A novel terbium-based metal-organic framework (Tb-DDC) was constructed using a butterfly-shaped ligand 5,5'-di(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid (H2DDC). The Tb-DDC could function as a highly effective ratiometric fluorescence sensor for bilirubin detection, achieving low detection limits of 0.083 μM in aqueous medium, 0.097 μM in Tris-HCl buffer and excellent recoveries (96.7 %-105.2 %) in simulated blood fluid. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of a MOF-based ratiometric fluorescence sensor for bilirubin. Furthermore, Tb-DDC displays a sensitive fluorescence sensor toward phenylglyoxylic acid, with an LOD of 1.73 μM (2.60 × 10-4 mg mL-1), which is significantly lower than the ACGIH-specified biological exposure index (2.5 mg mL-1). Upon interaction with phenylglyoxylic acid, the photoluminescence color of Tb-DDC shifts visibly from green to light blue under 365 nm UV light, facilitating the development of a smartphone-assisted portable platform for real-time, on-site phenylglyoxylic acid detection. This dual-functional Tb-MOF sensor demonstrates high selectivity, sensitivity, reversibility, and practical applicability in complex biological matrices, showcasing its significant potential for clinical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.

The location of alien chromatin in Xiaoyan 6 was identified using mc-GISH analysis, genetic mapping and whole genome re-sequencing, and its possible origin was discussed. As a founder parent, Xiaoyan 6 has played an important role in distant hybridization breeding in China. Although it came from the cross between common wheat and Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Barkworth and D.R. Dewey, the location of its alien chromatin has not been determined using traditional genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). In the present study, chromosome variation in Xiaoyan 6 was discovered by multicolor GISH analysis. Four alien-specific markers were developed by specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing technique. Their amplified sequences were analyzed by basic local alignment search tool with the reference genome sequences of common wheat Chinese Spring (CS) and Th. elongatum, and the whole genome re-sequencing reads of Th. ponticum and CS. Furthermore, the four markers were mapped on three different chromosomes in two RIL populations. By dissecting the mapped reads depth of the whole genome re-sequencing of Xiaoyan 6, we found that the depth of nine chromosome regions was obviously lower than the average. Among these, three regions on 1A, 3A and 7B were demonstrated as the alien introgressions in Xiaoyan 6 by multiple methods. Finally, the genetic transmission of the alien chromatin was analyzed in a set of wheat–Th. ponticum introgression lines. Some stable QTLs for morphological and physiological traits have been mapped near the alien chromatin.

Tall wheatgrass, a perennial forage grass renowned for its salt-alkali tolerance, has recently been proposed as a key species for planting in coastal saline-alkaline lands to establish a "Coastal Grass Belt". Highly salt-tolerant and high-yielding varieties are essential to achieve this objective. To enhance breeding efficiency, a method integrating seed germination, seedling emergence, and seedling growth was established to evaluate salt tolerance in tall wheatgrass. Germination tests revealed that under 250 mM NaCl, 150 mM Na2SO4, 150 mM NaHCO3, or 100 mM Na2CO3, the relative seed germination rates were 31.5%, 65.4%, 68.2%, and 32.6%, respectively, compared to the non-stress condition. Germination tests can use 250 mM NaCl and 100 mM Na2CO3 to assess tall wheatgrass tolerance to neutral and sodic salt stress, respectively. In addition, 250 mM NaCl or saline water with ECw = 6.6 dS m-1 resulted in relative seedling emergence rates of 52% and 59.8%, respectively, compared to the non-stress condition. Seedling hydroponic culture demonstrated that exposure to 300 mM NaCl resulted in relative total dry weight, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight of 38.2%, 35.7% and 50%, respectively, compared to the non-stress condition. Salt-response genes exhibited differential expression in tall wheatgrass under long-term and short-term salt stress. Interestingly, the expression levels of NHX7.1 and NCL1 were significantly higher in salt-tolerant lines compared to salt-sensitive lines. Based on an integrated evaluation of seed germination, seedling emergence, and seedling growth, five out of the 28 tall wheatgrass lines were identified as salt-tolerant. Additionally, two Tritipyrum lines, derived from the cross of Triticum aestivum cv. Xinong 6028 and Thinopyrum ponticum line Zhongyan 1, were found to inherit salt tolerance from tall wheatgrass. Collectively, this work provided an integrated method for salt tolerance testing in a tall wheatgrass breeding program.

