明确广元市汉阳镇植烟土壤肥力状况,为该区烟草种植合理布局、平衡施肥和土壤保育提供数据支撑.以广元市汉阳镇植烟土壤为研究对象,采集25个土样,测定土壤pH、基础养分和矿质营养,利用模糊数学综合评价法计算土壤综合肥力得分(IFI).结果表明,该烟区土壤pH、有机质和全氮平均值分别为 6.98、19.13 g/kg和 1.48 g/kg,均处于中等水平,其中 72.00%土壤有机质含量高于15.00 g/kg;土壤有效磷、碱解氮和速效钾平均含量分别为30.41、46.79 和135.72 mg/kg,56%的土壤有效磷含量低于 10 mg/kg,68%土壤速效钾含量低于150 mg/kg,52%土壤IFI处于低水平.该烟区土壤Ca、Fe、Mn、P变异系数分别为39.94%、50.02%、65.79%、49.70%,均属于强变异;土壤Mg、Cu、Zn变异系数分别为31.30%、31.66%、32.71%,均属于中等变异,各指标变异系数表现为Mn＞P＞Ca＞Zn＞Cu＞Mg＞K.该烟区土壤各矿质元素之间大多呈显著或极显著相关,各理化指标间大多呈显著或极显著相关,各矿质元素与基础养分间相关性较差.

非挥发性有机酸成分对烤烟的感官特征有显著影响,为研究不同产区烤烟烟叶中非挥发性有机酸含量差异及与感官特征之间的联系,采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(UHPLC-MS/MS)对黑龙江、四川、湖南、湖北、云南等 5 个不同产区烤烟样品中非挥发性有机酸成分进行了检测.通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)模型、变量投影重要性(VIP)值、单因素方差分析(ANOVA)、京都基因和基因组数据库(KEGG)富集通路分析,得出了不同产区间非挥发性有机酸差异,并确定了特征差异组分的代谢通路.结果表明:共检测到 69 种非挥发性有机酸,其中多元酸23 种,游离脂肪酸 21 种,其他有机酸 25 种.基于非挥发性有机酸构建的OPLS-DA模型对不同产区烟叶识别效果较理想,模型参数R2Y 和Q2 分别为 0.931 和 0.595.通过模型的 VIP 值和ANOVA筛选出 26 种特征差异非挥发性有机酸,并通过 KEGG 富集分析得到 16 条与上述 26 种组分关联的代谢通路.研究发现黑龙江牡丹江产区烟叶中特征差异非挥发性有机酸含量与其他产区差异最大,其次为湖南衡阳产区,四川凉山、云南楚雄、湖北恩施产区烟叶中特征差异非挥发性有机酸组间差异较小,均与所属烟区烤烟感官特征相符.

In order to explore the effect of organic fertilizers on soil improvement in Guangyuan, field experiments were carried out,with pure chemical fertilizer as a control, to study the effects of rapeseed cake fertilizer（T1）, sesame cake fertilizer（T2）, farmyard manure（T3）, high carbon base fertilizer（T4） on soil enzyme activities, number of culture able microorganisms, carbon metabolism capacity of rhizosphere soil microorganisms, yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that the application of organic fertilizers enhanced soil enzyme activities 60 days after transplanting, increased the number of soil bacteria, fungi,actinomycetes, and significantly promoted yield and output value of tobacco leaves, also coordinated chemical composition of tobacco leaves. The effect of improving quality and increasing yield by applying farmyard fertilizer was the most remarkable, and the yield and output value per hectare were increased by 214.91 kg and 7 225.39 yuan. With different combined application treatments,the combined application of rapeseed cake fertilizer had the greatest increase in soil sucrase activity by 74.03%, and the combination of farmyard manure had the most obvious effect on soil urease activity, which was 42.42% higher than pure chemical fertilizer. The application of organic fertilizer significantly increased the number of soil fungi and actinomycetes, and the number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes was significantly increased by farmyard manure, which was 44.50%, 100.79% and 162.45% higher than pure chemical fertilizer. Besides this, application of organic fertilizer improved the carbon metabolism activities of rhizosphere soil microorganisms, especially the AWCD value, Shannon index and Simpson index of farmyard manure treatment were higher than that of the other treatments, and the utilization rates of amino acids and carboxylic acids carbon sources were significantly increased by 49.26% and 60.56% compared with the control, respectively. To sum up, the effect of applying farmyard manure is the best.

