Abstract Background Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common enteric infectious disease that poses a threat to children’s health. The disease exhibits high epidemic intensity and frequent outbreak clusters in Beijing, the capital of China. However, the spatiotemporal characteristics of these outbreak clusters and their future epidemic trends remain poorly understood. This study aims to fill this gap by analyzing the spatiotemporal epidemiology of HFMD outbreak clusters and developing a forecasting model to inform targeted prevention strategies. Methods The present study analyzed data on HFMD outbreak clusters in Beijing from 2019 to 2024. Epidemiological characteristics were described, including demographic features, clinical manifestations, transmission settings, and spatial distribution. Group comparisons were performed using Kruskal-Wallis and chi-squared tests. The spatial distribution of outbreak clusters was visualized and analyzed by geographic region. A Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model was developed to forecast incidence trends. Results Beijing reported 4,265 HFMD outbreak clusters (12,396 cases) during 2019–2024, exhibiting a biennial high-incidence pattern. Compared to 2019 (1,206 clusters), the mean annual clusters during 2020–2022 decreased by 74.4% (305/year), rebounding to 1,719 clusters in 2023—42.5% higher than 2019. Most clusters (77.2%) involved < 5 cases. Median age was 5 years (IQR: 4–7), increasing to 6 years in 2023. Males predominated (p < 0.001). School-aged cases rose to 54.4% in 2023, while kindergarten cases declined. Kindergartens predominated overall (52.7%), but schools became the main setting in 2023 (44.9%), 4.2 times the pandemic average (10.6%). Clusters concentrated in near-suburban areas (> 50% in multiple years). CV-A6 was dominant (60.2%), peaking at 90.7% in 2023; EV-A71 was rare (0.12%). Cluster size varied by pathogen (p < 0.001). The SARIMA model forecast a bimodal pattern for 2025, with primary autumn peak (299 clusters) and secondary summer peak (165 clusters). Conclusion HFMD outbreak clusters in Beijing exhibited a biennial pattern, with suppression during 2020–2022 due to COVID-19 NPIs followed by a rebound in 2023 exceeding pre-pandemic levels. Clusters concentrated in near-suburban areas with consistent bimodal seasonality, and the SARIMA model projects a similar pattern for 2025. These findings underscore the need for setting-specific strategies prioritizing schools alongside kindergartens, targeted interventions in high-risk suburbs, and continued pathogen monitoring.

Background: This study evaluated the impact of a comprehensive prevention program, which integrated eight evidence-based measures consistent with current clinical guidelines and practice standards, on ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rates in a pediatric cardiac surgical intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted from 2023 to 2024. We compared VAP rates across a 5-month pre-intervention period, a 12-month intervention period, and a 7-month post-intervention period in patients receiving mechanical ventilation for over 48 h. Additional outcomes, including postoperative length of stay were also assessed before and after the intervention. Results: Among 829 at-risk patients and 5677 ventilator-days, the VAP rates per 1000 ventilator-days were 25.7, 11.3, and 10.8 in the pre-intervention, intervention, and post-intervention periods, respectively. Poisson regression identified the intervention and post-intervention periods as protective factors for VAP. After adjusting for age, weight, emergency surgery, and cardiopulmonary bypass duration, VAP rates decreased by 56% during the intervention period (adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.382, 95% CI 0.212-0.691; p = 0.001) and by 58% in the post-intervention period (adjusted IRR 0.452, 95% CI 0.232-0.882; p = 0.020). Postoperative length of stay also declined significantly from 22 (16, 35) days pre-intervention to 21(15, 28) days post-intervention (p = 0.040). Conclusions: Implementation of the multidisciplinary prevention program was associated with a sustained reduction in VAP rates in a surgical pediatric cardiac ICU and may contribute to shorter postoperative hospital stays.