A method integrating seed germination, seedling emergence, and seedling growth was established to evaluate salt tolerance in tall wheatgrass. The results showed that 250 mM NaCl, 150 mM Na2SO4, 150 mM NaHCO3, or 100 mM Na2CO3 resulted in 31.5%, 65.4%, 68.2%, and 32.6% of non-stress seed germination rate, respectively. The 250 mM NaCl and 100 mM Na2CO3 can be used for germination tests in tall wheatgrass for tolerance to neutral and sodic salt stress, respectively. In addition, 250 mM NaCl or saline water with ECw= 6.6 dS m‒1 resulted in 52% and 59.8% of non-stress seedling emergence rate. Seedling hydroponic culture demonstrated that 300 mM NaCl resulted in 38.2%, 35.7% and 50% of the non-stress total dry weight, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight, respectively. The salt response genes expressed differentially in tall wheatgrass subjected to long-term and short-term salt stress. Interestingly, the expression levels of NHX7.1 and NCL1 were higher in the salt-tolerant lines than in the salt-sensitive lines. Based on the integrated evaluation of seed germination, seedling emergence, and seedling growth, six of the 28 tall wheatgrass lines were salt tolerant. Additionally, two Tritipyrum lines were found to inherit salt tolerance from tall wheatgrass. Collectively, this work provided an integrated method for salt tolerance test in tall wheatgrass breeding program.

Timely harvest is pivotal for the pasture management of tall wheatgrass, which has recently been suggested for coastal saline and alkaline soils. In this work, different culm parts in the top three internodes of tall wheatgrass during various heading stages were investigated to explore the precise harvesting time for the first cut, factors influencing forage quality, and correlations between the expression levels of genes involved in cellulose and lignin biosynthesis and forage nutritive value. The results show that the culms clipped at the half heading stage produced the highest crude protein (CP) yield. The top three leaves contributed the greatest proportion of total culm CP yield, accounting for 49%, 40%, and 30% of total culm CP yield at the just, half, and full heading stages, respectively. By contrast, the leaves and spikes produced lower yields of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), crude cellulose (CC), and hemicellulose (HC) than leaf sheaths and stems, indicating that the leaf/stem ratio can be used as an index for the cultivation and genetic improvement of tall wheatgrass. The lignin and cellulose biosynthesis genes expressed differentially in different culm parts of tall wheatgrass in response to the heading stage. The expression levels of HCT, encoding a hydroxycinnamoyl CoA:shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, were negatively correlated with the CP content and relative feed value, but positively correlated with the yields of dry matter, NDF, ADF, CC, and HC, suggesting that it may be used as a marker gene linked to the forage quality of tall wheatgrass.

Background: Tall wheatgrass is a perennial salt-tolerant bunchgrass, which is a promising candidate for establishing a "Coastal Grass Belt" in China, particularly in the coastal saline-alkaline soils surrounding the Bohai Sea. Methods: Seven harvesting treatments were performed to explore the optimal harvesting time and frequency for tall wheatgrass in coastal area. The dry matter yield (DMY) and forage nutritional values were investigated for each cut. The correlation between harvesting time and frequency thereof among the investigated traits was also determined. Results: The results showed that the two-cut on June 18 and October 29 produced the highest DMY. Another two-cut on May 26 and October 29 produced a relatively high crude protein (CP) yield. The DMY, contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude cellulose (CC) as well as CP yield were positively correlated to plant height, while the CP content and the relative feed value (RFV) were negatively correlated to plant height. The accumulating growing degree days, accumulated precipitation, and sunshine duration were positively correlated with plant height, DMY, contents of NDF, ADF, and CC as well as CP yield, but negatively correlated with CP content and RFV for the first cut. Conclusions: The two-cut treatment at the end of May and October may be suitable for tall wheatgrass in the "Coastal Grass Belt" targeted area.

