PURPOSE:This study aims to evaluate the effects of brimonidine eye drops and intravitreal administration in guinea pigs with form-deprivation myopia (FDM) and to analyze the ocular pharmacokinetics and irritation. METHODS:The experimental guinea pigs were randomized to the normal control, FDM, FDM brimonidine topical eye drops, and FDM intravitreal injection groups. The experiment period was 13 days. Changes in ocular refraction and axial length were monitored regularly. The ocular pharmacokinetics of brimonidine and its metabolite brimonidine-2,3-dione were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Ocular irritation was assessed by the Draize test, corneal fluorescein staining, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS:Two administration methods of brimonidine equally inhibited the increase in refraction and axial length in FDM guinea pigs (P < 0.05). Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed significant and sustained accumulation of brimonidine in the iris and choroid. Brimonidine was preferentially distributed to the cornea, conjunctiva, and sclera when administered topically, and preferentially to the retina and vitreous when administered intravitreally. The total area under the curve values for retinal and scleral tissues demonstrated that continuous topical administration was 1.95 times and 1.36 times that of intravitreal administration, respectively. The concentration of brimonidine-2,3-dione was significantly lower than that of brimonidine. Brimonidine topical eyedrops had less ocular irritation. CONCLUSIONS:At the drug concentrations in this study, both topical and intravitreal brimonidine achieved sufficient ocular exposure to exert similar myopia-suppressing effects. Continuous topical administration can maintain higher drug concentrations in the retinal and scleral tissues with less eye irritation.

PURPOSE:To investigate the effect of S-100 absorbable hemostatic patch coverage on anastomotic mucosa in endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (En-DCR). METHODS:Two hundred and twenty-six patients with unilateral chronic dacryocystitis (CD) were randomly divided into two groups in a randomized controlled trial: the S-100 absorbable hemostatic patch group (group A) and the control group (group B). All patients underwent En-DCR. Group A received an S-100 absorbable hemostatic patch covering the wound approximately 2 mm around the ostium at the end of the En-DCR, whereas group B received no treatment. The patients were followed up for 12 months, and the mucosal epithelialization of the wound, granulation formation, bleeding, and success rate of ostial patency were compared between the two groups. RESULTS:Our study included 106 patients in group A and 102 patients in group B. After 2 weeks, the intact mucosal epithelium lining the ostia was 96 in group A and 77 in group B. At 12 months follow-up, there were five patients with scars (4.7%) and seven patients with granulomas (6.6%) in group A, compared with 17 patients with scars (16.7%) and 18 patients with granulomas (17.6%) in group B. There were significant differences in scar formation and granuloma formation between the two groups (P = 0.007 and 0.007, respectively). The success rate of anastomotic patency was 92.5% (98/106) in group A and 78.4% (80/102) in group B (P < 0.05). Postoperative bleeding was more substantial in group B than in group A (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION:S-100 absorbable hemostatic patch cover can reduce the risk of postoperative bleeding and improve the success rate of EN-DCR treatment of CD by promoting healing of the anastomotic mucosa and preventing wound scar and granuloma formation after EN-DCR.

Purpose:To determine the distances from the corneal vertex to the effective optical zone margin along its major (DVOx) and minor axes (DVOy), to evaluate their correlation with corneal wavefront aberrations after keratorefractive lenticule extraction (KLEx) in myopic astigmatism, and to identify potential factors related to DVOx and DVOy. Methods:This study included 93 eyes of 51 patients who underwent KLEx with myopic astigmatism. The decentration, area of effective optical zone and the DVOx and DVOy on tangential topography difference map were measured. Induced corneal aberrations were obtained before and six months after surgery. Piecewise regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between the magnitudes of DVOx and DVOy and induced corneal aberrations. The Pearson correlation test was used to identify potential factors related to DVOx and DVOy. Results:The mean DVOx was 2.68 ± 0.24 mm, and the mean DVOy was 2.31 ± 0.22 mm. The Pearson correlation coefficients were higher for induced horizontal and vertical coma, coma, trefoil, higher-order aberrations with DVO, compared to those with decentration or area alone. The DVOx and DVOy were inversely correlated with the correction of sphere, spherical equivalent, and percent tissue altered. Subgroup analysis revealed that induced corneal aberrations were significantly greater in subgroups with DVOx < 2.316 mm and DVOy < 2.183 mm, except for trefoil. Conclusions:By integrating both EOZ area and decentration, DVOx and DVOy provide a more comprehensive assessment of surgically induced corneal aberrations in KLEx surgery, establishing them as crucial evaluation parameters for optimizing surgical planning and enhancing visual outcomes by identifying potential causes of suboptimal results. Translational Relevance:DVO exhibited a stronger association with corneal aberrations in KLEx surgery, compared to either decentration or area. DVOx and DVOy can serve as new evaluation parameters to optimize customized surgical plan and enhance visual outcomes.

