Sediment traps were deployed at 870 m water-depth from August 2008 to September 2009 at station DM in the Chukchi Sea (western Arctic Ocean) in an area covered by sea ice in winter to determine seasonal fluxes of HBIs and phytoplankton sterols in order to improve our understanding of sea ice proxies. HBI-III fluxes and PIIIIP25 are for the first time documented in the Arctic Ocean to evaluate their significance for paleoclimate reconstructions. Highest mass fluxes were found from mid-July 2009 to September 2009 contrasting with low values during all other months (i.e., December 2008 to early July 2009). Indeed, during the winter months IP25 was not detected but increased by a factor of nine over summer 2009 reflecting sea ice algae and pelagic phytoplankton production at the sea ice edge. High HBIs and low sterol fluxes at the end of summer 2008 are consistent with the complete melting of sea ice and post-bloom conditions. We found that HBI-III was more abundant in the early stage of sea ice retreat that characterizes the marginal ice zone. These sea ice biomarkers were also measured in surface sediments across a wide range of sea ice cover in the western Arctic region. Higher IP25 values were found in the southeastern Chukchi Sea and decreased westwards where sea ice conditions are less severe. Stronger positive linear relationship were found between the sea ice proxy indexes PBIP25 and PIIIIP25 and spring sea ice concentrations than with IP25 in agreement with earlier findings from other Arctic and sub-Arctic regions.

We conducted 24-h real-time monitoring of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients in the near-shore (M4-1), front (M4-8), and offshore (M4-13) regions of the 31° N section of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary plume in summer. Carbon dioxide partial pressure changes caused by biological processes (pCO2bio) and net ecosystem production (NEP) were calculated using a mass balance model and used to determine the relative contribution of biological processes (including the release of CO2 from organic matter degradation by microbes and CO2 uptake by phytoplankton) to the CO2 flux in the Changjiang River estuary plume. Results show that seawater in the near-shore region is a source of atmospheric CO2, and the front and offshore regions generally serve as atmospheric CO2 sinks. In the mixed layer of the three regions, pCO2bio has an overall positive feedback effect on the air–sea CO2 exchange flux. The contribution of biological processes to the air–sea CO2 exchange flux (Cont) in the three regions changes to varying extents. From west to east, the daily means (±standard deviation) of the Cont are 32% (±40%), 34% (±216%), and 9% (±13%), respectively. In the front region, the Cont reaches values as high as 360%. Under the mixed layer, the daily means of potential Conts in the near-shore, front, and offshore regions are 34% (±43%), 8% (±13%), and 19% (±24%), respectively. The daily 24-hour means of NEP show that the near-shore region is a heterotrophic system, the front and offshore regions are autotrophic systems in the mixed layer, and all three regions are heterotrophic under the mixed layer.

本文测定了舟山渔场附近6个沿海城市5种软体动物体内多氯联苯的污染水平,并进一步探讨了其潜在来源以及生态风险.结果显示,样品中PCBs的总含量水平为18.0～95.9 ng/g干重,平均含量为51.9 ng/g干重,与世界其他海域相比处于中等污染水平.组分分析表明,五氯联苯和二氯联苯为主要组成.PCBs的健康风险HR值均远低于1,表明日常食用不会对人体健康产生明显危害.

Residues,source and chiral signatures of three classical organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDTs),chlordane(CHLs),and hexachlorocyclohexanes(HCHs) in five species of seafoods from Zhoushan fishing ground were studied.The concentrations of ∑HCHs,∑CHLs and ∑DDTs in seafoods ranged from 6.00×10-9～431.02×10-9,0.17×10-9～3.94×10-9 and 0.57×10-9～2.81×10-9,respectively.Moreover,the accumulation ability of all organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) in shellfish was much stronger than that in shrimp and bombay duck.The composition profiles indicated that the residues of HCHs and DDTs in these seafoods mainly originated from the history usage of technical OCPs,while CHLs may have new inputs.The enantiomeric fractions(EFs) of α-HCH,trans-chlorodane(TC),cis-chlorodane(CC),o,p'-DDT,and o,p'-DDD were determined.The results showed that all chiral OCPs but o,p'-DDD have obviously enantiomeric excess.In addition,OCPs residues were far below the edible hygienic criteria in China.The estimated daily intake of OCPs from the seafoods we tested were also below the acceptable daily intake(ADI) recommend by FAO/WHO,indicating a little health risk in seafood consumption for local residents.

