Background Poplar canker caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is one of the most severe plant disease of poplars worldwide. In our study, we aimed to investigate the modes of antagonism by fermentation broth supernatant (FBS) of Streptomyces spiroverticillatus HS1 against B. dothidea. Results In vitro, the strain and FBS of S. spiroverticillatus HS1 significantly inhibited mycelial growth and biomass accumulation, and also disrupted the mycelium morphology of B. dothidea. On the 3rd day after treatment, the inhibition rates of colony growth and dry weight were 80.72% and 52.53%, respectively. In addition, FBS treatment damaged the plasma membrane of B. dothidea based on increased electrical conductivity in the culture medium, and malondialdehyde content of B. dothidea mycelia. Notably, the analysis of key enzymes in glycolysis pathway showed that the activity of hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase (PK), Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase were significantly increased after FBS treatment. But the glucose contents were significantly reduced, and pyruvate contents were significantly increased in B. dothidea after treatment with FBS. Conclusions The inhibitory mechanism of S. spiroverticillatus HS1 against B. dothidea was a complex process, which was associated with multiple levels of mycelial growth, cell membrane structure, material and energy metabolism. The FBS of S. spiroverticillatus HS1 could provide an alternative approach to biological control strategies against B. dothidea.

为进一步提高链霉菌Streptomyces scopuliridis对杨树溃疡病的防治效果,采用单因子和正交试验相结合的方法对菌株HS1的发酵培养基和发酵条件进行优化,测定发酵液理化性质,并初步探索完善5?～?50?L二级发酵工艺.结果表明:拮抗菌株HS1最佳发酵培养基配方(质量体积比)为可溶性淀粉8％、花生饼粉3.5％、硝酸钾0.2％、氯化钠0.4％、碳酸钙0.4％,最佳发酵条件为发酵温度28?℃、初始pH?7.0、菌株种龄4?d、接种量?(菌种和培养基体积百分比)6％、发酵4?d.二级发酵工艺中,种子罐采用高氏一号培养基,发酵温度28?℃、转速150?r/min、通气量3.0?L/min、发酵4?d、初始pH?7.0;发酵罐培养基组分按优化后配方,转速250?r/min、通气量10.0?L/min、发酵6?d、初始pH?7.0;发酵液中性时抑菌效果最好,光和热稳定性良好、耐贮性高.拮抗菌株HS1可为开发防治杨树溃疡病的生物农药提供新的原材料,发酵液抑菌效果良好、稳定易保存,可为进一步研制生防菌剂奠定基础.

Brown rot caused by Monilinia spp. is an important postharvest disease. It affects fruit quality and can cause serious economic losses. In October 2021, typical brown rot symptoms on fruit were observed at an apple orchard in Xiaobaishan Township, Jilin Province, China (E126°39'10″, N43°44'21″). Over 1200 plants were surveyed in the orchard, and nearly 25% of the plants were infected. In this research, samples from ten different trees showing typical symptoms were isolated and identified. Freshly diseased fruits were surface sterilized with 75% ethanol for 15s, then fungal colonies were isolated from 3 mm diameter diseased tissue samples. The purified colonies were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA), oatmeal agar (OA) and water agar (WA + Sterilized apple pulp) and incubated at 25 ℃ in a 12 h/12 h light-dark photoperiod for 5 days. The colonies became light to dark brown; they grew faster on PDA with a growth rate of 5.53 mm/d, most densely on OA and slowest on SA + sterilized apple pulp with thin mycelia. After 20 days, some transparent, oval, smooth conidia were observed on the SA + sterile apple culture medium. Conidia sizes were 8.27-16.54 (avg. 11.97) x 2.92-7.09 (avg. 4.52) um (n=50) (Hilber-Bodmer et al. 2012). Pure cultures of eight samples were isolated from single spores, and DNA was extracted with a commercial nucleic acid extraction kit (Omega, cat#D3390-01). Then, fragments of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-alpha), beta-tubulin (Bt), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes(G3pdh) were PCR amplified using primes ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn 1999), BT-2a/BT-2b (Glass and Donaldson 1995), and G3pdhF/G3pdhR (Hu et al. 2011) respectively. The amplicons were sequenced by Takara Bio Inc. Sequences of all isolates were identical, thus one set of sequences were run with BLASTn against the NCBI GenBank nr database. The homology analysis showed that ITS (OQ170786), Bt (OQ179019), EF (OQ834046) and G3pdh (OQ834047) gene fragments were 100% (0/540 nt) , 100% (0/462 nt), 99.01% (3/304nt) and 99.61% (3/767 nt) similar to M. polystroma （NR154198.1, MT038414.1, LT632542.1, MT038415.1）respectively. Based on morphological characteristics and sequence analysis, the fungal isolate was identified as M. polystroma. Koch's postulates were conducted using ten healthy apple fruits that were surface disinfected with 0.2% sodium hypochlorite and repeatedly rinsed with sterile water. The test apples were wounded with a sterile needle, inoculated with mycelial agar plugs (3 mm diameter) on the wounds, and incubated at 25℃, 50% room humidity. The equivalent sterile PDA plugs were used as control and the experiment was repeated three times. After 5 days, brown rot symptoms appeared on the inoculated apples. 10 days later, nearly 1/3 of the inoculated apple surface appeared rotted, but the controls were symptomless. Subsequently, the same strain was re-isolated from the inoculated apples by pure culture and molecular identification. Therefore, M. polystroma (named JL-1) was confirmed as the causal agent of brown rot in Jilin Provincen China. M. polystroma is a typical pathogen of brown rot in the north of China, and only reported on apples in Shandong, apricots in Heilongjiang and pears in Hebei in China (Zhu et al. 2016) but never in Jilin. In addition, it was reported that the contribution of M. polystroma species to brown rot disease on apple and pear in China is 20% out of all the Monilinia spp. species that cause the disease, but M. polystroma virulence is not significantly different from other Monilinia species more widely distributed (Zhu et al, 2016). This is the first report of M. polystroma causing apple brown rot in Jilin Province of China. This finding will provide useful information for future diagnosis and management.