Saline water irrigation contributes significantly to forage yield. However, the salinity threshold for safe saline water irrigation of tall wheatgrass in coastal saline-alkaline land remains unclear. In this study, 2 g L‒1, 3 g L‒1, 4 g L‒1, 5 g L‒1, and 8 g L‒1 saline waters were used for irrigation. Two irrigations with 2+3 g L‒1 saline waters produced the highest yield, followed by one irrigation with 4 g L‒1 or 5 g L‒1 saline water. After rainfall’s leaching, the soil electrical conductivity (EC1:5) reduced by 41.7%‒79.3% for the saline water irrigation treatments. In combination with saline water irrigation, plastic film mulching can be used for sward establishment of seed propagated tall wheatgrass. However, irrigation with high salinity of drainage water enhanced the risk of plant death. Further, a pot experiment demonstrated that irrigation with 5 g L‒1 saline water led to the least reduction of forage yield and the highest crude protein content in leaves. However, the plants irrigated with ≥7 g L‒1 saline water enhanced soil salinity and reduced plant height, leaf size, and gas exchange rate. Conclusively, one irrigation with ≤5 g L‒1 saline water at the end of April or early May could be acceptable to maximize the forage yield of tall wheatgrass and minimize soil salinization risk in the coastal saline-alkaline land around the Bohai Sea.

Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Barkworth and D.R. Dewey is a decaploid species that has served as an important genetic resource for improving wheat for the better part of a century. The wheat-Th. ponticum 4Ag (4D) disomic substitution line Blue 58, which was obtained following the distant hybridization between Th. ponticum and common wheat, has been stably resistant to powdery mildew under field conditions for more than 40 years. The transfer of 4Ag into the susceptible wheat cultivar Xiaoyan 81 resulted in powdery mildew resistance, indicating the alien chromosome includes the resistance locus. Irradiated Blue 58 pollen were used for the pollination of the recurrent parent Xiaoyan 81, which led to the development of four stable wheat-Th. ponticum 4Ag translocation lines with diverse alien chromosomal segments. The assessment of powdery mildew resistance showed that translocation line L1 was susceptible, but the other three translocation lines (WTT139, WTT146, and WTT323) were highly resistant. The alignment of 81 specific-locus amplified fragments to the Th. elongatum genome revealed that 4Ag originated from a group 4 chromosome. The corresponding physical positions of every 4Ag-derived fragment were determined according to a cytogenetic analysis, the amplification of specific markers, and a sequence alignment. Considering the results of the evaluation of disease resistance, the Pm locus was mapped to the 3.79-97.12 Mb region of the short arm of chromosome 4Ag. Because of its durability, this newly identified Pm locus from a group 4 chromosome of Th. ponticum may be important for breeding wheat varieties with broad-spectrum disease resistance.

A novel leaf rust resistance locus located on a terminal segment (0–69.29 Mb) of Thinopyrum intermedium chromosome arm 7JsS has been introduced into wheat genome for disease resistance breeding. Xiaoyan 78829, a wheat–Thinopyrum intermedium partial amphiploid, exhibits excellent resistance to fungal diseases in wheat. To transfer its disease resistance to common wheat (Triticum aestivum), we previously developed a translocation line WTT26 using chromosome engineering. Disease evaluation showed that WTT26 was nearly immune to 14 common races of leaf rust pathogen (Puccinia triticina) and highly resistant to Ug99 race PTKST of stem rust pathogen (P. graminis f. sp. tritici) at the seedling stage. It also displayed high adult plant resistance to powdery mildew (caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici). Cytogenetic and molecular marker analysis revealed that WTT26 carried a T4BS·7JsS chromosome translocation. Once transferred into the susceptible wheat genetic background, chromosome 7JsS exhibited its resistance to leaf rust, indicating that the resistance locus was located on this alien chromosome. To enhance the usefulness of this locus in wheat breeding, we further developed several new translocation lines with small Th. intermedium segments using irradiation and developed 124 specific markers using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing, which increased the marker density of chromosome 7JsS. Furthermore, a refined physical map of chromosome 7JsS was constructed with 74 specific markers, and six bins were thus arranged according to the co-occurrence of markers and alien chromosome segments. Combining data from specific marker amplification and resistance evaluation, we mapped a new leaf rust resistance locus in the 0–69.29 Mb region on chromosome 7JsS. The translocation lines carrying the new leaf rust resistance locus and its linked markers will contribute to wheat disease-resistance breeding.

