Considerable evidence has demonstrated that the mu-calpain (CAPN1) gene and its inhibitor calpastatin (CAST) gene are major factors affecting meat quality. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) has been widely used to improve beef quality traits. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of bovine CAPN1 and CAST genes using 367 animals representing the four main Chinese cattle breeds and to explore the effects of these SNPs on meat quality traits. Two SNPs within CAPN1 and one SNP in CAST were successfully identified in cattle. Genetic diversity analyses suggested that most SNPs in the four breeds exhibited a moderate genetic diversity. Moreover, associations between individual markers and meat quality traits were analyzed in Chinese Simmental cattle. The CAPN1 4558 A > G locus was found to be significantly associated with shear force value (SFV) and marbling score (BMS), and CAPN1 4684 C > T exerted a significant effect on SFV, while the CAST genotype was not significantly associated with any of the measured traits. SFV, commonly used to measure meat tenderness, represents an important quality trait as it contributes to the flavor of cooked meat. This work confirms the effect of CAPN1 on beef tenderness and lays an important foundation for future cattle breeding.

[目的]探讨钙蛋白酶1(CAPN1)基因在中国黄牛不同群体中的变异以及CAPN1基因作为影响牛肉质性状候选基因的可能性,寻找与牛肉质性状相关的分子标记.[方法]采用PCR-SSCP对雷琼牛、云南高峰牛、BMY牛与中国西门塔尔牛共367个个体CAPN1基因Exon11-Exon16与Intron21遗传变异检测,运用GLM模型分析检测到的遗传变异与中国西门塔尔牛部分肉质性状的关联性.[结果]发现CAPN1基因DNA序列中的2个突变位点A4558G和C4684T,分别检测到AA/AG/GG和CC/CT/TT 3种基因型,优势基因分别为A和G.效应分析结果表明,A4558G多态对骨重、胴体产肉率及肉骨比性状效应显著(P＜0.05),C4684T多态对宰前活重、净肉重、胴体重、头重、骨重、前蹄重、网膜油重及肠系膜油重性状效应显著(P＜0.05).[结论] CAPN1基因可以作为内牛胴体性状的主效基因或与主效基因相连锁的一个标记.

为探索生长激素受体(GHR)基因在中国黄牛不同群体中的变异以及GHR基因作为影响牛肉质性状候选基因的可能性,采用PCR-SSCP技术对雷琼牛、云南高峰牛、BMY牛及中国西门塔尔牛共367头个体GHR基因部分外显子遗传变异进行检测,分析群体遗传特征,并运用SPSS17.0软件中GLM模型分析所检测的遗传变异与中国西门塔尔牛部分肉质性状的关联性.结果表明:在GHR基因DNA序列中发现T229C多态位点,雷琼牛群体处于Hardy-Weinberg 平衡状态,其他群体偏离平衡.对GHR基因T229C位点与胴体性状关系分析表明:该位点对肌肉生长性状效应显著,对宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率、胴体产肉率、净肉率、肉骨比、头与蹄重、脂肪覆盖率也有显著影响.结果提示GHR基因可作为牛屠宰及肉质性状的候选基因.

牛乳房炎是世界乳牛业的主要危害因素之一,除了影响奶牛的发情和妊娠、造成乳产量和质量下降、药品或兽医治疗费用增加外,还导致乳牛失去泌乳能力而被强制性淘汰等严重经济损失.

To explore the variations of blood index resistance against heat stress of yellow cattle in Chinese southern tropical and subtropical region,blood samples were collected from 4 cattle populations,Leiqiong,Yunnan Gaofeng,BMY and Chinese Simmental to detect the related blood index,including serum K+,Erythrocyte K+,Hemoglobin,AST,ALT and ALP,The results showed that Chinese Simmental had the lowest serum K+(P0.01),AST(P0.05),GPT(P0.05) concentration and the highest ALP concentration(P0.01).The Hemoglobin concentration of BMY and Chinese Simmental was higher than local population(P0.01).Leiqiong had a lowest Erythrocyte K+ in the four populations.The GPT concentration was significantly different among breeds from different regions(P0.01).These findings indicated that the above mentioned index correlated closely with heat stress degree and could be used as selective marker proof for resistance against heat stress resistance in cattle.

<正>1鲜蛋的选择与预处理鲜蛋挑选:挑选新鲜的蛋品,以获得高质量的咸蛋。用于腌制的鲜蛋有光泽,蛋壳表面清洁,蛋壳完整,无破损,对着灯光照看时,内容物紧密,气室小等。