为了明确最有利于蓝莓溃疡病生防链霉菌CX3发酵的营养条件和发酵条件,采用碳氮源筛选法确定发酵培养基的最佳碳源、有机氮源和无机氮源,通过正交设计试验确定碳、氮源的最佳配比,同时,采用单因素法对优化后的CX3发酵液的稳定性进行测定.优化后的发酵培养基配方为:葡萄糖60 g,花生饼粉40 g,硝酸钾4 g,氯化钠4 g,碳酸钙4 g,水1000 mL,pH 7.0.最佳发酵条件为:发酵温度28℃,摇床转速150 r·min-1,初始pH为7、发酵时间6 d、菌株种龄6 d、种子液与培养基体积比5％.优化前的抑菌直径是15.93 mm,优化后是24.88 mm,优化后的抑菌圈直径增加8.95 mm.发酵液稳定性测定结果表明:发酵液耐碱但对pH小于4的酸性环境敏感;对温度耐受性好,121℃时发酵液失活,易贮存,常温保存15 d,发酵液亦可保持较好的抑菌活性.本研究筛选获得的拮抗菌株CX3的发酵培养基条件经优化后,发酵液抑菌能力显著提高,且发酵液的理化性质稳定,开发前景广阔,为蓝莓溃疡病的生物防治提供了新的生防因子.

本文介绍了清洁发展机制、国际排放贸易机制和联合履行机制3种国外碳排放交易机制,论述了欧盟碳排放交易体系等4个比较成熟的国外碳排放交易体系的运行机制,阐述了我国碳排放交易市场建设的基本思路,分析了我国林业碳汇交易情况.

以从长白朝鲜族自治县马鹿沟采集的山楂海棠种子为试验材料,对其种子形态、千粒重等指标进行了初步研究,探讨了不同处理方式对种子萌发的影响.结果表明:山楂海棠种子长3.5～5.61 mm、宽1.61～3.35 mm、厚0.78～2.58 mm、千粒重9.52 g,利用层积法处理山楂海棠种子萌发效果最好.

以吉林省森林土壤为研究对象,采用森林调查资料与实测数据相结合的方法,系统地评估了吉林省森林生态系统土壤的碳储量和固碳能力.结果表明:吉林省森林土壤碳储量为10.21亿t,森林土壤碳密度为116.33 t·hm-2,森林土壤年固碳量为409.95万t.

黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV)是葫芦科作物的重要检疫性病毒.本研究以田间自然感病的西瓜叶片为试材,采用RT-PCR获得该病毒(CGMMV-LNYK)基因组全长(登录号MG745849),以pBluescript Ⅱ SK(-)为载体,分别克隆其所编码的4段基因,并采用人工接种验证它们的体外侵染活性.结果 表明:该病毒与韩国分离物KW(登录号AF417242)亲缘关系最近,相似度达99.8％,并成功克隆了CGMMV-LNYK编码的4段基因,分别记为RNA1～RNA4.经人工接种,发现RNA1和RNA4能侵染葫芦,表现明显花叶症状,与该病毒接种葫芦症状一致,且接种RNA1后的症状较RNA4明显,4种RNA混合接种症状最为明显,经RT-PCR检测,发病植株可扩增到与接种的RNA大小相等的片段.