To compare the refractive outcomes and visual quality among different types of astigmatism following SMILE and evaluate effective optical zone (EOZ) features, decentration and their potential effects on visual quality. This study included 101 left eyes of 101 patients who underwent SMILE. Patients were grouped according to astigmatism types (with-the-rule [WTR], against-the-rule [ATR] and oblique astigmatism) and decentered displacement (major axis > minor axis and major axis < minor axis). We compared the refractive outcomes, visual quality, EOZ and decentration 3 months postoperatively and analyzed correlations between corneal aberrations and EOZ parameters. The visual and refractive outcomes were favorable in different types of astigmatism. The induced corneal aberrations, EOZ and total decentration were comparable among three groups (all p >.05). There was a strong positive correlation (r =.828, p <.001) between preoperative cylinder axis and the angle of EOZ. The postoperative induced changes in spherical aberration (0.02 ± 0.15 vs. 0.08 ± 0.13, p =.037), coma (0.22 ± 0.27 vs. 0.36 ± 0.25, p =.010), total HOAs (0.28 ± 0.24 vs. 0.42 ± 0.31, p =.009) and LOAs (0.16 ± 0.62 vs. 0.49 ± 0.84, p =.023) were fewer in group with greater decentered displacement along the major axis than the minor axis. Favorable outcomes were observed in different types of astigmatism. Postoperative refractive errors, visual acuity, and induced corneal aberrations showed no significant differences between groups with WTR, ATR, and oblique astigmatism. The angle of EOZ was closely associated with cylinder axis. EOZ provided greater tolerance to decentration, with fewer induced corneal aberrations along the major axis compared to the minor axis. The combined impacts of EOZ and decentration on visual quality should be noted.

Microsurgery has revolutionized modern surgery through its precision and favorable outcomes, but it remains limited by operational difficulty and the scarcity of skilled surgeons. Advances in robotics and communication technology have enabled the development of robotic telesurgery, with the goal of eliminating healthcare disparities. However, insufficiencies regarding system precision, surgical image transmission quality, and operational latency have made remote microsurgery challenging, particularly in intraocular microsurgery. A teleoperated robotic system is presented, featuring micrometer-scale precision and remote center of motion design, to ensure safety and flexibility within the confined operating space of the vitreous cavity. To validate its feasibility and safety, a randomized multicenter study is conducted involving in vivo subretinal injections in 51 pigmented rabbits. Surgeons using teleoperated system achieve nearly twice the first-attempt success rate and significantly fewer surgical complications than manual surgery. Furthermore, the system's versatility is showcased by successfully removing microscale intraocular foreign bodies in 15 porcine eyes and the communication stability is validated in multicenter remote surgeries, including procedures across the Qiongzhou Strait. These findings establish the system's safety, reliability, and versatility for performing remote intraocular procedures, highlighting its potential of remote microsurgery to improve surgical outcomes and broaden access to specialized care.