本文致力于完善工业企业烟叶质量评价体系和接收标准,指导调拨产区烟叶收购,提高调拨烟叶工业可用性和卷烟产品的稳定性.通过分析行业检查数据和工业调拨烟叶检验数据,确定影响中部叶等级纯度的关键因素和比例范围;筛选工业企业调拨的C3F等级检验数据,应用排序法和SPSS工具探索中部叶等级纯度量化方法.本文提出烟叶等级纯度的定义,把影响中部叶等级纯度的因素归纳为六大关键指标,并推导出中部叶等级纯度计算公式.初步建立了工业企业调拨烟叶等级纯度评价方法,能有效量化调拨各批次烟叶质量和稳定性.

[目的]探索湖北产区不同长度高油分烟叶质量特征差异,寻找高油分烟叶适宜的叶片大小范围.[方法]选取湖北产区6个梯度叶长区段的高油分烤烟中部烟叶,采用正交偏最小二乘法(OPLS)筛选出关键差异质量指标,得出湖北产区高油分烟叶适宜的叶长范围.[结果](1)湖北产区不同长度高油分烟叶质量关键差异指标包括:外观质量总分、颜色均匀度、弹性、身份,香气量、刺激性、浓度、细腻程度、干燥感、回味,总碱,氮碱比.(2)在一定范围内,随着叶长增加,高油分烟叶整体质量趋好.表现为随着烟叶长度增加,烟叶的两糖含量先增加后降低,糖碱比和钾氯比均呈现出先降低后增加的趋势,当叶长超过75 cm后,二者快速下降;外观质量总分呈现出提高趋势;烟气浓度增加,香气质变好,甜感较好,烟叶的感官质量总得分提升,当烟叶长度达到75 cm以上时,总碱含量高,刺激性增加、杂气变重,余味干净程度下降,整体质量下降.(3)湖北产区高油分烟叶各质量指标较适宜的叶长范围为55～70 cm,此时烟叶的感官香气浓郁、香气质好,烟气柔和、细腻、回甜感好,化学成分协调.

以大田正常施肥为对照(CK),设置增施黄腐酸钾(TPFA)、γ-聚谷氨酸(TPGA)和豆浆灌根(TSRI)3个处理,研究不同促根措施对烤烟成熟期根系生理、烤后烟叶钾含量、烟株不同部位钾积累量、钾离子通道基因(NKT1、NtKC1、NtORK1、NtTPK1)和转运体基因(NtHAK1、NtKT12)表达量的影响.结果表明,处理的根鲜重、干重和体积均显著高于CK处理,TPFA和TSRI处理的根系活力显著高于TPGA处理;TSRI和TPGA处理可明显提高烤后烟叶的钾含量;不同促根措施可显著促进根、茎和中部叶的钾积累量;TSRI处理的根中NtORK1的相对表达量显著低于CK处理,TPGA和TPFA处理的上部叶和中部叶NtORK1的相对表达量极显著低于CK处理;TSRI处理根中NtTPK1的相对表达量极显著高于其他处理;3个处理根中NtHAK1的表达量极显著高于CK处理.综合来看,TPGA和TSRI处理不但能促进根系发育、提高钾积累量,而且成熟期烟株对钾的吸收和转运能力强,增加烤后烟叶的钾含量.

为明确不同施肥措施对皖南烟区土壤呼吸(自养呼吸和异养呼吸)的影响,采用田间试验研究了单施化肥(CK)、化肥+生物有机肥(T1)和化肥+高碳基肥(T2)3种处理条件下土壤呼吸(自养呼吸和异养呼吸)、土壤温度、含水率和活性有机碳含量(质量分数)等的动态变化规律.结果表明:①不同施肥处理土壤呼吸速率的变化范围为0.99～7.39μmol·m-2·s-1,随着烤烟的生长表现出先升高后降低的季节变化特征,土壤总呼吸速率的峰值出现在移栽后90 d左右,土壤温度和含水率的交互作用能够解释土壤总呼吸速率变异的65.6％～75.3％.②与CK相比,T1和T2处理土壤总呼吸速率分别显著增加33.17％和15.14％,且T1处理显著提高了土壤自养呼吸速率34.66％和异养呼吸速率32.08％.③配施有机肥显著提高了土壤活性、中活性和高活性有机碳含量.④土壤总呼吸速率与土壤温度以及活性、中活性和高活性有机碳含量呈正相关,与土壤含水率呈负相关.因此,配施生物有机肥和高碳基肥能增加烟田土壤总呼吸速率,同时有利于土壤活性有机碳积累.