We examined probiotic-associated bacteremia in a cohort of postoperative pediatric cardiac surgery patients in China. Among 16,436 children who underwent cardiac surgery during 2019-2024, a total of 5,034 received probiotics; 6 developed bacteremia with probiotic strains (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus). Three cases occurred in children who had not directly received probiotics, suggesting potential cross-contamination or catheter-related transmission. All 6 patients had complex congenital heart disease and central venous catheters; 5 underwent palliative surgery. Fever, elevated C-reactive protein and leukocytes, and use of respiratory support were common. Antibiotic therapy achieved blood-culture clearance in all; 1 death occurred because of underlying cardiac disease, not infection. Our findings conclude probiotic-associated bacteremia is rare and usually resolves with antibiotics; outcomes correlate more with cardiac complexity than bacteremia itself. Maintaining perioperative probiotic use and enhancing infection-control measures, specifically regarding central line care, are recommended to minimize the risk for probiotic-associated bacteremia in pediatric cardiosurgical patients.

BACKGROUND:Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), particularly EV-A71, has caused large-scale epidemics in the Asia-Pacific region, with China alone reporting over 2 million annual cases and causing a substantial morbidity and mortality. While EV-A71 vaccination was introduced in 2016 and COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented from 2020-2022, comprehensive evidence on their independent and combined effects on HFMD epidemiology remains scarce. We aimed to quantify the impact of vaccination, NPIs, and post-pandemic policy relaxation on HFMD incidence and pathogen distribution. METHODS:We conducted an interrupted time series segmented regression analysis using a 14-year surveillance dataset (January 2011-December 2024) from Beijing's National Notifiable Disease Reporting System and citywide pathogen surveillance network. The study population included all HFMD cases reported in Beijing. We defined four intervention periods: baseline (pre-vaccination), vaccination introduction (August 2016), stringent NPIs (January 2020), and reopening (January 2023). Primary outcomes were HFMD incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRRs). We estimated prevented cases under counterfactual scenarios. RESULTS:Among 324,623 reported HFMD cases across the 14-year study period, interrupted time series regression demonstrated that vaccination was associated with a 33% reduction in incidence (IRR 0.67, 95% CI: 0.49-0.91); cumulatively over 8 years (2016-2024), this was estimated to have prevented 23.8% of cases that would have occurred without vaccination. Stringent NPIs were associated with an 84% reduction (IRR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.06-0.41); cumulatively, during the intervention period (2020-2022), NPIs were estimated to have prevented 82.6% of cases. Following policy relaxation, incidence rebounded 2.53-fold (95% CI: 0.64-9.92), although this increase did not reach statistical significance. In absolute terms, monthly mean case counts declined from 3001 (baseline) to 1886 following vaccination introduction (37.2% decrease), and further to 299 during stringent NPIs (90.0% decrease from baseline), before surging to 1503 post-reopening, a fivefold increase from the NPI period. Pathogen surveillance revealed EV-A71 prevalence declined from 30.5% (baseline) to 4.5% (vaccination period), while coxsackievirus A6 emerged as the dominant serotype, from 9.5% (baseline period) to 56.2% (vaccination period). CONCLUSIONS:EV-A71 vaccination and NPIs were each associated with reduced HFMD transmission, but policy relaxation was followed by a substantial resurgence. The observed serotype replacement with non-vaccine-type enteroviruses highlight critical gaps in current prevention strategies. Sustaining HFMD control requires optimizing vaccine design, developing multivalent vaccines, maintaining high coverage, and integrating targeted NPIs during high-transmission seasons.

