Tall wheatgrass, a perennial forage grass renowned for its salt-alkali tolerance, has recently been proposed as a key species for planting in coastal saline-alkaline lands to establish a "Coastal Grass Belt". Highly salt-tolerant and high-yielding varieties are essential to achieve this objective. To enhance breeding efficiency, a method integrating seed germination, seedling emergence, and seedling growth was established to evaluate salt tolerance in tall wheatgrass. Germination tests revealed that under 250 mM NaCl, 150 mM Na2SO4, 150 mM NaHCO3, or 100 mM Na2CO3, the relative seed germination rates were 31.5%, 65.4%, 68.2%, and 32.6%, respectively, compared to the non-stress condition. Germination tests can use 250 mM NaCl and 100 mM Na2CO3 to assess tall wheatgrass tolerance to neutral and sodic salt stress, respectively. In addition, 250 mM NaCl or saline water with ECw = 6.6 dS m-1 resulted in relative seedling emergence rates of 52% and 59.8%, respectively, compared to the non-stress condition. Seedling hydroponic culture demonstrated that exposure to 300 mM NaCl resulted in relative total dry weight, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight of 38.2%, 35.7% and 50%, respectively, compared to the non-stress condition. Salt-response genes exhibited differential expression in tall wheatgrass under long-term and short-term salt stress. Interestingly, the expression levels of NHX7.1 and NCL1 were significantly higher in salt-tolerant lines compared to salt-sensitive lines. Based on an integrated evaluation of seed germination, seedling emergence, and seedling growth, five out of the 28 tall wheatgrass lines were identified as salt-tolerant. Additionally, two Tritipyrum lines, derived from the cross of Triticum aestivum cv. Xinong 6028 and Thinopyrum ponticum line Zhongyan 1, were found to inherit salt tolerance from tall wheatgrass. Collectively, this work provided an integrated method for salt tolerance testing in a tall wheatgrass breeding program.

[Objective]Red bud taro is a typical multi-seed taro type.and its quality and flavor rank first in taro varieties.It is nourishing for both young and old people and excellent as both medicine and food.Clarifying the genotypical differences in the natural enrichment ability of red bud taro and screening out the local varieties with high enrichment of beneficial elements and low enrichment of harmful elements will provide the theoretical basis and practical guidance for the genetic improvement and the variety choice with high-yield,high-quality,good nutrition and safety.[Method]21 local varieties of red bud taro widely planted in different areas were used as the experimental materials and planted in the same field.The contents and accumulation amounts of beneficial elements including iron(Fe),zinc(Zn),selenium(Se),magnesium(Mg),and harmful elements including cadmium(Cd),chromium(Cr),lead(Pb),mercury(Hg)and arsenic(As)in their fresh cormels were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS),and their natural enrichment abilities were comprehensively identified and evaluated by fuzzy membership function method,entropy weight technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(EW-TOPSIS)and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.[Result]The results showed that there were high differences in the fresh cormels yield of red-bud taro local varieties,the yield of HY09(Jiaxing,Zhejiang)was 4.5 times as that of HY10(Kunming,Yunnan).The natural enrichment ability(content and accumulation amount)of fresh cormels in local varieties was significantly different.There were significant or extremely significant differences in the contents and accumulation amounts of different beneficial and harmful elements in either the fresh cormels of the same local variety or the same beneficial and harmful elements in the fresh cormels of different local varieties.Among the beneficial elements,the content and accumulation amount of Mg were the highest,followed by Fe and Zn,and those of Se were extremely low.The differences of Zn content and accumulation amount were the largest among varieties,followed by Fe and Se,and those of Mg were the smallest.Among the harmful elements,the content and accumulation amount of Cd and Hg were the highest and the lowest,respectively;the Cd and As differences among varieties was the largest and the smallest,respectively.The enrichment capacity for Cd in fresh cormels of different local varieties was strong,the enrichment capacity for Mg was medium,and the enrichment capacity for other elements was very small.The content and accumulation amount of Se with Fe,Cr,Hg and As,Fe with Zn,Cr,Hg and As,Zn with Cr,Hg and As,Mg with Cd,Cr with As,and Hg with As in fresh cormels were significantly and positively correlated.[Conclusion]The comprehensive analysis showed that the natural enrichment ability of fresh cormels from different local varieties of red bud taro could be divided into three categories(high,medium and low),HY14(Yongzhou,Hunan)had high enrichment ability,HY4(Wuxi,Jiangsu)and HY20(Ganzhou,Jiangxi)were of medium enrichment ability,and the other varieties were of low enrichment ability.