The concentrations and distributions of particulate biogenic silica (PBSi) in the upper surface waters of Prydz Bay, Antarctica, were investigated during the 27th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition cruises of January 2011. We aimed to characterize the correlations between PBSi and plankton, nutrients and particulate organic carbon. The results showed that the concentrations of biogenic silica ranged from 0.76-19.72 μmol•dm -3 and the average concentration of biogenic silica was6.06 μmol•dm -3 . The distribution of surface PBSi had significant regional characteristics: The concentrations were higher south of 67°S than to the north. The distribution of PBSi, chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon showed similar patterns, and PBSi distribution had a negative correlation with that of silicate. In the vertical direction, the mole ratio of PBSi and POC (Si bio /C org ) decreased with increasing depth. This trend indicated a higher rate of PBSi dissolution, or a lower rate of organic matter remineralization rate, in the upper 200 m.

根据2010年4月份和7月份象山港海域水质调查资料,应用富营养化状态指数和潜在富营养化对象山港水体富营养化进行了分析和评价。结果表明,象山港海域整体处于严重的富营养化状态,丰水期富营养化状态指数中DIN占优势,其次为COD,这两者起到绝对作用;另外,枯水期COD占优势,水体有机污染较为严重。从营养结构看,与Redfield值[1]和Justic等提出的营养盐化学计量限制标准[2-6]比较,符合P限制。按照富营养化状态指数,象山港海域两个季节,不论表、底层海水均处于高富营养状态,港底附近海域富营养化程度高于港湾口,一旦水文气象条件适宜,随时有爆发赤潮的可能。

In order to supply deficiency of marine environment monitoring at sudden pollution accident,multimedia model for bays controlled by tidal dynamics was used to predict pollutant concentration in sea water,and calculate pollutant quantity of transformation and migration.The model by using fugacity and mass balance method estimated the concentration of no-volatile organic compound in phases of water,sediment and fish.Application result in Xiangshan Harbour indicated that model could quickly give information of pollutant concentration changes in different medium,and help environmental monitoring and management.

Making use of surface water observations and Prydz Bay fixed-point observation,the particulate organic carbon(POC)distribution and influencing factors were investigated during the austral summer of 2007/2008and 2008/2009(CHINARE-24and CHINARE-25).As it turns out,the distribution of surface particulate organic carbon in the southern ocean water showed significant regional characteristics,the content of surface water POC trended strongly related distribution with nutrient and chlorophyll-a.The POC concentrations in surface water of Antarctic water and sub-Antarctic water were higher than subtropical and tropical water.During 2007/2008,the POC average concentrations of subtropical &tropical water, sub-Antarctic water and the Antarctic water were 116.59,105.85and 78.03μg·dm-3,is a bit higher than 49.36,59.39and 71.54μg·dm-3 in 2008/2009.The annual seasonal variation of POC in Southern Ocean surface was influenced by many factors.The range of the concentration of POC respectively were 12.78—363.73μg·dm-3 and 24.38—446.40μg·dm-3 in Prydz Bay and its adjacent areas,in 2007/2008 and 2008/2009.The surface POC concentration decreased offshore.A high positive correlation between POC and chlorophyll-a was found in the shelf and slope area,also outside the Prydz Bay.The correlation coefficients in these waters were 0.8248,0.8049and 0.6989,respectively,revealing that POC mainly comprised pelagic organisms.The vertical distribution of POC was influenced by light intensity,nutrients and currents,and the physical and biological coupling effect.In Prydz Bay,the maximum of vertical distribution of POC was found at surface,while the maximum was at sub-surface water outside the bay.