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of SCD1 gene.To explore the effect of genetic variance in SCD1 gene on carcass and meat traits,682 cattle were selected randomly,including Chinese Simmetal cattle(Simme),Leiqiong cattle(LQ),Yunnan Gaofeng cattle(GF),BMY cattle(BMY),Minnan cattle(MN),Luxi cattle(LX),Bohai Black cattle(BH) and Holstein of South Chinese(Hols.),the polymorphism of specific fragment of SCD1 gene was analyzed by PCR-SSCP technique.A nucleotide mutation had been found at site 878,leading to an amino acid change(Glycine to Valine) at site 293,it was C878T.Three genotypes(CC,CT and TT) had been found at this site,and the frequency of genotype TT was highest in Chinese Simmetal population with the value of 0.114,and lower in Luxi cattle,Bohai Black cattle and Holstein with the value of 0.050,0.063 and 0.040,respectively.But genotype TT had not been found in the four tropic populations including Leiqiong cattle,Yunnan Gaofeng cattle,BMY cattle and Minnan cattle.The individuals with CC genotype of SCD1 showed a higher content of IMF and Mesentery fat weight traits(P0.05),but lower value of backfat thickness trait(P0.01),compared to the individuals with TT genotype.There was no significant difference among different genotypes with other traits.The results indicate that the C878T mutation of SCD1 gene has a great genetic effect on carcass and meat traits and could be a useful genetic marker for Chinese beef breeding.

1 鲜蛋的选择与预处理 鲜蛋挑选:挑选新鲜的蛋品,以获得高质量的咸蛋.用于腌制的鲜蛋有光泽,蛋壳表面清洁,蛋壳完整,无破损,对着灯光照看时,内容物紧密,气室小等.

【Objective】To explore the distribution of Calpain 1 gene(CAPN1) in Chinese south yellow cattle populations and north beef cattle populations,and to evaluate it as a candidate molecular marker associated with beef quality.【Method】PCR-SSCP method was used to detect the polymorphism of CAPN1 in 367 heads from four cattle populations,including Leiqiong,Yunnan highpump,BMY and Chinese Simmental.The association between SNP locus and some meat straits were analyzed by general linear model(GLM) in SPSS program.【Result】 Three genotypes,AA,AG,GG and CC,CT,TT,were detected at site A4558G and C4684T,respectively,with G as an advantageous gene at site A4558G,and A as an advantageous gene at site C4684T.Genotypic variance had significant association with shearing force strait and marbling score strait.The cattle with GG in site A4558G had lower shearing force and marbling score than others(P0.05),while the cattle with TT in site C4684T had lower shearing force than that of CT(P0.05) and individuals with TT had lower former PH after rowing of acid than that of CC(P0.05).Combined-genotype analysis indicated that the cattle with GGTT had lower shearing force than that of AACC,AGCT and AACT(P0.05) and lower score of marbling than that of the rest(P0.05),while the score of fat color of these cattle were higher than others.But there were no significant associations between two sites and other straits.【Conclusion】 Site C4684T and A4558G of CAPN1 gene could be used as genetic marks for beef tenderness and marbling score traits.

为了研究中国荷斯坦牛不同胎次对繁殖性能的影响及繁殖性能变化规律,试验利用扬州大学实验农牧场提供的1～5胎共2 154个胎次分娩的中国荷斯坦母牛为研究对象,采用单因素方差分析的方法分析不同胎次对受胎情期数、产犊到受胎时间间隔、妊娠期、产犊间隔、干奶天数等指标的影响.结果表明:胎次对受胎情期数、妊娠期和干奶天数影响极显著(P<0.01),第1胎的受胎情期数显著低于其他各胎,胎次对产犊到受胎时间间隔和产犊间隔无显著影响(P>0.05),但随着胎次的增加,产犊到受胎时间间隔和产犊间隔有逐渐降低的趋势.

Fatty acid synthase (FASN) plays very important role in mammalian fat synthesis. The polymorphism of FASN gene exon 2, exon 4, exon 26, exon 34 in Chinese Holstein population was detected using PCR -SSCP in this study. Results indicated that mutation point was only found in exon 34 (g.16009A>G). Holstein cows in southern China have A (point mutation G) and B (point mutation A) alleles. The frequencies of alleles were 0.8 802/0.1 198, respectively, with genotypic frequencies AA 0.7 604 and AB 0.2 396. GLM model was applied to analyze the impact of FASN gene genotype on milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, milk yield, and somatic cell score(SCS). It was also showed that the two genotypes had a significant difference(P < 0.05) on milk fat, and SCS. This study provided original information for elucidating regulatory mechanism of milk fat.

The genetic diversity of the exon2 of BoLA-DRB3 (BoLA-DRB3.2) in Chinese Holstein cattle of the south China was investigated by hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Six, four and eleven RFLP patterns were found after digestion with the restriction enzymes Hae III, Bst YI and Rsa I, respectively. The DNA sequence showed and twenty- five DRB3.2 alleles. GLM model analysis indicated that lactation and calving season have positive correlation with SCC (Somatic Cell Count) (p<0.01), BoLA-DRB3.2*3, *8, *18 and *26 were associated with lower SCC (p<0.01). The present findings concluded that mastitis is a severe hinder of milk production and technology. Therefore, future re-searches should focus on associations of mastitis with BoLA haplotypes rather than single BoLA genes

The importance of cattle resources in South China were deeply analyzed,especially the distribution,breeds character and the independence of origin,the facing problems at current situation,including the understanding of non-uniform of the protective problems of yellow cattle resource,uncertainty relationship between protection and utilization,the featured benefits were different to play.The constructive proposals on the effective utilization of Chinese cattle in South China were provided contrapuntally.