分析了 16个不同用途甘薯基因型块根中的铁、锌、硒、镁、镉、铬、铅、汞和砷元素含量,并利用模糊隶属函数法、熵权优劣解距离法和模糊综合评判法对不同基因型甘薯块根的自然富集元素能力进行综合评价,从而阐明不同基因型甘薯块根自然富集元素能力的差异,明确高富集有益元素和低富集有害元素的甘薯基因型,为高产优质营养安全甘薯品种的遗传改良和生产种植提供理论依据及实践指导.结果表明,不同基因型甘薯的块根产量存在巨大差异,鲜食型和淀粉型甘薯基因型间均存在显著或极显著差异,且淀粉型甘薯基因型间的产量差异大于鲜食型甘薯.无论是相同基因型甘薯块根中的不同有益和有害元素含量及累积量间还是不同基因型甘薯块根中的相同有益和有害元素含量及累积量间均存在显著或极显著差异.有益元素中,以镁含量及累积量最高,其次为铁,锌和硒较低;基因型间硒含量及累积量的差异最大,铁次之,锌和镁较小.有害元素中,以铬含量及累积量最高且基因型间差异最大,镉和砷次之.甘薯用途类型与元素含量及积累量存在一定的关系,鲜食型甘薯中的镁和镉含量及累积量普遍比淀粉型高,铁、硒和砷含量及累积量普遍比淀粉型低,而锌和铬含量及累积量基本无差异.不同基因型甘薯块根自然富集元素能力(含量及累积量)存在明显差异,与评价指标及其权重有关.综合分析显示,不同甘薯块根富集元素能力可分为高、中和低3类,高富集能力的2个基因型依次是赣薯203和赣K06,中富集能力的4个基因型依次是普薯32、赣薯3号、济薯25、湛薯16,其他10个基因型为低富集能力基因型.

为筛选出对枳壳扦插育苗具有良好促进效果的植物生长调节剂,以6月龄的江枳壳秋季嫩枝为插穗,对其进行不同浓度的吲哚乙酸(IAA)、吲哚丁酸(IBA)、萘乙酸(NAA)和自配生根剂(Self-mixed rooting reagent,SXRG)0.5h浸泡处理,通过测定90d后扦插苗的生根率、生根数、生根力指数、单株根长和叶片数来比较其效果优劣.结果表明,选用的4种植物生长调节剂均能增加扦插苗的观测指标,其中以生根力指数增长为最大,其次为生根率;且不同浓度间的增加程度表现为先升高后降低,均以200mg/L为最佳浓度.不同种类的植物生长调节剂对扦插育苗的促进存在显著或极显著差异,表现为SXRG＞IBA＞IAA＞NAA＞CK.因此,在枳壳扦插育苗生产中,选用200mg/L自配生根剂(SXRG)浸泡6月龄嫩枝0.5h,效果最佳.

为寻求能够用于鉴定与评价不同类型氮素营养效率稻种资源苗期的特征性状,以88个不同类型氮素利用效率(NUE)、氮素吸收效率(NAE)和氮素利用效率响应度(NUER)的稻种资源为研究对象,系统分析了苗期15个性状的差异性.结果表明:(1)不同类型氮素营养效率稻种资源苗期15个性状在低、中、高3种类型间差异性不尽相同,在低、中、高效NUE间存在显著或极显著差异的性状有6个(占比40.0％),在低、中、高效NAE间和低、中、高响应NUER间均为10个(占比66.7％),即获得高效NUE、高效NAE和高响应NUER的途径是不同的;(2)差异显著或极显著的性状对不同类型氮素营养效率影响程度大小亦不完全相同,对NUE的影响为植株含氮量＞倒3叶SPAD值＞单株根表面积＞单株地上部干重＞单株总干重＞单株总根长,对NAE的影响为单株总干重＞单株根干重＞单株总根长＞单株地上部干重＞植株含氮量＞单株根数＞单株根表面积＞倒3叶SPAD值＞单株根体积＞单株黄叶数,对NUER的影响为单株总根长＞单株根表面积＞单株地上部干重＞植株含氮量＞冠根比＞倒3叶SPAD值＞单株根数＞单株根体积＞单株绿叶数＞单株黄叶数.综上所述,单株地上部干重、单株根表面积、单株总根长、植株含氮量和倒3叶SPAD值可共同用于鉴定与评价稻种资源苗期的NUE、NAE和NUER类型.