为了明确盐屋链霉菌(Streptomyces sioyaensis)编号F57的发酵培养基的最佳配方及最适发酵条件,同时研究其对杨树抗性的影响,以期为揭示该菌株发酵液的诱导抗性机制奠定理论基础,本研究以杨树烂皮病病原菌(Valsasordida)为靶标菌,选用不同的营养源进行摇床发酵,并设计正交试验对发酵培养基成分及发酵条件进行优化.以1 a生黄快杨扦插苗(Populus pyramidalis cv.Huangkuai)为试材,采用针刺创伤法接种杨树烂皮病病原菌;采用比色法测定杨树叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性以及类黄酮、总酚、脯氨酸和木质素含量的变化.结果表明,菌株F57的最佳碳源为可溶性淀粉,最佳有机氮源为花生饼粉,无机氮源为硫酸铵.最佳发酵培养基配方为可溶性淀粉70 g,花生饼粉25 g,酵母粉2 g,硫酸铵3 g,氯化钠2.7 g,碳酸钙2.7 g,水1000 mL,pH=7.2.摇床发酵的最佳条件为:温度28℃、初始pH=7、发酵时间5 d、种龄5 d、装液量40 mL/250 mL、接种量3％.喷施发酵液可诱导杨树产生系统获得抗性,使其体内游离脯氨酸、木质素、类黄酮和总酚的含量增加,PAL活性增强.F57发酵液可抑制杨树烂皮病病原菌的侵入,阻止杨树烂皮病的扩展,该发酵液同时具有预防和保护作用,具有很好的应用开发前景.

为揭示人工接种黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒(Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus,CGMMV)后西瓜糖分代谢与倒瓤的关系,采用高效液相色谱法测定了接种CGMMV后西瓜的葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖含量变化,采用比色法测定了糖酵解途径关键酶及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的变化.结果显示,西瓜苗感染CGMMV后,果实中葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖含量均较对照发生明显变化,接种处理后葡萄糖含量在授粉7～28 d显著高于对照,之后迅速下降,35d时显著低于对照,仅为对照的24.87％;果糖含量仅在授粉后7～14d高于对照,21～35 d显著低于对照;接种处理和对照的蔗糖含量在授粉后14～35 d均逐渐上升,但14～35 d接种处理显著低于对照.接种处理后己糖激酶、磷酸果糖激酶和果糖激酶活性均在授粉后7～14d显著低于对照,21～28 d显著高于对照,35d时显著低于对照;丙酮酸激酶活性授粉后7～21 d显著低于对照,35 d时显著高于对照;酸性转化酶和中性转化酶活性在授粉后7～21 d显著低于对照,35d时高于对照;蔗糖磷酸合成酶和蔗糖合成酶活性均显著低于对照,其中蔗糖合成酶活性在授粉后28 d时仅为对照的21.32％.推断西瓜苗接种CGMMV后糖酵解的4个关键酶协同作用,调控糖酵解,进而调控葡萄糖和果糖的积累与代谢,同时蔗糖代谢相关酶活性降低,阻碍蔗糖合成,即西瓜苗感染CGMMV导致倒瓤与其糖分的合成与代谢密切相关.

介绍了链霉菌的活体制剂和代谢产物在植物病害生物防治中的应用;综述了链霉菌的生防机制,包括拮抗作用、竞争作用、重寄生作用、诱导作用和抗生作用;指出了链霉菌在植物病害防治中存在的问题并提出了对策;展望了链霉菌生物防治今后的研究方向.

Studies were conducted with the watermelon cultivar ‘Jingxin’ in Liaoning Province.In order to reveal the viral multiplication process after watermelon was inoculated by Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) and its influence on photosynthesis,some physiological and biochemical indexes such as concentration of virus and photosynthetic pigment,activity of key enzymes and related physiological indexes were studied.The results indicated that the virus was detected on the 3rd day after watermelons were inoculated by CGMMV,and the concentration of virus was highest on the 24th day.Meanwhile the concentrations of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and carotenoids were significantly lower than those of the control.The concentration of chlorophyll a was lower than that of healthy control after 9 days.The concentration of chlorophyll b and carotenoids were significantly decreased on the 15th day.On the 18th day,the concentration of chlorophyll b was equivalent to 1.33 times of the control.In this study,the activity of ALA anhydrase was tested.It was 29.9 U/h,much higher than that of the control and equivalent to 2.18 times on the 21st day.The tests showed that the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was significantly lower than that of the control,but the activity of glycolate oxidase was highcr than that of the control during the experimental period.The photosynthesis (Pn),stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of watermelon leaves were lower than those of the control,while the concentration of CO2 in the cells was higher than that of the control.This research established foundation for revealing the change in photosynthesis after watermelon was inoculated by CGMMV.