Based on the data of proportion and vertical distribution of carbon,TOC/TN ratio and the values of δ13Corg in the core sediments of R3、N3、S3 and S1 collecting in May 2004,combined with the region's hydrological characteristics of suspended matters,the affecting factors of carbon burial and their sources have been discussed.The results show that the runoff and sedimentation rates are the main factors to control the carbon burial in Changjiang River Estuary.They influence the vertical contents of various forms carbon obviously.The TN and TOC in three stations in south branch and north branch have clear positive correlationship(P<0.01).The proportions of pelagic organic carbon increase with the offshore distance increases and the organic nitrogen takes the main parts in the TN nitrogen.The relativity of TOC and TN in the core S1 which is far from estuary compared with other stations is not good because of other form nitrogen existed.The organic matters in south branch and north branch of Changjiang River Estuary as well as in front of subaqueous delta are mixed with both terrigenous and pelagic sources,but sediments in front of subaqueous delta are relatively more influenced by pelagic source.

Surface sediment samples were collected from 78 stations in East China Sea continental shelf in November 2007 and suspended matter samples were collected from Changjiang River Estuary and Zhejiang coastal mud area.The grain size,organic carbon and total nitrogen of surface sediment samples as well as some suspended samples from Changjiang River Estuary and East China Sea were analyzed,and the impact of sediment grain size on the process of transport and deposition of organic matter were explored.The results showed that the average grain size of suspended matter decreased from Changjiang River Estuary southward to the Zhejiang coastal area,and had a better correlation with the contents of suspended matter and particulate organic carbon,indicating that the grain size of suspended matter was an important factor to influence the transport of organic matter.In addition,the distribution of surface sediment grain size appeared to have an obvious area variation characteristic,and the organic carbon and total nitrogen were closely related to the distribution of surface sediment grain size.The smaller the surface sediment grain size was,the higher contents of organic carbon and total nitrogen appeared.The sand contents of surface sediments from Changjiang River Estuary and Zhejiang coastal mud area was low,while those from middle and out of the shelf were high.The sand contents gradually increased seaward.With the increase of sand contents and sediment grain size,organic matter contents gradually reduced.There was strong correlation between TOC contents and mud proportions,suggesting muddy sediments were the primary control to the organic matter distribution.Fine grained sediments were the main carrier of organic matter transport,at the same time,they controlled the distribution of organic matter.

In order to better understand the spatial and temporal distribution of dissolved cadmium in Prydz Bay,east Antarctica,seawaters were sampled by CTD during the CHINARE-25 cruise(Oct.2008-Apr.2009) and the concentrations of cadmium were analyzed by AAS(Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) in the clean laboratory.Together with the data of macronutrients and chl.a from the same cruise,the relationship between cadmium and biological process was studied.The results showed that the concentrations of Cd in the surface water had a good relationship with chl.a and biologicl process was the important factor that influenced the distribution of dissolved Cd in the surface water.Linear relationship was found between dissolved Cd and phosphate in the surface water and the high ratio of Cd/P at the edge of ice shelf was most probably due to ice melting.vertical distribution of Cd was similar to those of macronutrient such as phosphate and was affected by decomposition of organic particals.The temporal change of dissolved Cd in upper layer was slight and tide probably had influence on the change.

Based on the results of in situincubation experiment in CHINARE-22cruise(2005.11—2006.3),the degradation process of organic compounds of Prydz Bay was investigated.According to the data of DO change and nutrient regeneration,the oxygen consumption rate of degradation process and release rate of phosphate,ammonium and silicate were estimated.The results show that the dissolved oxygen in the system decreased linearly with time in the initial stage and,however,gave a non-obvious decrease in the late stage.Contrarily the contents of nutrients increased during the initial stage.The oxygen consumption rate of Ⅲ-10was 92.592mg/m2·h in 100h,and the release rate of phosphate,ammonium and silicate were 107.15,65.10,351.93μmol/m 2 ·h,respectively.The oxygen consumption rate of IS-2was 77.927mg/ m 2 ·h in 50hs,and after 50h,the rate was reduced to 21.142mg/m2·h.The release rate of phosphate, ammonium and silicate of IS-2in the initial 50h were 43.61,137.32,60.89μmol/m 2 ·h,respectively.

Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in 15 surface sediment samples from Xinghua Bay in Fujian Province were analyzed by GC-MS.Based on the data of this survey,the spatial distribution and source of PCBs were further discussed.Results showed that the total concentrations of PCBs range from 23.81～37.18 ng/g with an average of 27.85 ng/g.In addition,the congeners of PCBs are characterized by less chlorinated compounds,with 3～5CB accounting for 80% which is related to the production and use of PCBs in China.Compared to the ERL and ERM values,the PCBs levels in all samples exceeded the corresponding ERL values,which indicated that potential ecological risk is most likely to exist and the pollution could not be neglected.

