerve in 1 side(2%).Conclusion There are several variations in the recurrent laryngeal nerve,so we must be careful in its arrounding surgery area so that we can avoid injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and its branches.

Human morphology virtual experiment is based on multimedia and network technology to establish an emulational environment of experiment with a large amount of pictures,PPT courseware etc,which has been used for experimental teaching in class by human-computer interaction.It has many features such as the autonomy,openness and visualizing,comparing with conventional experimental teaching.It has played a role in improving the teaching effect,increasing students' interest,developing the students' creativity and imagination.

目的 评价前列腺素E1对肝术后损伤的保护作用.方法 64例肝手术受者在术前被随机分成3组:A组25例常规治疗,B组18例常规治疗+前列地尔静脉应用,C组21例常规治疗+前列地尔静脉应用+手术门脉阻断后用前列地尔20μg灌注,术后第1、7、24 天以彩色多普勒超声测定门静脉直径、门静脉最大速度、门静脉血流量、肝功能检测、TNF-α,IL-6、IL-10、IFN-γ检测.结果 B、C组术后谷丙转氨酶显著低于A组,恢复时间早于A组;B、C组术后门静脉血流量第1天起显著高于A组,并逐渐增高,差异有显著性;B、C组TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10显著低于A组,C组显著低于B组;而IFN-γ高于A组,而且C组显著高于B组.结论 前列腺素E利于肝术后早期肝功能恢复,其中与炎症因子和肝动脉血流改变有关.

In multimedia teaching of the course Human Anatomy,it is very necessory to reinforce the teaching-art to motivate the learner whom to be made the dominant role.A comparison of two groups of teaching practice proves that to strengthen and create the teaching situation can well improve the teaching quality.