Introduction: Since 2022, the global monkeypox (mpox) epidemic has undergone clade replacement from clade IIb to clade Ib, accompanied by a geographic shift in the epidemic's epicenter. However, systematic analyses spanning the entire epidemic cycle from 2022 to 2025 remain limited. Integrating global epidemiological and genomic data is essential for determining spatiotemporal transmission dynamics. Methods: Global mpox surveillance data, mpox virus whole-genome sequences, and demographic data were collected. Retrospective spatiotemporal scan statistics were used to identify significant transmission clusters. Phylogenetic trees were used to characterize evolutionary relationships among clades, and haplotype network analysis was used to infer transmission pathways. Results: A total of 165,244 mpox cases were reported globally, showing a two-phase pattern. From January 2022 to August 2023, clade IIb predominated, accounting for 96.18% of cases in Europe and the Americas. From September 2023 to September 2025, the epicenter shifted to Africa, where clade Ib became dominant; during this phase, Africa accounted for 71.48% of global cases. Spatiotemporal scan analysis identified 10 significant clusters, with the highest relative risk observed in the West African cluster in 2025. Phylogenetic analyses linked clade IIb to the European and American phases, whereas clade Ib was associated with the African phase. The haplotype network suggested that Africa is the core transmission region of clade Ib, with Europe serving as a dissemination hub. Conclusion: Mpox evolved from IIb-driven global dissemination to Ib-dominated regional clustering in Africa, with clade replacement driving the geographic shifts. The current risk is concentrated in Africa, underscoring the need for strengthened surveillance, genomic tracing, equitable access to resources, and targeted interventions.

BACKGROUND:Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) remains a major public-health concern in China. While the monovalent EV-A71 vaccine has effectively reduced EV-A71-associated cases, it offers no protection against CV-A16. The introduction of a bivalent EV-A71/CV-A16 vaccine may offer broader protection, but its economic viability under different immunization strategies remains uncertain. METHODS:We developed a dynamic transmission model integrated with cost-effectiveness analysis to assess the epidemiological and economic impact of a hypothetical bivalent EV-A71/CV-A16 vaccine in China. Based on the immunization program policy, seven vaccination strategies, vaccine effectiveness (VE) levels ranging from 50-95% against EV-A71/CV-A16, and coverage levels from 0-95% were evaluated. The threshold vaccine price (TVP) was derived based on incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) calculations. Cost-effectiveness was assessed using willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds defined as 1-3 times the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. RESULTS:The mean cost of two doses of the monovalent EV-A71 vaccine was USD133.0 (95% CI: 126.9-139.1). Strategy 2, which targeted individuals unvaccinated with the monovalent EV-A71 vaccine, demonstrated the most favorable cost-effectiveness. At 45% coverage and 85% vaccine effectiveness, the estimated threshold price per dose was USD 107.7 (95% CI: 103.4-112.0), with threshold vaccine prices increasing as coverage declined. When vaccination coverage exceeded 80%, the threshold vaccine price decreased substantially, falling below USD 45.9 (95% CI: 43.5-48.3) per dose. CONCLUSIONS:Large-scale inclusion in the national immunization program may not be economically justified at current cost levels. Targeted voluntary vaccination of unvaccinated, susceptible populations represents a more cost-effective and practical strategy during the early stage of vaccine introduction.

Background:Invasive fungal infections were rare but serious complication in pediatric patients following cardiac surgery. Data on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and preventive strategies remain limited. Methods:This was a retrospective before-after study. We reviewed a prospectively maintained database in our pediatric cardiac ICU between 2018 and 2024. All patients who developed invasive fungal infections following cardiac surgery were included. Since our center began the invasive fungal infections prevention bundle in 2021, patients from 2018 to 2020 were included in pre-bundle group, patients from 2021 to 2024 were included in post-bundle group. Our fungal prevention bundle included: 1) Actively providing prophylactic antifungal drugs based on risk stratification. 2) Enhancing hospital acquired infection management. 3) Multi-disciplinary treatment, clinical pharmacists participate in antimicrobial stewardship. 4) Establishing an ICU infection control team to ensure the implementation of the above measures. Results:In this cohort of 19,761 postoperative pediatric patients, 38 cases (0.19%) of invasive fungal infections were identified, all manifesting as fungal sepsis. Clinical manifestations of infection included fever, an increased leukocyte count, neutrophil percentage, (1,3)-β-D-glucan, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin value. Fourteen patients (37%) exhibited circulatory instability. The median time from surgery to infection was 23 (8, 56) days, with a mortality rate of 24%. Comparative analysis between study periods revealed improvements in infection control measures. Hand hygiene compliance increased from 48% to 61% (P < 0.001), antibiotic consumption (defined daily dose) reduced from 32.7 to 27.5 (P < 0.001). Following group stratification, the incidence of invasive fungal infections was lower in post-bundle group (0.11%; 12/11,194) than in pre-bundle group (0.3%; 26/8567), P = 0.002. Conclusion:Based on the study findings, the implementation of a multifaceted fungal prevention bundle was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of invasive fungal infections in pediatric patients after cardiac surgery.