Our objective was to compare the efficacy of two different silicone hydrogel bandage contact lenses on ocular surface after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) surgery. In this prospective, double-masked, contralateral, comparative clinical study, 25 patients who received SMILE in both eyes wore two different silicone hydrogel bandage contact lenses (BCLs): balafilcon A in one eye and samfilcon A in the other randomly. The scores of BCL deposits on the lens surface and the level of ocular discomfort were assessed on the first day after surgery. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), the 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5), corneal sensitivity, ocular surface parameters and tear inflammatory mediators were assessed preoperatively and 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month postoperatively. There were no significant differences in subjective symptoms scores, OSDI scores, DEQ-5 scores, corneal sensitivity, ocular surface parameters or tear inflammatory mediators between the BCLs postoperatively (p > 0.05). Both samfilcon A and balafilcon A contact lenses are safe with equivalent efficacy on ocular surface after SMILE. The scores of BCL deposits were lower in the samfilcon A group than that in the balafilcon A group after SMILE (samfilcon A vs. balafilcon A: 1.28 ± 0.68 vs. 2.56 ± 0.82, P = 0.045). Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2400083482 (26 April 2024).

·Fungal keratitis represents a significant cause of blindness,with current therapeutic approaches yielding limited success.The disease's onset and progression are primarily driven by fungal virulence factors and the host's immune response.The innate immune system is the first to respond,with neutrophils playing a pivotal role in the antifungal defense.Although neutrophils are critical for pathogen clearance,their excessive or abnormal activation can lead to tissue damage,exacerbating the disease.Thus,elucidating the mechanisms underlying neutrophil activity in fungal keratitis is crucial for refining treatment strategies.This article aims to systematically review the principal antimicrobial mechanisms employed by neutrophils,including phagocytosis,degranulation,and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs).Furthermore,it explores the crosstalk between neutrophils and macrophages,alongside their collective impact and underlying mechanisms in the context of fungal keratitis.Exploration of the mechanisms of fungal keratitis facilitates precise intervention and enhances the efficacy of treatment.

AIM: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and feasibility of superficial corneal opacities treated by excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) combined with small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE)-derived corneal stromal lenticule transplantation. METHODS: A retrospective interventional case series of nine patients aged 12-59y with superficial corneal opacity caused by different pathologies who underwent standardized PTK combined with SMILE-derived corneal stromal lenticule transplantation was examined. Lenticule patches were fixed with fibrin glue. All patients underwent pre- and post-operative clinical assessments at different times for up to 12mo. Slit lamp microscopy, corneal density, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) were examined. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 36.00 +/- 5.80 (12-59)y. Seven eyes (77.8%) gained UDVA and CDVA at the last measurement compared to their preoperative levels. The densities of the total cornea, the total anterior corneal layer, and the anterior corneal layers of 0-2 and 2-6 mm decreased significantly by 12.4%, 27.5%, 46.7%, and 32.8%, respectively. After human allogeneic transplantation, the implanted lenticules of all eyes were clearly visible by AS-OCT and remained transparent without displacement or graft rejection. The thickness of the central cornea and corneal lenticule transplants were stable throughout the entire postoperative period. One case experienced the postoperative complication of delayed corneal epithelial healing. CONCLUSION: PTK combined with SMILE-derived corneal lenticule transplantation improves long-term visual acuity. Therefore, it is a new, safe, and effective method for treating superficial corneal opacity.

Fungal keratitis is a serious blinding eye disease. The development of fungal infections depends primarily on the interaction of fungal virulence with host immune defense factors. The cornea is considered an immune-privileged organ, and resident macrophages are the main immune cells that respond to the heterogeneity exhibited by the microenvironment with their polarization. In the early stage of infection, macrophages polarize towards M1, which promotes inflammation and facilitates fungal clearance but produces a cellular storm that exacerbates immune damage; in the late stage of infection, macrophages polarize towards M2, which suppresses the inflammatory response and facilitates tissue repair, but may be immunosuppressed or even immune escape to the detriment of pathogen clearance. The balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses is key to maintaining the functional integrity of the cornea. Current antifungal drug therapy is limited, so it is particularly important to find a therapeutic target for the inflammatory response triggered by the immune response in addition to antifungal therapy. In this review, the functional and phenotypic characterization of macrophage subsets associated with fungal keratitis was reviewed, more in-depth research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms by which macrophage polarization and their impact on fungal keratitis. Targeted regulation of macrophage differentiation based on their phenotype and function could be an effective approach to treat and manage fungal keratitis in the future.