Saline water irrigation contributes significantly to forage yield. However, the acceptable salinity levels for saline water irrigation of tall wheatgrass remains unclear. In this study, field supplemental irrigations of transplanted-tall wheatgrass with saline drainage waters having salinities of electrical conductivity (ECw) = 2.45, 4.36, 4.42, and 5.42 dS m−1 were conducted to evaluate the effects of saline water irrigation on forage yield and soil salinization. In addition, the effects of plastic film mulching, fertilization, and saline water irrigation on sward establishment of seed-propagated tall wheatgrass were determined. Finally, a pot experiment was carried out to confirm the above field results. The results showed that two irrigations with ECw = 2.45 and 4.36 dS m−1 saline waters produced the highest dry matter yield, followed by one irrigation with ECw = 4.42 or 5.42 dS m−1. After rainfall leaching, the soil EC1:5 was reduced by 41.7–79.3% for the saline water irrigation treatments. In combination with saline water irrigation, plastic film mulching promoted sward establishment and enhanced the plant height and dry matter yield of seed-propagated tall wheatgrass, while fertilization played a marginal role. However, two irrigations with ECw = 7.13 and 4.36 dS m−1 saline waters resulted in rates of 3.2% and 16.0% of dead plants under the mulching and no mulching conditions, respectively. Furthermore, a pot experiment demonstrated that irrigation with ECw = 5.79 dS m−1 saline water led to the lowest reduction in forage yield and the highest crude protein content in leaves. However, the plants irrigated with ECw ≥ 6.31 dS m−1 saline water enhanced soil salinity and reduced the plant height, leaf size, and gas exchange rate. Conclusively, one irrigation with ECw ≤ 5.42 dS m−1 and SAR ≤ 36.31 saline water at the end of April or early May could be acceptable for tall wheatgrass production and minimize the soil salinization risk in the coastal saline–alkaline land around the Bohai Sea.

Abstract Partial amphiploid Xiaoyan 78829 contains 14 Thinopyrum intermedium chromosomes and exhibits excellent resistance to fungal disease. To transfer this resistance to common wheat, a translocation line WTT26 was developed by pollen irradiation. Disease evaluation showed that WTT26 was nearly immune to 14 common races of Puccinia triticina, highly resistant to P. graminis f. sp. tritici Ug99 race PTKST at the seedling stage as well as to Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici under field conditions at the adult plant stage. Cytogenetic identification, single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis and Th. intermedium-specific marker amplification, revealed that WTT26 carries the T4BS·7JsS translocation. Novel translocation lines with desirable yield characters and excellent leaf rust resistance was developed using irradiation. A total of 124 specific markers were developed using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing to further enrich the marker information of chromosome 7JsS. Furthermore, a refined physical map of chromosome 7JsS that contains 74 specific markers was constructed with its dissection into six physical regions. Combining data from specific marker amplification and resistance evaluation resulted in a new leaf rust resistance locus mapped in the 0–69.29 Mb region on chromosome 7JsS. These new developed translocation lines and markers will contribute to wheat breeding for disease resistance.

