The 13 kA High Temperature Superconducting Current Leads (HTSCL) were designed and manufactured by the Institute of plasma physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP). This lead differs from former HTS current leads, in that it features an integrated heat exchanger (HEX) structure, a HTS magnetic shield and protective sleeve, and a Low Temperature Superconducting (LTS) module with a through cold conduction channel. The HTS and LTS module is cooled by SHe. In November 2020, the 13 kA steady-state test, Loss Of Flow Accident (LOFA) test, joint resistance test, pulse current test, insulation voltage test and other low-temperature electrical test items of the leads were completed. The test results indicate that all parameters meet the design requirements.

Preharvest bagging is a simple, grower-friendly and safe physical protection technique commonly applied to many fruits, and the application of different fruit bags can have various effects. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the fruit quality effects of different bagging treatments, digital gene expression (DGE) profiling of bagged and unbagged 'Chili' (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) pear pericarp during development was performed. Relative to unbagged fruit, a total of 3022 and 769 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the polyethylene (PE)-bagged and non-woven fabric-bagged fruit, respectively. DEGs annotated as photosynthesis-antenna proteins and photosynthesis metabolism pathway were upregulated in non-woven fabric-bagged fruit but downregulated in the PE-bagged fruit. Non-woven fabric bagging inhibited lignin synthesis in 'Chili' pear pericarp by downregulating DEGs involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis; consequently, the fruit lenticels in non-woven fabric-bagged fruit were smaller than those in the other treatments. The results indicate that the non-woven fabric bagging method has a positive effect on the appearance of 'Chili' pear fruit but neither of the two bagging treatments is conducive to the accumulation of soluble sugar.

以短枝型烟富6苹果嫁接于不同矮化砧木上,研究不同砧木对嫁接组合的树体结构、叶片中矿质元素和果实品质的影响.结果表明,4年生树烟富6/M9T337自根砧嫁接组合比烟富6/M26中间砧/平邑甜茶基砧嫁接组合的树体冠幅大,中心干上侧分枝数量多,均差异显著;叶片中叶绿素总量,钾、锰、硼元素含量,单果重,一级果率,平均666.7m2产量等指标高,均差异显著;叶片长度,百叶重,铜、锌元素含量,果实的果糖含量等指标低,差异显著;树高,干径,叶片宽度,叶片中氮、磷、钙、镁、铁元素含量,果肉硬度、可溶性固形物含量,可滴定酸含量,葡萄糖含量,总糖含量等多个指标均无显著性差异.综合评价M9T337自根砧嫁接烟富6的双矮组合生产性状优于中间砧M26/平邑甜茶嫁接烟富6的双矮组合,可在生产中推广应用.

为了探明冬枣青斑病的发病原因以便有针对性地确定防治方案,笔者在实验室提纯、回接了病斑处微生物,在枣园观察发病情况并进行施肥和喷药防治.结果表明,通过对病斑处进行微生物培养、纯化、回接,发现从病班处分离的链格孢菌回接冬枣上不会主动侵染,刺孔培养后也不会形成青斑.因此,冬枣青斑病不是真菌等微生物直接侵染引起.通过观察病斑在树冠和果实上的位置,发现青斑在树冠内堂发病率最高,为22.23％;青斑主要发生在果实的背阴面,占所采病果的51.73％;主要发生在果实的中部,占所采病果的41.38％,由此可初步断定冬枣青斑病可能是缺钙引起;架设防虫网架并喷杀虫剂后,发病率显著高于对照和其他处理,而杀菌、喷钙后发病率显著降低对照,说明冬枣青斑病也不是昆虫叮咬引起,而是由于冬枣缺钙等微量元素导致冬枣抵御真菌侵染的能力下降,链格孢菌通过机械损伤或昆虫叮咬的伤口侵染所致.

In this paper,the effects of different hormones and the concentrations on the proliferation and rooting of strawberry were studied using the stolons tips of 'Benihoppe'and 'Sweet Charlie' as materials.The result showed that the medium composed of MS+0.8 mg·L~(-1) 6-BA +0.1 mg·L~(-1) NAA was best for 'Benihoppe',and MS+0.3 mg·L~(-1) 6-BA+0.5 mg·L~(-1) NAA was best for 'Sweet Charlie' proliferation.1/2 MS+0.8 mg·L~(-1) IBA was the best for rooting of 'Benihoppe',and 1/2 MS+0.1 mg·L~(-1) IBA was best for that of 'Sweet Charlie'.