To evaluate ocular refractive development, choroidal thickness (ChT) and changes in choroidal blood flow in form-deprived myopia (FDM) Guinea pigs treated with repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) therapy. Twenty-eight 3-week-old male tricolour Guinea pigs were randomised into three groups: normal controls (NC, n = 10), form-deprived (FD, n = 10) and red light treated with form-deprivation (RLFD, n = 8). Interocular refraction and axial length (AL) changes were monitored. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) measured choroidal thickness, vessel area density, vessel skeleton density and blood flow signal intensity (flux) in the choriocapillaris and medium–large vessel layers. The experimental intervention lasted 3 weeks. At week 3, the FD group had higher myopia and longer axial length than the NC group (all p < 0.001). The RLFD group had higher hyperopia and shorter axial length than the FD group (all p < 0.001). At week 1, the NC group had a thicker choroidal thickness than the FD group (p < 0.05). At weeks 2 and 3, the RLFD group had a thicker choroidal thickness than the FD group (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, respectively). Additionally, the NC group had higher vessel area density, vessel skeleton density and flux in the choriocapillaris layer than the FD group at the three follow-up time points (all p < 0.05). At week 3, the vessel skeleton density and flux were higher in the RLFD group than in the FD group (all p < 0.05). Correlation analysis results showed that weekly changes in refraction and choroidal thickness were negatively correlated with changes in axial length (all p < 0.05). Choroidal thickness changes were positively correlated with alterations in the vessel area density, vessel skeleton density and flux in the choriocapillaris layer, as well as vessel skeleton density and flux changes in the medium–large vessel layers (all p < 0.05). Repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) therapy retards FDM progression in Guinea pigs, potentially through increased choroidal blood flow in the choriocapillaris layer.

Objective Determine efficacy and safety of a silicone-hydrogel bandage contact lens (CL) after full femtosecond laser-assisted small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). This paired-eye study involved 24 patients (48 eyes). One eye per patient used the CL after surgery; the other served as control. The CL was removed on postoperative day 1. Objective assessments were recorded before surgery and on day 1, week 1, and month 1. Day-1 comfort score was also recorded. Results Corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) on day 1 in the test and control groups was significantly higher than baseline (F = 32.74, P < 0.001 and F = 154.8, P < 0.001, respectively). CFS for the test group was significantly lower than control (t = 7.302, P < 0.001). Both tear film breakup time (TBUT) and Schirmer I test were shorter compared with baseline with statistically significant between-group differences (TBUT, t = 5.271, P < 0.001; Schirmer I test, t = 3.033, P < 0.001). Tear meniscus height was significantly lower than baseline in both groups (control, F = 22.21, P < 0.001; test, F = 26.27, P < 0.001); between-group differences were not statistically significant (t = 0.202, P > 0.05). The test group was statistically superior for comfort measures (t = 4.099, P < 0.001). Early use of a novel bandage CL after SMILE improved subjective discomfort symptoms, relieved early ocular surface injury and promoted stability of the tear film.

BACKGROUND:Myopia is becoming a huge burden on the world's public health systems. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of brimonidine in the treatment of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) and the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) and myopia development.METHODS:Monocular form deprivation myopia (FDM) was induced in three-week-old pigmented male guinea pigs. They were treated with 3 different methods of brimonidine administration (eye drops, and subconjunctival or intravitreal injections). Four different concentrations of brimonidine were tested for each method (2µg/µL, 4µg/µL, 20µg/µL, and 40µg/µL). All treatments continued for a period of 21 days. Tonometry, retinoscopy, and A-scan ultrasonography were used to monitor intraocular pressure, refractive error and axial length (AL), respectively.RESULTS:Treatment with subconjunctival brimonidine at 40µg/µL, and intravitreal brimonidine at 2µg/µL and 4µg/µL, inhibited the development of FDM. The myopic refraction, excessive axial length, and elevation of IOP were significantly decreased. Brimonidine in eye drops was ineffective.CONCLUSION:Brimonidine at appropriate doses significantly reduced the development of FD myopia in guinea pigs. The IOP may change with FD myopia.