The genetic polymorphisms of β-Lg exon Ⅳ and β-Lg 5′ flanking region in five populations of Chinese cattle,including Holstein,Luxi cattle,Minnan cattle,Bohai cattle and Yak,were detected using PCR-RFLP.The results indicated that mutations of β-Lg exon Ⅳ and β-Lg 5′ flanking region in the populations were found.Genetic analysis showed that,the frequencies of allele A and B in former four populations were 0.4125/0.5875,0.1419/0.8581,0.0333/0.9667 and 0.1857/0.8143 respectively.The allele frequencies of A and B on β-Lg 5′ flanking region were 0.4125/0.5875,0.7286/0.2714,0.7328/0.2672 and 0.8637/0.1364 respectively.Only alleles B and E were found in Yak,with allele frequencies of 0.0732/0.9269 and genotype EE and BE,no carriers of other genes or genotypes were found.A chi-square analysis suggested that Holstein,Luxi cattle,Minnan cattle,Bohai cattle populations had reached Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in two loci,and Yak was unequilibrium in β-Lg exon Ⅳ.Only Minnan and Yak cattle population had low polymorphism information content in two loci,others had moderate values.Heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity were highest in Holstein cattle and lowest in Minnan cattle.Conclusions from this study lay scientific foundation to protection and utility of genetic resources.

In order to investigate the breed characteristics and genetic diversity of China sheep(goat),microsatellite markers were used in the present study for 6 breeds of china sheep(goat).Gene frequencies of 7 microsatellite loci of 123 Ujumuqin Sheep were examined by using the method of random sampling in typical colonies of the central area of the habitat,and the PCR amplifying and the PAGE electrophoresis.Relational data were cited to analysis the genetic differentiation of Ujumuqin sheep,Han sheep,Tan sheep,Hu sheep,Tong sheep and White Goat of Yangtze Triangle District.The results indicated there were genetic polymorphisms at seven microsatellite markers in these six sheep(goat) breeds.Analysis of the relations between six populations of sheep and goat based on standard genetic distance,DA genetic distance and fuzzy similarity relations,Hu sheep and Tong sheep clustered first,Ujumuqin sheep and Han sheep and then with Tan sheep,five sheep populations clusteredd with goat at last.

为进一步了解我国绵（山）羊群体的品种特性及其遗传分化，本文利用微卫星标记对我国6个绵（山）羊群体遗传分化进行了分析。采用中心产区典型群随机抽样方法用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测乌珠穆沁羊7个微卫星位点，并引用同实验室小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊、长江三角洲白山羊（参照群体）的相关资料进行群体遗传分化水平分析。研究表明：7个微卫星位点在乌珠穆沁羊、小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊、山羊这6个品种中均存在遗传多态性，各座位等位基因均较丰富。根据标准遗传距离、DA遗传距离以及模糊相容关系进行聚类分析，湖羊与同羊首先聚为一类，乌珠穆沁羊和小尾寒羊聚为一类，然后与滩羊聚为一类，5个绵羊品种最后与山羊相聚。

通过对扬州大学实验农牧场的212头产奶牛进行了奶牛体型线性评定,并采集其奶样,测出其乳脂率和乳蛋白率,统计产奶量并校正为305d的产奶量。对体型线性评定、乳蛋白率、乳脂率和产奶量进行相关性分析,结果表明:产奶量与棱角度、体高和体深呈正相关,其中与棱角度相关极显著(P<0.01),与体高和体深相关显著(P<0.05),与后乳房深、后乳房宽、悬韧带、后肢侧视、尻宽、蹄角度、胸宽、乳头长和乳头位置间均负相关显著;乳脂率与悬韧带、体高间呈极显著正相关,与胸宽呈极显著负相关;乳蛋白与乳头位置、乳头长、体深呈正相关,其中与乳头长、体深相关极显著,与乳头位置相关显著,与后肢侧视、胸宽呈显著负相关。

为进一步了解我国绵(山)羊群体的品种特性及其遗传分化,本文利用微卫星标记对我国6个绵(山)羊群体遗传分化进行了分析.采用中心产区典型群随机抽样方法用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测乌珠穆沁羊7个微卫星位点,并引用同实验室小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊、长江三角洲白山羊(参照群体)的相关资料进行群体遗传分化水平分析.研究表明:7个微卫星位点在乌珠穆沁羊、小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊、山羊这6个品种中均存在遗传多态性,各座位等位基因均较丰富.根据标准遗传距离、DA遗传距离以及模糊相容关系进行聚类分析,湖羊与同羊首先聚为一类,乌珠穆沁羊和小尾寒羊聚为一类,然后与滩羊聚为一类,5个绵羊品种最后与山羊相聚.

The general characteristics,polymorphisms and their relationships with the milk production and reproduction traits of the cow's milk were reviewed.The perspectives for applications of the milk protein polymorphisms in animal breeding were discussed in this article,too.