以草莓(Fragaria ananassa Duch.)品种章姬和丰香的匍匐茎尖为试验材料,诱导出丛生芽后进行增殖培养和生根培养,研究不同激素浓度及组合对茎尖增殖和生根的影响.结果表明,最适宜章姬增殖的培养基为MS+0.8 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA,最适宜丰香增殖的培养基为MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/LNAA;最适宜章姬生根的培养基是1/2 MS+0.5 mg/L IBA,最适宜丰香生根的培养基是MS+0.5 mg/L IBA.

矿质营养是果树生长发育、产量形成和品质提高的物质基础.为筛选影响果实品质指标的矿质元素因子,利用典型相关和通径分析方法,分析胶东半岛主要苹果产区果实矿质营养元素与品质指标间的相关性和通径系数.结果表明,与‘富士’苹果品质指标相比,不同园片苹果果实矿质元素的变异系数差异较大.典型相关分析表明果肉硬度和可溶性固形物与部分矿质元素间存在显著的相关性,单果质量和可滴定酸与各矿质元素间均不存在显著的相关性.通径分析进一步明确在所测矿质元素中,P对单果质量、可溶性固形物和果肉硬度的正直接作用最大,分别为2.478、1.813和1.205;K对可滴定酸具有最大的正直接作用;Mg对单果质量的负直接作用最大;N对可溶性固形物和果肉硬度的负直接作用最大,分别为-1.572和-0.804;Mn对可滴定酸具有最大的负直接作用.因此,苹果果实的生长发育和品质形成受到各种矿质元素的协同调控.

为了探索梨树植物的开花调控机制,本研究以砂梨(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)叶片为材料,采用同源序列克隆法,进行了开花调控相关基因CONSTANS的克隆,命名为PyCO,GenBank登录号为KF246572.序列分析表明,该基因包含一个1023 bp的开放阅读框,编码340个氨基酸,推测蛋白质分子量为37.81 kD,等电点为5.95.PyCO蛋白具有典型的植物CO家族的结构特征,含有2个高度保守的B-box及CCT结构域.进化树分析表明,该氨基酸序列与苹果的同源性接近93％,与碧桃、可可树、草莓等其他高等植物的CO类蛋白同源性也在70％以上.原核表达获得了具有较高表达水平的融合蛋白,分子量约为58.5 kD,为进一步探索梨树开花调控机理奠定了基础.

Taking ‘Fuji'apple as material,the effect of‘Fuji'apples dipped in calcium chloride solution of various concentrations(2%,3%,4%w/v)on firmness and pectin content during storage was studied,in order to elucidate the suitable concentration of the post-harvest calcium dip treatment of‘Fuji'apple in the Laixi area.The results showed that the firmness and the covalently bound pectin(CSP)decreased and the water soluble pectin(WSP)increased with further advancement of storage.During the storage,the contents of the ionic bound pectin(ISP)had little change.The fruit firmness was significantly positively correlated with CSP contents and significantly negatively with WSP contents. However,the content of the ionic bound pectin(ISP)was not significantly correlated with the fruit firmness.Compared to the control,various calcium concentrations dip treatment could improve the firmness of apples during storage.It also could slow down the increase of WSP contents and the decrease of CSP contents.Of the three calcium chloride concentrations, the level of 2%(w/v)CaCl2was the best concentration.Post-harvest calcium treatment could slow down the increase of the WSP contents and the decrease of the CSP contents so as to delay the fruit softening and to extend the fruit shelf life.