为了解烤烟成熟期生态因子与色素及淀粉的变化规律,探究了烤烟成熟期生态因子与色素及淀粉的关系.对烤烟中部叶成熟期生长过程中的气温、光照及降水等生态因子变化进行了监测,并对成熟期烟叶色素及淀粉含量进行测定,运用简单相关分析及典型相关分析法,研究了烤烟成熟期生态因子对色素及淀粉含量的综合影响.结果表明:烤烟在整个成熟期的平均温度为25.29℃,生理成熟阶段和工艺成熟阶段平均温度高于欠熟阶段和近熟阶段,平均日照时数为14.11 h,其中欠熟阶段平均日照时数较短,而生理成熟阶段和近熟阶段平均日照时数较长,主要降水集中在生理成熟阶段.相关分析结果表明:成熟期生态因子的变化与烟叶内色素含量及淀粉含量变化相关性较强;典型相关分析结果表明:一定范围内成熟期光照时数越长烟叶的叶绿素含量越多,相对湿度越大淀粉含量越高.

采用统计分析方法,对会东烟区2014—2018年共计350个初烤烟叶B2F、C3F样品的主要化学成分和感官质量进行了变异性分析,结果表明,会东烤烟化学成分的平均值基本都在优质烟化学成分适宜范围内.总糖、还原糖含量高于平均值;氯含量和钾/氯的变异系数最大;总糖、还原糖和总氮的变异系数较小.主要化学成分变异性在各年度表现不同,各年份各部位等级烟叶主要化学成分含量变异不同.会东烤烟化学成分在年度间差异明显.会东烤烟香气质和刺激性的变异系数较大,柔和度、细腻感、圆润度和干燥感的变异系数较低,烤烟的抽吸感较稳定.年度内烤烟B2F和C3F的各项感官质量变异系数在2014年均较大,在2018年较小.

为了明确贵州毕节各植烟区的土壤肥力状况,为土壤改良和烟草平衡施肥提供理论依据,对毕节3个主要植烟地区79个土壤样本进行了测定.结果表明,毕节主要植烟土壤95.33％以上的土壤pH在适宜植烟范围内,其中金沙、大方地区土壤全部处于适宜范围;23.86％的土壤有机质含量在丰富水平,而仍有38.57％的土壤有机质处于低等水平;速效氮含量丰富,有58.90％的土壤样品都处于偏高水平;速效磷含量普遍处于较低水平,有53.24％的土壤含量较低;速效钾含量较低,处于较低及以下水平的占53.24％,中等水平的占37.98％;全氮、有效硫、有效锌含量丰富;水溶性氯含量均处于适宜范围内;有效铜含量较为丰富,除16.33％的土壤含量较低外,其余均在中等以上水平.根据植烟土壤养分状况,提出了"控氮、增磷、补钾、分类施有机肥"及"普遍控制含硫肥料,因地制宜地增施相应的微肥"等施肥建议.

2010-2011年采用大田试验，研究了施用腐植酸肥对百色植烟土壤养分和烤烟香气质量的影响。结果表明，施用腐植酸肥可提高土壤速效钾、有机质等主要养分含量，并能明显提高烤烟的经济效益，以腐植酸肥用量为150 k g/h m2的烤烟经济性状指标最高。施用腐植酸肥能改善烟叶化学品质，烟叶化学成分含量适宜、比例协调，主要致香物质含量和总致香物质含量均明显高于不施肥处理，烟叶评吸得分均较高。因此，生产上建议百色烟区偏碱性植烟土壤腐植酸肥用量为150 kg/hm2。