As the most important carbon pool in the ocean,particulate organic carbon(POC) plays an important role in marine carbon cycling.During the 25th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE-25),the decomposition ratio of organic carbon and inorganic carbon of Prydz Bay was calculated with a mathematical model.The results showed that the POC concentration of Prydz Bay ranged from 24.38 to 446.40μg ·dm-3,with an average of 118.16μg·dm-3,decreasing offshore.Based on the observed data(dissolved inorganic carbon,dissolved O2 and nutrients),during the burial processes of organic matter,the ratio of the decompositions of organic carbon and inorganic carbon(mole ratio)was 1.27,and the decomposition ratio of N/P elements was 19.29,at the P2 section on the continental shelf of Prydz Bay.

The wide angle seismic profile OBS2006-3 crossing the Dongsha Rise and the Chaoshan and Chaonan Depressions of South China Sea was completed by the Second Institute of Oceanography,SOA in the autumn of 2006.Based on the inversed velocity model of the whole profile,a more accurate 2D tomography imaging was carried out in this paper for a smaller model and only refracted waves recorded by seven OBS stations in the Chaoshan and Chaonan Depressions were used.The imaging results show that there are three sediment layers in the depression area.The thicknesses of the first two layers of the Cenozoic sediments are very thin,less than 2 km with velocities of 2.2 km/s and 3.6 km/s,respectively.In the Mesozoic sediment layer the velocity increases gradually from 4.4 km/s at the top to 5.4 km/s at the bottom with a maximum thickness of 8 km and can be considered as a horizontal sub-layer.Based on the gravity simulation of OBS2006-3,the average density of the Mesozoic layer in the Chaoshan and Chaonan Depressions is 2.45 g/cm~3.The average densities of the profile OBS2006-3 in the crust,the high velocity layer and the upper mantle beneath Moho are 2.86 g/cm~3,3.05 g/cm~3 and 3.32 g/cm~3,respectively.

During the CHINARE-24 cruise(2007/11—2008/4),the investigation was carried out to focus on the concentrations and distribution of dissolved trace metals in the surface seawater of Prydz Bay. All the trace element analyses were done by AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) in the clean laboratory. The measurements showed that the average concentrations of Cu,Cd and Zn were 0.143,1.15 and 11.2 μg·dm-3,respectively. Compared with the Subantarctic Zone,the concentrations of trace metals in the surface seawater of Prydz Bay were higher,but similar to those in South Indian Ocean,Antarctic oceanic aerosol and freshwater lakes in Larsemann Hills. The investigation also showed that the distributions of dissolved Cu and Cd in the surface seawater were mainly influenced by the concentration of suspended particle materials,primary productivity and salinity,and they had negative correlation; the content of Zn in the surface seawater was most probably influenced by research activity and daily life of expedition.

Based on field observations from July to September in 2006,the distribution characteristics and influence factor of some species phosphorus in waters of the Changjiang Estuary were discussed in this paper.The results showed that the concentrations of some species phosphorus were slightly higher in the bottom than in the surface,and decreased greatly from the estuary to the adjacent waters.The average of TP was 3.93 μmol/dm3 in the surface water and 5.09 μmol/dm3 in the bottom water.The average of TDP was 1.40 μmol/dm3 in the surface water and 1.56 μmol/dm3 in the bottom water.The average of PP was 2.53 μmol/dm3 in the surface water and 3.55 μmol/dm3 in the bottom water.The average of DIP was 0.71 μmol/dm3 in the surface water and 0.90 μmol/dm3 in the bottom water.The average of DOP was 0.69 μmol/dm3 in the surface water and 0.72 μmol/dm3 in the bottom water.The average of PIP was 1.60 μmol/dm3 in the surface water and 2.42 μmol/dm3 in the bottom water.The average of POP was 0.93 μmol/dm3 in the surface water and 1.12 μmol/dm3 in the bottom water.In A,PP was the main factor which affect the distribution of TP and account for 76.6% in the surface water and 83.2% in the bottom water,and PIP was the main existing forms of the TP and accounted for 50.8% in the surface water and 57.9% in the bottom water.In B,TDP was the main factor which affect the distribution of TP and accounted for 62.7% in the surface water and 64.3% in the bottom water,and DIP which was the main existing forms of the TP accounted for 36.7% in the surface water and 37.5% in the bottom water.In C,TDP was the main factor which affect the distribution of TP and accounted for 68.7% in the surface water and 52.3% in the bottom water,DOP was the main existing forms of the TP and accounted for 46.3% in the surface water;TDP was slightly higher than PP(47.7%) in the bottom water,DIP(30.2%) and PIP(31.4%) was the main existing forms of the TP.The positive correlations between PIP and POP,between PP and TP,and between TP and SPM,suggested SPM was the main factor which affects the distribution of PP.Correlative analysis between environmental factors and different speciation of phosphorus in sea water shows that salinity has negative correlated with DIP and TDP.The negative relationships between the salinity and DIP and between the salinity and TDP suggested the phosphorus discharges.The positive correlation between DIP and DOP in the surface of A and in the bottom of B suggested that DIP and DOP maybe have the same source.The surface concentrations of DIP of most stations in C were approximative or less than 0.1 μmol/dm3,so this region was in the state of phosphorus limitation or potential phosphorus limitation and particle phosphorus was very important as potential phosphate.