Tall wheatgrass (Elytrigia elongata) has the potential to be utilized on marginal land, such as coastal saline-alkaline soils, to meet rising ruminant feed demand. However, the salinity threshold for cultivation of tall wheatgrass remains unclear, which restricts its extensive application. Here, a tall wheatgrass line, Zhongyan 1, was grown in saline-alkaline soils in the Yellow River Delta region to determine its salinity threshold. The results showed that the soil salinity of AM = 1.23, measured with a PNT3000 activity meter, led to only 5% dead plants of tall wheatgrass. Four grades of seedling plants were classified according to the morphological response of Zhongyan 1 to saline soils. The soil salinity declined while the survival rate and forage yield increased from grade 1 to grade 4 plants. Plant height and dry matter yield were negatively related to soil salinity. When the salinity in the soil depth of 0–10 cm was over 1%, the survival rate of tall wheatgrass declined dramatically with the increase in soil salinity. Under saline-alkaline stress, the plant height during 12–31 May was positively related to forage yield, which can be used as an indicator of productivity. The tall type (70–120 cm) produced 5627.2 kg ha−1 of dry matter, which was 3.32 times that of the dwarf type (20–69 cm). The forage yield of tall wheatgrass in saline-alkaline land was largely affected by the proportion of highly saline soil. Collectively, the soil salinity of 1% at a depth of 0–10 cm and the AM values of 1.23 measured with a PNT3000 activity meter can be used as the salinity threshold for cultivation of tall wheatgrass in coastal saline-alkaline land.

To accelerate the exploitation and use of marginal soils and develop salt-tolerant forage germplasm suitable for the coastal regions of China, seven lines of decaploid tall wheatgrass [Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Barkworth and D. R. Dewey, 2n = 10x = 70] were transplanted under low (.3%) and high (.5%) salt conditions for a comprehensive analysis at the adult-plant stage. Differences were observed among these materials, especially in terms of grass yield, agronomic characteristics, and physiological and biochemical indices. Line C2 grew best with the highest shoot total fresh and dry weights under all conditions except for the milk-ripe stage in Dongying in 2019. The total membership value of C2 also reflected its excellent performance after transplanting. As superior germplasm, its relatively high antioxidant enzyme activities and chlorophyll a/b ratio suggested C2 may maintain normal metabolic and physiological functions under saline conditions. Furthermore, decaploid tall wheatgrass as a forage grass species has a high nutritive value beneficial for animal husbandry. Accordingly, line C2 may be used as excellent germplasm to develop salt-tolerant cultivars in the Circum-Bohai sea.

Six wheat-Thinopyrum ponticum disomic addition lines derived from partial amphiploid Xiaoyan 7430 were identified using in situ hybridization and SNP microarray, the homoeologous group and stripe rust resistance of each alien chromosome were determined, and Th. ponticum chromosome-specific markers were developed. Xiaoyan 7430 is a significant partial amphiploid, which is used to set up a bridge for transferring valuable genes from Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey into common wheat. To accelerate the application of these useful genes in enriching the genetic variability of cultivated wheat by chromosome engineering, a complete set of derived addition lines has been created from Xiaoyan 7430. The chromosome composition of each line was characterized by the combination of genomic in situ hybridization and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (mc-FISH), and the homoeology of each alien chromosome was determined by wheat SNP microarray analysis. Addition line WTA55 with alien group-6 chromosome was evaluated resistant to stripe rust isolates at both the seedling and grain-filling stages (Zadoks scale at z.11 and z.73). Diagnostic marker analysis proved that it could carry a novel stripe rust resistance gene derived from Th. ponticum. Furthermore, a FISH probe and 45 molecular markers specific for alien chromosomes were developed based on specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq). Of which 27 markers were separately located on single alien chromosome, and some of them could be used to identify the derived translocation lines. This set of addition lines as well as the molecular markers and the FISH probe will promote the introgression of abundant variation from Th. ponticum into wheat in wheat improvement programs.