Mpox resurged globally in 2022 after five decades of African confinement. Pooling 70 studies (1970–2025) and WHO surveillance, we show hospitalisation and case-fatality fell from 33% and 3.3% pre-2022 to 10% and 0.7% during the clade-IIb pandemic. Clade-Ia remained high deadlier (≈80% admission, 9% death). Since 2024, Central Africa has again driven cases and deaths. High-income regions recorded milder, larger outbreaks; Africa continues to bear excess mortality. Targeted clade-Ia surveillance, vaccination and health-system support in Central Africa are urgently needed to curb mpox’s persistent global burden.

ObjectiveTo establish an adjusted Serfling regression model to estimate the excess cases and the excess epidemic period of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in Beijing from 2011 to 2019, so as to provide data support and decision-making basis for HFMD prevention and control.MethodsThe weekly number of HFMD cases in Beijing from 2011 to 2019 was utilized for adjusted the Serfling regression model. Then the adjusted model was used to fit the baseline and epidemic threshold of HFMD in Beijing from 2011 to 2019, calculating the excess cases and determining the excess epidemic period.ResultsA total of 279 306 cases of HFMD were reported in Beijing from 2011 to 2019, with the climax of the disease occurring in summer and autumn. After adjusting the fitting R2 of the Serfling regression model to 0.773, a total of 10 excess epidemic periods totaling 92 weeks were estimated, mainly occurring in summer. The highest number of excess cases during an excess epidemic period was found in 2014 (1 272 cases, 95%CI: 990‒1 554), accounting for 65.04% of the actual cases (95%CI: 50.62%‒79.46%).ConclusionThe adjusted Serfling regression model fits well and can be utilized for early warning of HFMD and estimating the disease burden caused by HFMD.

>Respiratory infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality and are a major global health problem [1] . Acute respiratory infections are caused by multiple respiratory pathogens, including viruses and bacteria. Viral-bacterial co-infections, which have become increasingly common and a global concern, can lead to substantial complications, causing higher morbidity and adverse prognosis [2] . Previous studies have reported low positive detection rates of targeted pathogens related to acute respiratory infections, owing to the limited number of detected pathogens and variations in the sensitivity of diagnostic methods [3-4] .

Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) is a significant etiologic agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina (HA), with the capacity to progress to severe complications, including encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis, myocarditis, and other critical conditions. Beijing's epidemiological surveillance system, established in 2008, encompasses 29 hospitals and 16 district disease control centers. From 2019 to 2021, the circulation of CV-A16 was characterized by the co-circulation of B1a and B1b clades. Multiple cases of HFMD linked to clade B1c has not been reported in Beijing until 2022. This study enrolled 400 HFMD and 493 HA cases. Employing real-time RT-PCR, 368 enterovirus-positive cases were identified, with 180 selected for sequencing. CV-A16 was detected in 18.89% (34/180) of the cases, second only to CV-A6, identified in 63.33% (114/180). Full-length VP1 gene sequences were successfully amplified and sequenced in 22 cases, revealing the presence of clades B1a, B1b, and B1c in 14, 3, and 5 cases, respectively. A cluster of five B1c clade cases occurred between June 29 and July 17, 2022, within a 7-km diameter region in Shunyi District. Phylogenetic analysis of five complete VP1 gene sequences and two full-genome sequences revealed close clustering with the 2018 Indian strain (GenBank accession: MH780757.1) within the B1c India branch, with NCBI BLAST results showing over 98% similarity. Comparative sequence analysis identified three unique amino acid variations (P3S, V25A, and I235V). The 2022 Shunyi District HFMD cases represent the first instances of spatiotemporally correlated CV-A16 B1c clade infections in Beijing, underscoring the necessity for heightened surveillance of B1c clade CV-A16 in HFMD and HA in this region.