目的与方法:Berthelot比色法是目前测定植物组织中γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量的最广泛和最常用方法,但测定结果常常受组织特异性、提取方法和显色条件等的影响.为能准确快速地测定糙米中的GABA含量,本研究基于实验室已优化的Berthelot比色法测定植物叶片中GABA含量的技术体系,以蒸馏水为提取剂,从提取料液比、提取温度、提取时间、显色水浴温度和时间对其进行了系统优化.结果:采用Berthelot比色法测定糙米中GA-BA含量的最佳提取方法为料液比1 g∶20 mL、水浴温度60℃和水浴时间30 min,最适显色反应条件为显色水浴温度60℃和显色时间10 min.结论:优化后的测定体系将尽可能地实现糙米中GABA的充分提取和快速测定,是一个准确可靠、快速经济和科学高效的测定体系.

[目的]为探究不同类型品种甘薯的产量和富硒特征,筛选一批适宜在江西富硒土壤种植的甘薯品种,为江西省富硒甘薯品种选择和栽培提供参考.[方法]通过田间试验方法,选取适宜江西地区种植的17个不同类型甘薯品种(鲜食型13个,菜用型3个,淀粉型1个),分析甘薯产量、块根硒吸收等特征.[结果]17个供试甘薯品种中,产量(每667 m2)差异显著,其中普薯32的产量最高,达1 412.43 kg,赣渝3号次之,为1 319.68 kg.每667 m2产量1 000 kg以上的品种有7个,而哈密和台农71的产量较低,均低于每667 m2 500 kg.此外,各品种硒含量差异较为明显,变化幅度为0.03～0.14 mg/kg,而广薯87、龙薯9号、福薯7-6、赣薯3号和赣渝3号等5个品种块根硒含量均超过0.1 mg/kg,达到了国家富硒含量标准(0.1～1 mg/kg).聚类分析显示,不同甘薯品种硒含量可分为3类,其中广薯87为唯一硒高积累品种,达0.14 mg/kg,而商薯19、福薯604、龙薯9号、福薯7-6、赣薯3号和赣渝3号等6个品种为硒中高积累品种,块根硒含量为0.09～0.11 mg/kg,其余为硒低积累品种.同时,块根硒含量高的甘薯品种,其硒富集系数也高.[结论]兼顾甘薯块根产量及其硒积累,可选择鲜食型广薯87、赣渝3号与菜用型福薯7-6等甘薯品种在江西富硒土壤中推广种植.

The concentrations of (E)-2-hexenal (E2H) have obvious correlation with the color change process in tomatoes during ripening. It is proposed that E2H may play a role in regulating the chloroplast degradation. In this study, the exogenous E2H was applied to tomato fruits and plants to create a higher concentration of E2H atmosphere than naturel released. A set of indices in response to E2H were detected. The color change was inhibited. The ethylene pathway and the involved genes were limited. The results of subcellular structure changes, the fatty acid profiles and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content supported that the chloroplast membranes were specifically degraded. The hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) and the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway was activated to decompose the free fatty acids. In tomato plants at the harvest stage, E2H did not affect the ripe tomatoes, but inhibited the color changes of green tomatoes, accelerated the withering of the leaves and the branches, and made the fruits fall off easier. The chlorophagy was activated and the autophagosomes were observed to decompose the chloroplasts in leaves. In conclusion, E2H accelerated the chloroplast degradation, by which the color changes were regulated.

为筛选出对枳壳扦插育苗具有良好效应的容器规格和缓释肥用量,以6月龄的江枳壳秋季嫩枝为插穗,对其进行了A1(5 cm×8 cm)、A2(5 cm×12 cm)和A3(5 cm×16 cm)3种容器规格及B1(2.0 kg缓释肥/m3基质)、B2(2.5 kg缓释肥/m3基质)和B3(3.0 kg缓释肥/m3基质)3个用量处理,通过测定90 d后扦插苗的生根率、生根数、生根力指数、单株根长和叶片数比较了其效果优劣.结果表明:等量缓释肥施用下,容器大小对枳壳扦插苗的观测指标存在显著影响,小容器将限制扦插苗的正常生长,以A2(5 cm×12 cm)为最佳.同一容器大小中,扦插苗的观测指标随着施肥量的增加而提高,但提高幅度变小,以B2(2.5 kg缓释肥/m3基质)最经济.因此,在枳壳扦插育苗生产中,宜采用A2(5 cm×12 cm)白色无纺布网袋作容器和每立方米基质施用2.5 kg缓释肥.