The effects of the interaction between planting density and nitrogen application rate on neutral aroma component contents and smoking quality of upper leaves was studied with Yunyan 87 as the sample variety using a split-plot experiment design and the data was ananlyzed using variance analysis,significance test,partial correlation and other methods.The results showed that both planting density and nitrogen application rate had significantly positive correlation with neutral aroma component contents.The interaction of planting density and nitrogen application rate had a greater influence on the enhancement of neutral aroma component contents,especially in the following four treatment combinations including high density high nitrogen,high density medium nitrogen,medium density high nitrogen and medium density medium nitrogen,all of which significantly improved the total aroma content of the upper leaves.Partial correlation analysis showed that planting density showed a significantly negative correlation with smoking quality.Low and medium planting density,in combination with both low nitrogen application rate and high nitrogen application rate could promote smoking quality.Compared with the comprehensive assessment of different combinations of treatments,the results indicated that the treatment combination of medium density,high nitrogen was the best and most appropriate combination in neutral aroma component contents and smoking quality,the treatment combinations of low density high nitrogen,low density medium nitrogen,high density high nitrogen and high density medium nitrogen were the next,and the treatment combination of high density low nitrogen was the worst compared with the other treatments.Comparison between different treatment combinations revealed that the influence on neutral aroma component contents and smoking quality was significantly different among interactions of different planting densities and nitrogen application rates.

A field experiment was carried outto investigate the effects of humic acid fertilizer on soil nutrient contents and aroma quality of flue-cured tobacco in Jingxi county of Guangxi Provinceduring2010-2011. The results showed that applications of humic acid fertilizer could increase majornutrients in soil, especially available potassium, enhance the economic characters significantly. Thehighesteconomicattributeswere observed at the rateof150kg/ha. The humic acid fertilizer could also maintain better chemical components and smokingquality of flue-cured tobacco, increase major aroma components and total aroma components obviously. The best applicationrateof humic acid fertilizerwas 150kg/hain tobacco-planting soil of Baise.

In order to find the effect of quality of the upper part of flue-cured tobacco leaves which limits main cultural measures in Yongsheng of Lijiang,for huge areas in a hot and dry river valley provides cultivation guidance.Processing the experiment that effects of density,period of potassium fertilization and the number of remaining leaves on quality of the upper part of flue-cured tobacco.The results showed that:in the condition of planting density was 1111(120 cm×50 cm),K was 75 kg/hm~2 with water solution at the time of removing membrane and covering soil and the number of remaining leaves was 20,the yield,output value,ratio of high grade,average price and net photosynthetic rate were the highest,reach 2 351.26 kg/ hm~2,30 448.82 Yuan/ hm~2,48.32%,12.95 Yuan/ kg,14.72 mmol/(m~2 ? s).

To investigate the relationships between neutral volatile aroma constituents in flue-cured tobacco leaves and ecoregion or genotype,flavor components in cultivar H892 and K326 were assayed by GC/MS.The results showed that the levels of total aroma components in flue-cured tobacco leaves were significantly affected both by ecological condition and genotype,which demonstrated a decrease tendency of HenanGuangdongHubei.The content of flavor components in H892 were much higher than in K326.

Climate status of Enshi tobacco-growing areas at different altitudes of Hubei province was analyzed,and climate feasibility was comprehensively evaluated at different altitudes of Enshi tobacco-growing areas,and similarity analysis of climate conditions between Enshi tobacco-growing areas and high-quality tobacco-growing areas overseas was also conducted.The results indicated that: 1)Average temperature of every growth period and accumulated temperature of ≥10 ℃ decreased with the increasing of altitude,sunlight during field period and precipitation of every growth period increased with the increasing of altitude.Average temperature,precipitation,sunlight,accumulated temperature of ≥10 ℃ and frost-free period had significant difference among different altitudes of Enshi tobacco-growing areas.2)Climate feasibility indexes(CFI) decreased with the increasing of altitude,CFI was the largest(0.903) at high altitude areas,and CFI was the smallest(0.660) at low altitude areas,climate feasibility indexes had significant difference among different altitudes of Enshi tobacco-growing areas.3)The average similarity distance of the climate conditions at different altitudes was smallest between Enshi and Zimbabwe tobacco-growing areas,for 0.383,0.402,0.431,respectively.Similarity degree of the climate conditions was highest between low altitude areas of Enshi and high-quality tobacco-growing areas overseas,and lowest between high altitude areas of Enshi and high-quality tobacco-growing areas overseas.