Background: During the 2022–2023 influenza season, the influenza activities in most regions of China were postponed, including Beijing. The unusually delayed influenza epidemic posed a challenge to the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine. Methods: Using the test-negative design, we evaluated influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) during the 2022–2023 influenza season against influenza A-associated outpatient and emergency-department-attended influenza-like illness (ILI) in Beijing, China, from 9 January to 30 April 2023. Results: The analysis included 8301 medically attended ILI patients, of which 1342 (46.2%) had influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 1554 (53.4%) had influenza A(H3N2), and 11 (0.4%) had co-infection of the two viruses. VE against influenza A-associated ILI patients was 23.2% (95% CI: −6.5% to 44.6%) overall, and 23.1%, 9.9%, and 33.8% among children aged 6 months to 17 years, adults aged 18–59 years, and adults aged ≥60 years, respectively. VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and against influenza A(H3N2) were 36.2% (95% CI: −1.9% to 60.1%) and 9.5% (95% CI: −34.1% to 39.0%), respectively. VE of the group with vaccination intervals of 14–90 days (70.1%, 95% CI: −145.4 to 96.4) was higher than that of the groups with a vaccination interval of 90–149 days (18.7%, 95% CI: −42.4% to 53.6%) and ≥150 days (21.2%, 95% CI: −18.8% to 47.7%). Conclusions: A moderate VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and a low VE against influenza A(H3N2) were observed in Beijing during the 2022–2023 influenza season, a season characterized with a delayed and high-intensity influenza epidemic. VE appears to be better within three months after vaccination. Our findings indicate a potential need for the optimization of vaccination policies and underscore the importance of continuous monitoring of influenza to enhance vaccines and optimizing vaccination timing.

Abstract Background Enterovirus 71(EV71)-associated hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) decreased dramatically in Beijing from 2009 to 2019. This study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics, evolutionary dynamics, geographic diffusion pathway, and other features of EV71 in Beijing, China. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of EV71-associated HFMD and its causative agent in Beijing, China, from 2009 to 2019. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic methods based on the EV71 genome were used to determine the evolution features, origin, and spatiotemporal dynamics. Positive selection sites in the VP1 gene were identified and exhibited in the tertiary structure. Bayesian birth-death skyline model was used to estimate the effective reproductive number (Re). Results EV71-associated HFMD decreased greatly in Beijing. From 2009 to 2019, EV71 strains prevalent in Beijing shared high homology in each gene segment and evolved with a rate of 4.99*10− 3 substitutions per site per year. The genetic diversity of EV71 first increased and peaked in 2012 and then decreased with fluctuations. The time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of EV71 in Beijing was estimated around 2003 when the EV71 strains were transmitted to Beijing from east China. Beijing played a crucial role in seeding EV71 to central China as well. Two residues (E145Q/G, A293S) under positive selection were detected from both the VP1 dataset and the P1 dataset. They were embedded within the loop of the VP1 capsid and were exposed externally. Mean Re estimate of EV71 in Beijing was about 1.007. Conclusion In recent years, EV71 was not the primary causative agent of HFMD in Beijing. The low Re estimate of EV71 in Beijing implied that strategies for preventing and controlling HFMD were performed effectively. Beijing and east China played a crucial role in disseminating EV71 to other regions in China.

