Brown rot caused by Monilinia spp. is an important postharvest disease. It affects fruit quality and can cause serious economic losses. In October 2021, typical brown rot symptoms on fruit were observed at an apple orchard in Xiaobaishan Township, Jilin Province, China (E126°39'10″, N43°44'21″). Over 1200 plants were surveyed in the orchard, and nearly 25% of the plants were infected. In this research, samples from ten different trees showing typical symptoms were isolated and identified. Freshly diseased fruits were surface sterilized with 75% ethanol for 15s, then fungal colonies were isolated from 3 mm diameter diseased tissue samples. The purified colonies were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA), oatmeal agar (OA) and water agar (WA + Sterilized apple pulp) and incubated at 25 ℃ in a 12 h/12 h light-dark photoperiod for 5 days. The colonies became light to dark brown; they grew faster on PDA with a growth rate of 5.53 mm/d, most densely on OA and slowest on SA + sterilized apple pulp with thin mycelia. After 20 days, some transparent, oval, smooth conidia were observed on the SA + sterile apple culture medium. Conidia sizes were 8.27-16.54 (avg. 11.97) x 2.92-7.09 (avg. 4.52) um (n=50) (Hilber-Bodmer et al. 2012). Pure cultures of eight samples were isolated from single spores, and DNA was extracted with a commercial nucleic acid extraction kit (Omega, cat#D3390-01). Then, fragments of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-alpha), beta-tubulin (Bt), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes(G3pdh) were PCR amplified using primes ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn 1999), BT-2a/BT-2b (Glass and Donaldson 1995), and G3pdhF/G3pdhR (Hu et al. 2011) respectively. The amplicons were sequenced by Takara Bio Inc. Sequences of all isolates were identical, thus one set of sequences were run with BLASTn against the NCBI GenBank nr database. The homology analysis showed that ITS (OQ170786), Bt (OQ179019), EF (OQ834046) and G3pdh (OQ834047) gene fragments were 100% (0/540 nt) , 100% (0/462 nt), 99.01% (3/304nt) and 99.61% (3/767 nt) similar to M. polystroma （NR154198.1, MT038414.1, LT632542.1, MT038415.1）respectively. Based on morphological characteristics and sequence analysis, the fungal isolate was identified as M. polystroma. Koch's postulates were conducted using ten healthy apple fruits that were surface disinfected with 0.2% sodium hypochlorite and repeatedly rinsed with sterile water. The test apples were wounded with a sterile needle, inoculated with mycelial agar plugs (3 mm diameter) on the wounds, and incubated at 25℃, 50% room humidity. The equivalent sterile PDA plugs were used as control and the experiment was repeated three times. After 5 days, brown rot symptoms appeared on the inoculated apples. 10 days later, nearly 1/3 of the inoculated apple surface appeared rotted, but the controls were symptomless. Subsequently, the same strain was re-isolated from the inoculated apples by pure culture and molecular identification. Therefore, M. polystroma (named JL-1) was confirmed as the causal agent of brown rot in Jilin Provincen China. M. polystroma is a typical pathogen of brown rot in the north of China, and only reported on apples in Shandong, apricots in Heilongjiang and pears in Hebei in China (Zhu et al. 2016) but never in Jilin. In addition, it was reported that the contribution of M. polystroma species to brown rot disease on apple and pear in China is 20% out of all the Monilinia spp. species that cause the disease, but M. polystroma virulence is not significantly different from other Monilinia species more widely distributed (Zhu et al, 2016). This is the first report of M. polystroma causing apple brown rot in Jilin Province of China. This finding will provide useful information for future diagnosis and management.

蓝莓溃疡病是蓝莓的主要病害,对植株生长影响较大,严重威胁着蓝莓的产量和品质.本文对蓝莓溃疡病的发病症状及发病规律进行了介绍,并从农业、化学、生物三方面分析了蓝莓溃疡病的防治手段及策略,以期更好地指导蓝莓的实践生产,预防蓝莓溃疡病的发生,从而有效增产,改善蓝莓品质,促进蓝莓产业的健康发展.

为了明确最有利于蓝莓溃疡病生防链霉菌CX3发酵的营养条件和发酵条件,采用碳氮源筛选法确定发酵培养基的最佳碳源、有机氮源和无机氮源,通过正交设计试验确定碳、氮源的最佳配比,同时,采用单因素法对优化后的CX3发酵液的稳定性进行测定.优化后的发酵培养基配方为:葡萄糖60 g,花生饼粉40 g,硝酸钾4 g,氯化钠4 g,碳酸钙4 g,水1000 mL,pH 7.0.最佳发酵条件为:发酵温度28℃,摇床转速150 r·min-1,初始pH为7、发酵时间6 d、菌株种龄6 d、种子液与培养基体积比5％.优化前的抑菌直径是15.93 mm,优化后是24.88 mm,优化后的抑菌圈直径增加8.95 mm.发酵液稳定性测定结果表明:发酵液耐碱但对pH小于4的酸性环境敏感;对温度耐受性好,121℃时发酵液失活,易贮存,常温保存15 d,发酵液亦可保持较好的抑菌活性.本研究筛选获得的拮抗菌株CX3的发酵培养基条件经优化后,发酵液抑菌能力显著提高,且发酵液的理化性质稳定,开发前景广阔,为蓝莓溃疡病的生物防治提供了新的生防因子.