The distributions of dissolved trace metals in the surface sea waters in Changjiang River Estuary and Hangzhouwan Bay were analyzed and discussed. Total 71 sea water samples were collected by CTD in summer and winter of 2006 respectively,and then were analyzed by Atom Absorb Spectrogram (PE 800) in laboratory. The result showed that the average concentrations of Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd and Cr were 0.90,0.54,5.80,0.080 and 0.46 μg/dm3 in summer and 1.01,0.81,9.32,0.070 and 0.31 μg/dm3 in winter,respectively. The water qualities were in the second-grade for several stations(Pb in summer and winter,Zn in summer),and others were all in the first-grade of National Seawater Standard. The concentrations of dissolved Cu,Pb and Zn in winter were higher than those in summer,the concentrations of Cd and Cr were just the opposite. The factors that had effected on the content and distribution of trace metals in the surface sea water offshore were complicated. In this study,we found that the content and distribution of trace metals were mainly controlled both by inputs from outlets for waste water and runoffs such as Changjiang River,Huangpujiang,Yongjiang and so on. In addition to inputs from land,physical chemical characters of sea water could also influence the distribution of trace metals. There were negative correlations between trace metal concentrations and salinity,pH respectively. There were also good relationships between Zn and bioactivity,Cr and nutrients. Zn,Cr,Cu and Cd were also nutrients for marine organisms; they usually had good correlation with nitrate,phosphate and silicate,and had similar vertical distribution with those nutrients. With limited data,we could not discuss more in this study,but we could do further research in future. On the other hand,the seasonal change of Changjiang Plume had significant effect on the distribution of trace metals in the surface sea water. With the change both of the volume and orientation of Changjiang Plume,the contour lines of trace metals concentrations also had corresponded changes.

The concentration and profile characters of nutrients in sediment pore water of the South Ocean,sampled during the cruise of CHINARE-18 of the austral summer 2001/02 were determined.The results show that the content of SiO3-Si and NH4-N were much higher than other nutrients.The profile of SiO3-Si was characterized with sharp gradients near the sediment-water interface,profile distribution of silicate show that during the diagenetic reaction of silicate,dissolution was the main part.The organic matter decomposition was occurred under the anaerobic condition.Benthic fluxes of SiO3-Si,NH4-N were from pore water to overlying water,and regeneration of silicate and ammonium were the main part of the nutrient regeneration from the pore water of the study area.

According to the species composition of nano- and microalgae in the Antarctic environment, there were four indicator groups, i.e. Endemic indicator species of the Antarctica, Cold-water indicator species of the Antarctica and Cosmopolitan species indicator species of the Antarctica and Indicator species of the Antarctic freshwater snow algae. Nano- and microalgae can be the Indicator Species in the change of Antarctic Environment, such as the climate, etc. The Regression analysis showed that the cell density of nano- and microalgae is in a remarkable positive correlation with the water temperature, DO and POC, but in a remarkable negative correlation with Phosphate and Nitrate.