木姜叶柯是一种历史悠久的药食茶同源植物,因其新叶浸泡液具有极高的甜味而被俗称为甜茶.古代医学典籍和现代研究证明,木姜叶柯含有丰富的生物活性成分,具有"一健一润一醒(健胃、润肺、醒酒)"、"三防(防冠心病、防关节炎、防感冒"、"三抗(抗氧化、抗癌变、抗过敏)"和"四降(降压、降糖、降脂、降胆固醇)"等功效.本文通过大量查阅木姜叶柯相关文献资料,从生物活性成分和医疗保健功效两个方面进行较系统综述,以期为木姜叶柯的深入研究和综合开发提供参考.

问题导入法能有效激发学生学习的兴趣和欲望,促使学生更积极主动地参与到教学中来,提高学生分析问题和解决问题的能力,培养学生的研究素养、创新精神和实践能力.为了更好地实现课堂教学的目标和提升课堂学习的效率,根据问题导入法的原理,结合课程自身特点进行"问题"创设,将在基础教育和人文教育中常用的问题导入法引进高等院校的理科教育课程《植物生理学》.经过多年的探索和实践,取得了良好的教学效果,但也存在一些需要再度认真思考和努力完善的方面.

选取多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lamk.)为研究对象,设置了不同时期(出苗期、分蘖期和抽穗期)、不同施氮量(150、200、250、300和350 kg N/hm2)及其组合处理14个,分析了不同氮肥组合下多花黑麦草种子性能和氮肥利用效率的差异及其相关性.结果表明:出苗期50 kg N/hm2+分蘖期100 kg N/hm2+抽穗期150 kg N/hm2的种子产量最高.抽穗期氮肥在100 kg N/hm2 以下时能提高多花黑麦草种子的结实率、发芽率、发芽势和出苗率.出苗期50 kg N/hm2+分蘖期50 kg N/hm2+抽穗期100 kg N/hm2施肥组合的氮肥农学利用率和种子生产氮肥偏生产力具有最大值;出苗期50 kg N/hm2+分蘖期50 kg N/hm2+抽穗期50 kg N/hm2施肥组合的氮肥生理利用率最高;出苗期100 kg N/hm2+分蘖期0 kg N/hm2+抽穗期200 kg N/hm2施肥组合的氮肥回收率最高.多花黑麦草种子产量与出苗期、分蘖期和抽穗期施氮量呈极显著正相关,其中与分蘖期施氮量相关性最大.多花黑麦草种子产量与拔节期、抽穗期、开花期和成熟期的植株含氮量呈极显著正相关.综上所述,出苗期50 kg N/hm2+分蘖期100 kg N/hm2+抽穗期150 kg N/hm2施肥组合的多花黑麦草种子产量高,且氮肥利用率较高.

随着经济规模的迅速扩大和城市化进程的加快,由大量的尘埃、硫酸与硝酸微滴、硫酸与硝酸盐、有机碳氢化合物和黑碳粒子组成的污染性气溶胶——霾在我国日趋严重,已广泛成为一种频发的新气象和严重的灾害性天气,对空气质量、交通运输、生态环境、人体健康、旅游景观及农业生产等均造成严重影响.该文对霾的物化组成、产生原因、在我国的分布及其对植物最重要的生理过程——光合作用的影响进行概述与展望,为进一步明确植物生长发育对霾的响应、适应和抵御研究提供参考.

在简要回顾江西农业大学植物生理学教研室近40年编撰《植物生理学》教材的实践基础上,对编撰教材的体会进行较全面地梳理和归纳,希望对今后大学本科《植物生理学》教材的编撰有所启示和帮助.

甜度是衡量冬枣商品价值的关键特征之一,目前冬枣甜度检测多采用具有破坏性的化学分析方法,不能用于商品化分级分选.本项目利用色差仪检测了冬枣的色差,利用DA-Meter检测了叶绿素含量特征,并检测了可溶性固形物含量(SSC).利用Matrix Laboratory(MATLAB)软件,以色差值L、a、b、c、h,DA值为自变量,以SSC为因变量建立了数学模型.结果表明,DA值与冬枣的甜度几乎没有相关性,而色泽与甜度存在较大相关性,且用色差预测冬枣的甜度是可行的.本研究建立了L、a、c、h与SSC之间的线性回归模型,R2为0.747,相对误差率为4.258％,为冬枣甜度的无损预测提供了新的方法,有利于冬枣分拣智能化的发展.