寄主植物挥发物是昆虫找寻和定位寄主的重要信息.本文应用动态顶空取样法收集蒙古栎枝叶部的挥发物,经GC-MS鉴定分析,主要有10种挥发物成分,为合成蒙古栎食叶性害虫的引诱剂提供理论基础.

Poplar (Populus spp.) is a high-economic-value tree species around the world. However, poplar trees are damaged by canker disease caused by Valsa sordida. In our previous study, an antagonistic bacterial strain of Streptomyces sioyaensis (No. F57) against V. sordida was isolated, however the antifungal mechanisms by which S. sioyaensis (No. F57) suppress the poplar canker pathogen V. sordida remains unclear. In the present study, S. sioyaensis (No. F57) fermentation broth significantly inhibited mycelial growth. The inhibition rate for mycelial dry weight and colony growth after 3 days was 89.27% and 83.94%, respectively. Spore germination of the pathogen was greatest inhibited 78.30% at 6 h. In vivo biocontrol assays, the disease index of poplar canker treated with S. sioyaensis (No. F57) fermentation broth was significantly reduced compared with the control. At concentrations of 10-fold diluent of fermentation broth, the control effect was up to 78.08%. The fermentation broth also increased mycelia electrical conductivity and the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA). The enzyme activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), Hexokinase (HK), Phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) in the glycolytic pathway, and Glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) were all disrupted in the pathogen mycelia treated with S. sioyaensis (No. F57) fermentation broth. These result revealed that S. sioyaensis (No. F57) inhibited V. sordida by increasing the cell permeability and disrupting the metabolic pathways of the pathogen. Thus, S. sioyaensis (No. F57) can be a potent biocontrol agent for poplar canker disease management in application.

本文从生物生态学、行为生态学、化学生态学角度对榆紫叶甲的生态学研究进展进行了综述,未来需要在榆紫叶甲的分子、生理生化等领域进一步进行深入研究,以利于更好地在林间监测和防治榆紫叶甲,减少和降低该虫的严重危害带来的经济和生态损失.

The bark beetle,Ips typographus(Coleoptera,Scolytidae) is one of the most significant pests of spruce, it can destroy large numbers of mature trees and cause substantial economic losses. The colonisation on spruce trees is initiated by pioneer I. typographus males. In the host location process of I. typographus,volatiles released by host are of utmost importance. After excavation of nuptial chambers, they release an aggregation pheromone that attracts both female and male conspecifics. Many plant-released compounds act either as pheromone synergists or antagonists to I. typographus. This triggers a mass attack on a selected tree. An invasion also activates inducible defenses, which may include secondary resin production. Pheromones of bark beetles and transformation ability of secondary metabolites of the host trees are important biological control agents in depressing population density of bark beetles and attack ratio to host trees. Semiochemicals from both I.typographus and the host plant have integrated effects in the behavior of host colonization, mating, reproduction, etc. during the life cycle of a bark beetle.

本文对榆紫叶甲组织形态特征及防治技术研究进展作综述,未来需要在分子、生物化学等领域进行深入研究,为野外监测和防治榆紫叶甲提供理论基础和实践经验.

对吉林省森林地被可燃物载量进行了调查研究.结果表明:①吉林省森林地被可燃物总量为8468.4万t,森林地被可燃物总量最多地区为延边州3444.1万t,最少地区为松原市126.4万t;②吉林省地被可燃物载量为10.3 t/hm2,地被可燃物载量最高的地区为长白山管委会11.3 t/hm2,较低的地区为松原市6.8 t/hm2与白城市6.9 t/hm2;③吉林省人工林、天然林地被可燃物载量分别为10.92 t/hm2和11.08 t/hm2;④通过各森林类型1 h时滞可燃物载量和地被总可燃物载量的聚类分析,可将34个森林类型地被可燃物划分为5类.

The type, number, and distribution of antennal sensilla of Camptoloma interiorata were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Based on their morphology, sensilla squamiformia, sensilla trichodea ( STI, STII, STIII ) , sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconica, sensilla auricillica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla coeloconica and B?hm bristles were distinguished on the antennae in both sexes. The putative functions of these sensillar also were discussed with reference to their morphology,distribution and ultrastructure.

虫蜀蝽是一种对多种农林害虫具有良好控制作用的捕食性天敌,对人工饲料饲养的虫蜀蝽的产卵量、发育历期,虫体脂肪含量等生理生化指标的测定结果表明人工饲料饲养的虫蜀蝽产卵量明显高于天然饲料饲养的虫蜀蝽,平均达到每雌122粒,但发育历期比天然饲料饲养的虫蜀蝽延迟2天左右.人工饲料饲养的虫蜀蝽脂肪含量为34%,比天然饲料饲养的高10个百分点.说明人工饲料基本能满足虫蜀蝽的生长发育,但饲料中的某些微量成分及含量还需调整.

草坪草褐斑病是草坪的一种重要土传真菌病害。本文系统介绍了草坪草褐斑病的寄主、症状特征、危害及发生规律,并提出了预防及防治措施。

This paper deals with the bionomics of Micromelopha troglodyta.The pest has 2 generations a year and overwinters in pupa in the fallen leaves.In the food lack condition,the last instar larvae is compelled to pupate in advance,the mass of the pupa is much lighter than that of normal pupa.If the mass of the pupa is below 90 mg,it can not emerge.The mathematical model between the probability of the female and the pupa mass is Yi=-6.22+3.256 logXi.The mathematical model between amount of the female eggs and the pupa mass is Yi'=-1 886.3+1 014.4 logXi.Applying these mathematical models,we can forecast the population dynamics of M.troglodyta.