长穗偃麦草是一种耐盐碱、耐旱、耐涝的多年生冷季型牧草,已在美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国大面积种植.自1954年起,作为小麦遗传改良的重要资源,在我国长期被用作小麦远缘杂交的亲本.尽管1980-1990年代我国曾引进长穗偃麦草用于防风固沙和牧草生产,但鲜有大面积种植的报道.全世界已审定推广了10个以上的长穗偃麦草品种,而我国目前还没有自主选育的长穗偃麦草品种.2012年起中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所李振声组先后在北京、曹妃甸、南皮、海兴、东营等地进行多年多点种植试验,再次证实其耐盐碱高产特性.于是,2020年1月李振声提出了利用环渤海盐碱荒地种植耐盐碱牧草(如长穗偃麦草)建立"滨海草带"的设想.为此,需建立适合长穗偃麦草大面积种植的栽培技术、选育耐盐高产新品种.本研究综述了国内外有关长穗偃麦草耐盐碱、耐涝、耐旱等特点及牧草品质、品种选育、栽培技术与长穗偃麦草"滨海草带"方面的研究进展,以期为长穗偃麦草研究利用与示范推广提供参考.

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Semidwarf wheat contributes to significant yield increase worldwide, however, few dwarf cultivars of wheat are cultivated due to grain yield penalty. In this study, a new dwarf wheat Triticum aestivum L., cv. Xiaoyan 101, was investigated to explore its photosynthetic performance and yield potential. In the comparison of the semidwarf wheat cultivars, Jing 411 and Xiaoyan 101, although the first three leaves (including flag leaves) did not differ significantly in both genotypes, Xiaoyan 101 conferred a higher content of photosynthetic pigments and higher photochemical efficiency but had lower contents of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in lower leaves in the canopy. In addition, the antioxidant enzymes-encoding genes were upregulated while the senescence-associated genes (TaSAG3, TaSAG5, TaSAG7, and TaSAG12) were downregulated in lower leaves in the canopy of Xiaoyan 101. Ultimately, Xiaoyan 101 produced approximate or even higher grain yield than the local semidwarf wheat varieties. Therefore, it is possible to breed dwarf wheat with enhanced photosynthetic activity but without yield sacrifice.

A new wheat–Thinopyrum ponticum translocation line with excellent powdery mildew resistance was produced, and alien-specific PCR markers and FISH probes were developed by SLAF-seq. Powdery mildew is one of the most threatening diseases in wheat production. Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Barkworth and D. R. Dewey, as a wild relative, has been used for wheat genetic improvement for the better part of a century. In view of the good powdery mildew resistance of Th. ponticum, we have been working to transfer the resistance genes from Th. ponticum to wheat by creating translocation lines. In this study, a new wheat–Th. ponticum translocation line with excellent resistance and agronomic performance was developed and through seedling disease evaluation, gene postulation and diagnostic marker analysis proved to carry a novel Pm gene derived from Th. ponticum. Cytogenetic analysis revealed that a small alien segment was translocated to the terminal of chromosome 1D to form new translocation TTh-1DS·1DL chromosome. The translocation breakpoint was determined to lie in 21.5 Mb region of chromosome 1D by using Wheat660K SNP array analysis. Based on specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology, eight molecular markers and one repetitive sequence probe were developed, which were specific for Th. ponticum. Fortunately, the probe could be used in distinguishing six alien chromosome pairs in partial amphiploid Xiaoyan 7430 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Furthermore, a Thinopyrum-specific oligonucleotide probe was designed depending on the sequence information of the FISH probe. The novel translocation line could be used in wheat disease resistance breeding, and these specific markers and probes will enable wheat breeders to rapidly trace the alien genome with the novel Pm gene(s).

我国既要确保口粮绝对安全,也要确保饲料粮安全.然而,我国耕地资源有限,决定了饲草饲料种植不能"与主粮争地".利用盐碱荒地种植优质耐盐牧草,发展畜牧业生产,不仅可以满足动物蛋白在我国居民膳食结构中的比例不断增加的需求,更重要的是可以解决饲草种植面积不足、大量依赖进口的问题,对保障国家粮食安全具有重要作用.这就需要利用现代生物种业科技加快耐盐耐涝牧草品种选育,构建配套的滨海盐碱地饲草高产栽培技术体系,并研发优质牧草与农作物秸秆混合加工贮藏技术,实现生物质资源利用的最大化."滨海草带"的建设,将有助于在滨海地区构建起一道生态屏障,对维护滨海生态系统健康、提升生态系统服务功能具有重要作用.