Rootstock types play important roles in regulating tree growth and fruit quality. In this study,the relationships between the mineral nutrition and the fruit quality were investigated using Fuji apple grafted with different rootstocks. The results showed that stock types influenced the absorption and distribution of mineral nutrients in apple leaf. The contents of P,K,Ca and Cu elements in the leaf of the dwarf stocks were higher than those in the standard stocks,and increased 20. 00%,13. 50%,9. 09% and 32. 72% respectively. However,the contents of other elements in the leaf of the dwarf stocks were lower than those in the standard stocks. Moreover, Fuji apple grafted with dwarf stock displayed higher contents of N,P,K,Mg,Fe,Mn and Cu in the fruit excepting for element Ca and B,and increased 39. 46%,46. 30%,19. 13%,9. 68%,32. 41%,18. 96% and 68. 31% respectively. Compared with standard stocks, the dwarf stock exhibited higher fruit weight, more accumulation of soluble solids,contents of titratable acidity with increases of 5. 53%,5. 25% and 6. 82%, respectively. The results also indicated that the content of Ca in Fuji apple fruit was only 1. 58% of Ca content in leaf,and was the lowest content among all the mineral elements determined in this study. Therefore,this phenomenon probably is the reason that bagged apple fruit leads to occur bitter pit to some extent.

为了给改良盐碱地果园土壤和推广果园生草制提供理论基础,以山东东营市孤岛镇12年生黄金梨[Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.).cv.‘Nakai’]种植园清耕梨园土壤为对照,设生草2年、生草3年和生草4年3个处理,分别测定株间和行间各层土壤pH值、有机质和氮磷钾含量,分析其随生草年限的变化,并分析pH值与有机质和其他矿质营养的相关性.结果表明:与清耕梨园相比,生草能显著降低株间和行间各层土壤pH值,株间降低1.2％～3.4％,行间降低0.6％～4.08％,且随生草年限的增加逐年降低;生草能提高株间各层土壤有机质含量,能显著提高行间各层土壤有机质含量,尤其在生草4年后,行间有机质含量比清耕梨园土壤提高64.6％,有机质含量随生草年限的增加逐年升高;生草后株间和行间各层土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均升高,除行间20～40 cm土壤速效钾增加不显著外,其他均呈显著增加,且随生草年限的增加逐年升高;相关性分析表明,不同生草年限梨园土壤pH值与有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均呈负相关关系.

Traditional teaching activities of Fruit Tree Physiology has been unable to adapt to the new situation-‘the integration of production,teaching and research'teaching mode and ‘application-oriented talents' cultivation. In this paper,some measures of teaching reform were presented,including updating instruction content, adding comprehensive experiments,opening interesting classes,adopting new teaching means and methods,and reforming examination forms and etc.

The soil calcium,magnesium,iron,zinc,manganese content change in different grass years of pear orchard was studied.The surface(0-20 cm) and sub-surface(20-40 cm) soil in the orchard with golden pear[Pyrus pyrifolia(Burm.f.)‘Nakai'] grown with grass for 3,4 and 8 years,respectively,were compared with that of the clean cultivated pear orchard.The items were measured including soil total Ca,Mg,Fe,Zn,Mn by ICP-OES-Optima 8x00.Inter-row and inter-plant soils were both measured.In pear orchard with grass growing,the total Ca,Mg,Fe,Zn,Mn of inter-plant surface soil were increased 25.35%-58.00%,8.83%-24.73%,15.30%-40.55%,17.93%-57.94%,11.86%-28.12%;the inter-plant sub-surface soil were increased 11.44%-39.08%,3.17%-38.53%,6.69%-38.25%,24.34%-55.81%,3.31%-34.00%;the inter-plant surface soil were increased 24.36%-53.05%,31.70%-63.81%,33.58%-66.05%,24.34%-55.81%,35.79%-73.21%;the inter-plant sub-surface soil were increased 18.29%-52.92%,27.77%-69.69%,27.45%-72.19%,19.02%-62.75%,32.70%-81.69%.Sown grass significantly increased the total Ca,Mg,Fe,Zn,Mn in different layers of the inter-row and inter-plant soil,and the content of both elements show that 8 years>4 years>3 years> clean cultivated,and sub-surface soil higher than surface soil,inter-plant higher than inter-row.

In order to explore the structural feature and phylogenetic analysis of DELLA protein in Rosaceous plants, 19 DELLA proteins of Malus, Pyrus and Rose in Rosaceous plants were analyzed by using expasy, PSORT and PROSITE date bank, TM-HMM, SignalP4.0Server, CDD, DNAMAN and MEGA version 5.3 softwares. The results showed that all DELLA proteins were non-transmembrane hydrophilic proteins and without the signal peptides, and the difference was insignificant among their amino acid composition, physical and chemical characteristics. There was high homology among the different DELLA proteins, reached above 74.38% . Both DELLA and GRAS had two conserved domains, and the function sites were GRAS. The homology of the N-terminal of the 19 DELLA proteins were low, however they had the DELLA protein typical domains such as TVHYNP, VHⅡD and RVER etc. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed DELLA proteins had the closest relationships in Pyrus and Rose plants, and the distant relationships in Malus plants. The study provided theoretical basis for the genetic evolution of Rosaceous plants.