Berthelot比色法作为目前一种相对简便、快速、准确和廉价的高通量测定植物叶片中GABA含量的方法仍存在杂质干扰及显色稳定性等问题,需进一步深度优化.基于Berthelot显色反应,本研究从测定波长、显色稳定性、显色试剂用量、显色条件、色素杂质去除和提取条件对其进行了系统优化.结果表明,选用甲醇作溶剂,50℃水浴进行3次叶绿素去除可最大程度地减少叶绿素杂质对GABA测定的影响;80℃水浴0.5 h的GABA提取效率最高;100 μL 2 mol·L-1氯化铝溶液可有效去除水溶性色素;0.10 mol·L-1四硼酸钠缓冲液、7％重蒸酚溶液和4％次氯酸钠溶液是最佳的显色剂组合,80℃水浴20 min的显色效果最佳;显色后的颜色在10 min后稳定可进行比色,最佳测定波长为645 nm.优化后的Berthelot比色法测定体系将进一步提高植物叶片中GABA含量测定的精准度和灵敏度.

黑米是一种在种皮中富集黑色或黑褐色花色苷的稻米,营养丰富,药食兼用,被广泛应用于食品、医药和化工等行业.本文从营养成分(淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质、必需氨基酸、维生素、黄酮类、酚酸类和膳食纤维)、功能特性(抗炎症、抗过敏、抗哮喘、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、减肥降脂及降血糖)和综合利用(食品、医药与化工行业)三方面归纳和概述了黑米的研究进展,以期为科学认识和深入研究黑米提供理论依据,为综合利用黑米提供有益借鉴.

BACKGROUND:The regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis by various factors including sugars, light and abiotic stresses is mediated by numerous regulatory factors acting at the transcriptional level. Here experimental evidence was provided in order to demonstrate that the nuclear GARP transcription factor AtGLK1 plays an important role in regulating sucrose-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.RESULTS:The results obtained using real-time quantitative PCR and GUS staining assays revealed that AtGLK1 was mainly expressed in the green tissues of Arabidopsis seedlings and could be induced by sucrose. The loss-of-function glk1 glk2 double mutant has lower anthocyanin levels than the glk2 single mutant, although it has been determined that loss of AtGLK1 alone does not affect anthocyanin accumulation. Overexpression of AtGLK1 enhances the accumulation of anthocyanin in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings accompanied by increased expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes. Moreover, we found that AtGLK1 also participates in plastid-signaling mediated anthocyanin accumulations. Genetic, physiological, and molecular biological approaches demonstrated that AtGLK1 acts upstream of MYBL2, which is a key negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, to genetically regulate sucrose-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis.CONCLUSION:Our results indicated that AtGLK1 positively regulates sucrose-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis via MYBL2.

有色稻米(Oryza sativa L.)是一种优异的稻种资源,因糙米麸皮内的色素成分差异而具有特殊的食味和药用价值.从光照(光质、光照强度和光照时间)、温度、水分、矿质元素和土壤pH等环境因素方面综述了其对有色稻米色泽的影响,为今后的相关研究和技术推广提供理论基础及技术参考.

[目的]探寻多花黑麦草种子高产的最佳施氮肥方式,为多花黑麦草种子生产的氮肥管理和精确施肥提供理论依据和技术途径.[方法]试验采用不完全区组正交设计,研究不同氮肥配施方式对多花黑麦草种子产量与氮累积动态变化的影响.[结果]不同氮肥配施处理下,多花黑麦草种子产量存在显著差异(P＜0.05),其中以50 kg/hm2(秋季)+100 kg/hm2(早冬)+150 kg/hm2(春季)的氮肥配施增产效果最好,种子产量为2523.6 kg/hm2.在施氮总量相同的条件下,分别在秋季、早冬和春季施用氮肥能显著提高种子产量;三叶期、抽穗期、开花期和成熟期植株含氮量与相对种子产量的关系呈显著线性关系,回归方程分别是y==26.789x-52.937、y=64.652x-131.670、y=91.940x-146.610和y=91.763x-23.254,决定系数分别为0.8824、0.7145、0.8543和0.7170,达到显著水平(P＜0.05).[结论]在秋季和春季施氮肥基础上,增加早冬氮肥的施用能提高多花黑麦草种子的产量.