The main secondary metabolites contents change rule of different cultivars Populus xylem and phloem was ana-lyzed in March, June, September and December according to the regularity rule of Saperda populnea.The relationship of secondary metabolites contents and Saperda populnea harm was studied.The result showed that the resistant differences of different cultivars Populus to Saperda populnea was significant.The resistance arrangement from strong to weak was Populus בBailin-3’, Populus psedosimonii ×P.nigra cv.‘Baicheng’, Populus simonii ×(Populus pyramidalis +Salix matsu-dana) cv.Poplaris, Populus ×eurameicana cv.‘Serotina’ , Populus simonii ×P.deltoids cv.‘Huangkuai’ .The tannin, total phenols and flavone content of each cultivars Populus xylem and phloem in larvae harm period ( June) were higher than late larvae overwintering period ( March) .It demonstrated that Populus can resistr pest through adjusting secondary metabo-lites contents constantly in the process of long-term cooperative coevolution with pests.

黄刺蛾Cnidocampa flavescens（Walker）属鳞翅目Lepidoptera，刺蛾科Limacodidae，黄刺蛾属Cnidocampa。在国内主要分布在吉林、辽宁、黑龙江、河南、山东、山西、河北、甘肃、湖北、湖南、江西、浙江、四川、福建、江苏、云南、广东等省。国外分布在日本、朝鲜和俄罗斯的西伯利亚南部等地。主要为害杨、柳、榆、槐及各种果树，是危害阔叶树的主要食叶害虫之一，在吉林省各地均有分布。

An antagonistic bacterial strain NS3 against Vasal sordida was isolated from poplar branches.The NS3 strain displayed a broad-spectrum inhibition to all the 13 pathogenic fungi tested in this study.Of them,its inhibi-tive effect to Vasal sordida and Botryosphaeria dothidea was the strongest,with a width of inhibition zone of more than 25.6 mm and a diameter of 48.6 mm averagely for NS3 fermented broth.Meanwhile,the inoculation test suggested its great potential for biocontrol.The protection and curation of the fermented broth against V .sordida were raised to 85.4% and 69.6%,respectively.On the basis of the morphological and physiological-biochemical characteristics as well as 1 6S rDNA sequence analysis,the bacterium was identified as Bacillus subtilis .

本研究以辽宁省田间主栽西瓜品种"京欣"为试材,通过测定多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)的活性,以及乙烯、丙酮酸及丙酮酸代谢产物—乳酸、乙醛、乙醇含量的变化,明确了西瓜感染黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒后上述生理指标的改变与西瓜倒瓤的关系.研究结果表明:接种处理的西瓜果实授粉后7d和28 d PG出现2次活性高峰,PG活性过高将导致果肉软化;乙烯含量亦在授粉后21～28 d明显高于健康对照,这一变化将导致果肉水渍化败坏;无论接种早晚,西瓜果实内丙酮酸及丙酮酸代谢产物均有不同程度的积累.定植期接种处理的西瓜,授粉后21 d时西瓜果实内丙酮酸含量为健康对照的2.51倍,35 d时达健康对照4.09倍;授粉后7d乳酸含量已显著高于对照,35 d时接种处理的西瓜果实内的乳酸含量迅速增加至43.5 μmol·g-1FW,达健康对照的4.7倍;乙醛含量随着西瓜成熟逐渐增加,尤其是授粉后21～35 d乙醛含量增加速度极为迅速,35 d时达健康对照的26.4倍;乙醇含量授粉后7d最高,达健康对照的10.1倍,随后有所下降.于压蔓期接种处理的西瓜果实,授粉后21 d,丙酮酸、乳酸、乙醛含量明显高于健康对照,但均低于定植期接种处理的,乙醇含量与健康对照无明显差异,也就是说,感染该病毒越早,对西瓜的生长影响越明显.

草坪草褐斑病是草坪的一种重要土传真菌病害。本文系统介绍了草坪草褐斑病的寄主、症状特征、危害及发生规律,并提出了预防及防治措施。