Drug treatment studies are a focal point for identifying novel approaches to reduce myopia progression through basic science research. Here, we investigated the effects of various brimonidine administration routes and concentrations on form-deprivation myopia (FDM) progression, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and collagen alpha1 chain of type I (COL1A1) expression in the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE)-choroid complex and sclera of guinea pigs. They demonstrate that brimonidine has the capacity to impede choroidal thinning induced by FDM, potentially through the induction of choroidal vasodilation. Additionally, we observed that brimonidine effectively counteracts FDM-induced downregulation of choroidal and scleral MMP-2 expression. Suppression of MMP-2 expression may reduce disruption of scleral and choroidal structural integrity which reduces declines in choroidal blood circulation and mitigates increases in ocular elongation. This research elucidates the effects of brimonidine on myopia progression, offering potential insights into therapeutic interventions for myopia.

Importance:Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent eye disorder. Cyclosporine is an effective immunomodulator that is widely used in DED; however, due to its highly hydrophobic nature, delivery of cyclosporine to the ocular surface is challenging. Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of SHR8028, a water-free cyclosporine ophthalmic solution, 0.1%, compared with vehicle in Chinese participants with DED. Design, Setting, and Participants:This was a multicenter, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, phase 3 randomized clinical trial conducted from March 4, 2021, to July 22, 2022. Adult participants with moderate to severe DED were recruited from 12 hospitals in China. Study data were analyzed April 2, 2022, for the primary analysis. Interventions:Following a 14-day run-in period with an artificial tear, participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive water-free cyclosporine or vehicle (1 eye drop in each eye twice daily). After a 29-day treatment, participants of both groups were given the option to receive water-free cyclosporine for an additional 12 weeks for longer-term safety assessment. Main Outcomes and Measures:The primary end points were changes from baseline in total corneal fluorescein staining (tCFS) using the National Eye Institute scale and in dryness score on a visual analog scale at day 29. Results:A total of 206 participants (mean [SD] age, 47.8 [14.2] years; 185 female [90%]) were enrolled, with 103 each in the cyclosporine group and the vehicle group. At day 29, the cyclosporine group experienced improved tCFS compared with vehicle (change [Δ] = -1.8; 95% CI, -2.7 to -1.0; P < .001), with a tCFS score decrease from baseline of -4.8 in the cyclosporine group and -3.0 in the vehicle group. Dryness score decreased from baseline in both groups (-19.2 vs -15.4; Δ = -3.8; 95% CI, -9.2 to 1.6; P = .17). During the 29-day treatment, treatment-related adverse events were reported in 15 participants (14.6%) in the cyclosporine group and 11 participants (10.7%) in the vehicle group. Conclusions And Relevance:Results demonstrated superiority of a water-free cyclosporine, 0.1%, eye solution over vehicle in improving tCFS score at day 29 in Chinese participants with DED. However, dryness score (VAS) was not improved at day 29. Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05841043.

Purpose:Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Fgfr2) is crucial for the homeostasis of meibomian gland (MG). However, the role of Fgfr2 in MG ductal epithelial progenitors remains to be delineated. Herein, we created a new transgenic mouse model with conditional deletion of Fgfr2 from MG ductal progenitors and investigated the cell-specific role in the pathogenesis of obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction. Methods:Peritoneal injection of tamoxifen (TAM) at 50 µg/gm for three consecutive days was performed to induce conditional deletion of Fgfr2 in two-month-old Krt5Fgfr2CKO or Krt5Fgfr2CKO-mTmG mice. Phenotypes of MG after Fgfr2 deletion were monitored by meibography, lipid staining, and immunostaining against keratin-6a in MG whole mounts. Lineage tracing of the Krt5+ progenitors of MG and biomarkers for ductal differentiation and proliferation were also examined by immunostainings. Results:The Krt5Fgfr2CKO mice developed extensive ductal occlusion and acinar atrophy at day 10 after TAM administration. Robust thickening of ductal epithelium with abnormal differentiation and proliferation of ductal basal meibocytes were observed in the MGs of Krt5Fgfr2CKO mice. In Krt5Fgfr2CKO-mTmG mice, the Krt5+ progenitors and its progeny were labeled by EGFP after Fgfr2 depletion by TAM with evident expansion of the suprabasal and superficial layers of MG ductal epithelium when compared with the controls. Conclusions:Our results substantiated the crucial role of Fgfr2 in homeostasis of the MG ductal epithelium. Deletion of Fgfr2 affects the MG ductal basal progenitors by impacting the differentiation of ductal meibocytes and the maintenance of acinar meibocytes, which are likely the underlying pathogenesis of obstructive MGD.