Purpose: Infection prevention and control (IPC) has a significant impact on the prognosis after pediatric cardiac surgery. This study aimed to provide surveillance data on the incidence and density of various infections during the COVID-19 epidemic and explore the influence of multi -drug resistant organisms (MDRO) on in -hospital prognosis after congenital heart disease surgery. Methods: This single -center retrospective study included pediatric patients who underwent cardiac surgery between 2021 and 2022. The results of the postoperative bacterial and fungal cultures and antimicrobial stewardship were collected. The demographic characteristics (age and weight), operation -related parameters (RACHS-1 grade, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, and aortic cross clamp), and surgical outcomes (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, delayed sternal closure, mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of intensive care unit stay and hospital stay, and hospitalization costs) of MDRO and non-MDRO patients were compared. Results: A total of 4776 patients were included. There were 101 infectious culture results after the operation, with a nosocomial infection rate of 2.1%. There were 40 MDRO specimens from 36 patients, 50 non-MDRO specimens from 30 patients, and 11 fungal specimens from 10 patients. The incidence of pneumonia was 1.5%, with a ventilator -associated pneumonia incidence density of 7.2/ 1000 patient -days. The incidence of sepsis was 0.4%, with a catheter -related bloodstream infection incidence density of 0.24/ 1000 patient -days. The incidence density of catheter -associated tract infection was 0.45/ 1000 patient -days. The incidence of surgical site infection was 0.06%. The culture proportion before commencing antibiotics was 93% and the antibiotic consumption intensity was 30.7 DDD/100 bed -days. The length of intensive care unit stay in MDRO infection patients increased compared with that in nonMDRO infection patients, 30 (18,52) vs 17 (7,62) days, p=0.05). Conclusion: The IPC performance of Fuwai Hospital achieved satisfactory results. MDRO infection can lead to prolonged intensive care unit stay.

Objectives: All patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) receive postoperative management in ICUs. Infection prevention and control (IPC) has a significant impact on prognosis. This study provides a preliminary understanding of the fundamental aspects of IPC in ICUs following CHD surgery in China. Methods: From September to October 2023, we initiated a survey on healthcare-associated infection (HAI) management in hospitals that perform CHD surgeries independently. The questionnaires were jointly completed by the ICU physicians and IPC personnel. Duplicate or unqualified questionnaires were excluded from the study. The contents of our questionnaires covered hospital and ICU capacity, performance of the infection control department, HAI surveillance, implementation of IPC measures, and antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). Qualified questionnaires were compared according to the volume of annual CHD surgeries performed in different ICUs. Group 1 was defined as volume more than 300 cases and group 2 was defined as volume less than or equal to 300 cases. Results: Sixty-two of the 118 questionnaires were completed, with a response rate of 53%. The CHD surgical volume in 2022 of the 62 hospitals was 36342, accounting for 52% of the annual CHD surgical volume (69 672) across the country. The postoperative infection rates obtained from the 15 ICUs varied from 1.3 to 15%, with a median rate of 4.5%. A total of 16 ICUs provided data on drug-resistant bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibiting the highest frequency. More than 95% of ICUs have established complete HAI management systems. Information-based HAI surveillance was conducted in 89% of ICUs. Approximately 67% of ICUs stopped prophylactic antibiotics within 48 hours after surgery. In complex cases, carbapenems were administered empirically in 89% of ICUs. Group 1 had an advantage over group 2 in preventing multi-drug-resistant organisms (all instruments should be used alone 100% vs. 86%, P =0.047; cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces, 100% vs. 81%, P =0.035; antibiotic consumption control 85% vs. 61%, P =0.044) and in preventing surgical site infections (perioperative blood glucose monitoring, 88% vs. 67%, P =0.048). However, Group 1 did not perform well in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infection (delayed catheter removal due to convenience of laboratory tests, 31% vs. 6%, P =0.021) and catheter-associated urinary tract infection (delayed catheter removal due to muscle relaxant administration, 88% vs. 58%, P =0.022). Conclusions: A relatively complete HAI management system has been established throughout the country in ICUs for CHD patients. Information-based surveillance of HAI needs to be promoted, and actions should be taken to facilitate the implementation of IPC measures and AMS bundles. Training and feedback are critical for implementing IPC measures.