Taking Prunus persica 'Zhonghuashoutao' fruits as material,peach fruits were harvested with four different maturity degrees and stored for 7 weeks.It was performed to investigate the postharvest changes in firmness,soluble solids content,titratable acid,respiration rate,ethylene production,cell membrance permeability,degree of fruit browning and sensory quality so as to find the best harvesting dates suiting to be stored at low temperature(1±0.5)℃,RH(90±5)%.The results showed that the effects of storage harvesting on October 25 obviously was superior to the others at firmness,soluble solids content etc.At the same time applying sensory evaluation in fruit quality later storage period proved that the effects of different harvesting dates on 'Zhonghuashoutao' peach fruit during storage were October 25th,October 20th,October 30thand October 15th according to its priority.

虾青素是一种氧化型酮式红色类胡萝卜素,具有更强的抗光氧化能力.将β-胡萝卜素酮化酶(虾青素生物合成的关键酶)基因bkt构建入表达载体pCAMBIA1301中,获得植物表达载体p1301-bkt,转化根癌农杆菌EHA105,获得工程菌,以黄肉苹果‘Brookfield Gala’无菌试管苗叶片为受体,进行遗传转化.筛选压确定结果表明:‘Brookfield Gala’对潮霉素(Hyg)很敏感,叶片再生最佳Hyg选择压为3 mg·L-1,试管苗增殖为4 mg·L-1,生根为2 mg·L-1;头孢霉素(Cef)浓度≤400 mg·L-1时对叶片再生芽数的影响不明显.GUS染色、PCR和RT-PCR检测结果表明,有8株转基因植株整合bkt基因并获得了表达,其表型有红色产生;转基因植株类胡萝卜素的HPLC测定显示,虾青素和角黄素在叶片中的积累量达到2.85和1.79 μg·g-1.本研究结果显示有望通过调控代谢途径,在苹果中合成虾青素,提高果实自身的抗光氧化能力,防止日灼.

以矮化自根砧富士和嘎拉苹果为试材,分析测定了其叶片矿质营养的周年变化规律.结果表明,生长期内,富士叶片氮、磷、钾含量在8-10月较为稳定,钙、铁、锰含量在8-9月较为稳定,镁含量变化较小；嘎拉叶片氮、磷、钾含量在8-9月较为稳定,钙、镁、铁、锌在7-8月较为稳定.富士叶片钙含量在5、7月较低,铁含量在6月和8-9月较低；嘎拉叶片磷、钾含量均在8月最低,均在10月有小幅升高,钙含量在5月最低,且在落叶前20天明显下降,铁含量在5月和7-8月较低；富士和嘎拉叶片硼含量均在6、9月较低,铜含量均在7、8月明显升高.与富士相比,嘎拉叶片锰、锌、镁、磷、钾、钙和铁含量相对较高,而硼、铜和氮含量相对较低.因此,应明确矮化自根砧苹果品种的营养需求特点,进行适期科学施肥.

'Fruit tree cultivation' is an important professional content-based course of horticulture specialty in agricultural universities.In the previous teaching activities,students could hardly apply their learned theory to practice because of the less access to practical training.To meet the demand of training aim,fruit production practice should be added to 'fruit tree cultivation' curriculum,along with the adoption of student-oriented teaching model.Besides,to cultivate talents with broad knowledge and professional skills,the present paper suggests optimizing the teaching content and method,reforming the teaching evaluation system,enhancing teachers' teaching standards,and setting up the bases for practical teaching.

2011年4月，青岛市葡萄普遍遭受到近30年来罕见的冻害。经对平度市大泽山和店子2个镇的葡萄集中产区的冻害情况调查表明：①树龄不同，冻害差别明显。成龄结果园冻害较重，重者70％以上枝条干枯死亡，葡萄减产50％以上；幼树和结果树上枝龄小的枝蔓冻害较轻．根系基本无冻害现象发生。②管理水平和产量水平不同．冻害差别明显。