PURPOSE:To evaluate the corneal biological parameters stability between the different corneal residual bed thickness (RBT) after Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE). METHODS:In this prospective clinical trial, 127 eyes of 64 patients underwent SMILE. According to the corneal RBT, the patients were divided into the 250-270 µm, 270-290 µm and 290-310 µm groups. Corvis ST (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) and Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam; Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) measurements were performed preoperatively, 1 day, 1week, 1month and 3 months after surgery. RESULTS:The keratometer values among the three groups were no significant differences in postoperative periods (each P > 0.05), except the corneal thickness values (each P < 0.05). In the 250-270 µm and 270-290 µm groups, the keratometer and corneal thickness values were decreased at postoperative 1 week and increased at 1 and 3 months. The 290-310 µm group significantly higher posterior maximum elevation (PME) than the 250-270 µm group at 1 and 3 months (P = 0.022, 0.022, respectively), and higher preoperative thinnest point (PTE) at 1 week and 1 month (P = 0.013, 0.035, respectively). The PME of the 290-310 µm group was higher than the 270-290 µm group at 3 months (P = 0.045), and higher PTE at 1 week and 3 months (P = 0.022, 0.02, respectively). In all three groups, the maximal deformation amplitude (DA) was significantly higher at 1 and 3 months compared to postoperative 1 day and 1 week, and the IOP was decreased at 1 month then recovered at 3 months (each P < 0.05).The DA of the 250-270 µm group was significantly higher than the 290-310 µm group at postoperative 1 week, 1 and 3 months (P = 0.001, 0.01, 0.02, respectively). The change of the posterior corneal elevation and biomechanical parameters values were no significant differences among the three groups in postoperative periods (each P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The range of 250-310 µm RBT was safe and stable at the early postoperative of SMILE. The RBT may be positively correlated with the posterior corneal elevation.

Abstract Background This study aimed to compare the visual outcomes of the first operated eyes with those of the second operated eyes following small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). Methods A total of 202 patients (404 eyes) underwent SMILE using the tear film mark centration method for myopia and myopic astigmatism correction. Baseline characteristics, objective optical quality, decentered displacement, induced corneal aberrations, and modulation transfer function (MTF) values were assessed. Linear regression analyzed the relationship between decentration and visual quality parameters, including corneal aberrations and MTF values. Results No significant difference was observed in objective visual quality, efficacy, and safety indexes between the two groups (all P > 0.05). The average decentered displacement for the first and second surgical eyes was 0.278 ± 0.17 mm and 0.315 ± 0.15 mm, respectively (P = 0.002). The horizontal coma in the first surgical eyes were notably lower than in the second (P = 0.000). MTF values at spatial frequencies of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cycles/degree (c/d) were higher in the first surgical eyes compared to the second (all P < 0.05). Linear regression indicated that high-order aberrations (HOAs), root mean square (RMS) coma, spherical aberration, horizontal coma, vertical coma, and eccentric displacement were all linearly correlated. Furthermore, MTF values exhibited a linear relationship with eccentric displacement across these spatial frequencies. Conclusions There was no discernible difference in visual acuity, efficacy, or safety between the two operated eyes. Nonetheless, the first operated eyes exhibited reduced decentered displacement and demonstrated superior outcomes in terms of horizontal coma and MTF values compared to the second operated eyes following SMILE. The variations in visual quality parameters were linearly correlated with decentered displacement.

角膜具有包裹、保护眼睛及折光作用,是重要的屈光介质. 角膜的位置结构使其容易受到外界侵害,如异物入眼、植物性划伤等,进而接触到外界病菌,使真菌乘机而入,引起角膜损伤或病变,对患者视力造成严重影响[1] .

近视是眼球所摄取的图像呈像在视网膜之前的状态,绝大部分是由于眼球的前后径即眼轴的过度延长导致的.儿童青少年的眼轴延长速度过快就可以表现为近视加深的速度过快,这就需要我们在矫正近视的同时还要控制近视的进展.