目的:研究多体征感知设备的网络化管理在北京冬奥会和冬残奥会期间疫情防控中的应用价值.方法:采用Java语言开发,使用MySQL数据库,设置多体征感知设备系统、数据上传系统和闭环管理系统,设计基于人工智能(AI)化的防控体系,对北京冬奥会和冬残奥会期间闭环外运行保障工作人员进行体征管理.选取北京冬奥会和冬残奥会期间25个北京赛区和10个张家口赛区共35个奥运场馆和(或)部门累计配发的34172台多体征感知设备,对保障工作人员的核心体征数据进行持续监测.结果:冬奥会和冬残奥会期间的34172台多体征感知设备共识别35个场馆和(或)部门的保障工作人员体征异常278人次,其中由感冒引发预警237人次(占85.3％),由呼吸道感染引发预警17人次(占6.1％),由口腔疾病引发预警7人次(占2.5％),由肠炎引发预警5人次(占1.8％),无新冠肺炎预警.结论:基于多体征感知设备的网络化管理可助力提升疫情防控干预能力和应急响应能力,为疫情防控提供新的科技手段.

Abstract The non-pharmacological interventions during the COVID-19 epidemic period may also affected the incidence of other infectious diseases. This study used the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to predict the theoretical incidence of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) in Beijing in 2020, then used the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test to compare it with the actual value, in order to explore the impact of public health prevention measure on the incidence of HFMD during the COVID-19 epidemic period. Between January 2013 and December 2019, 210,101 cases of HFMD were reported in Beijing. The number of reported cases in Beijing in 2020 decreased by 92.7% compared to the average annual number of reported cases from 2013 to 2019. The optimal model (1,1,1) (1,1,1) 12 established in this study predicted the monthly incidence of HFMD in 2020, the model-fitting effect was good, the test results showing that there was a statistically significant difference between the predicted and actual number of HFMD cases in 2020. Epidemic prevention measures during the COVID-19 epidemic period had a great impact on the incidence of HFMD in Beijing.

What is already known about this topic? Current research regarding hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has primarily concentrated on the economic impacts, drawing from retrospective or sentinel hospital-based data. This approach often overlooks cases that were either not consulted or were misdiagnosed. What is added by this report? This research systematically examined the iceberg phenomenon of HFMD and its economic implications in Beijing. Our findings indicate that each confirmed case represents 9.1 actual infections, imposing financial burdens of 25.58 United States dollars (USD) per unconsulted individual, 265.75 USD per misdiagnosed individual, 366.50 USD per individual with mild cases, and 2355.89 USD per individual with severe cases. The annual economic losses attributed to HFMD in the area range from 7.03 million USD to 13.31 million USD. What are the implications for public health practice? This study offers insight into the actual prevalence of HFMD in Beijing, as well as conducting an economic burden analysis on a per-case, per-category basis. This could facilitate a cost-effectiveness analysis of prevention and control strategies for HFMD.

Different variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 have been discovered globally. At present, the Omicron variant has been extensively circulated worldwide. There have been several outbreaks of the Omicron variant in China. Here, we investigated the epidemiologic, genetic characteristics, and origin-tracing data of the outbreaks of COVID-19 in Beijing from January to September 2022. During this time, 19 outbreaks occurred in Beijing, with the infected cases ranging from 2 to 2230. Two concern variants were detected, with eight genotypes. Based on origin tracing analysis, two outbreaks were from the cold-chain transmission and three from items contaminated by humans. Imported cases have caused other outbreaks. Our study provided a detailed analysis of Beijing's outbreaks and valuable information to control the outbreak's spread.