This study introduces a novel model predictive control (MPC) method for the automatic cooling of a 1.3 GHz 9cell superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavity cryomodule. The research aims to optimize the cooling process and system performance. It provides a detailed process flow for the automatic cooling, emphasizing critical steps and components. The study analyzes the cryomodule's structure to understand cooling requirements and thermal management. The study employs a comprehensive thermo-hydro-mechanical model, specifically a thermalhydro-mechanical model calculation, to analyze and optimize the thermal dynamics and energy transfer within the cryomodule system. This approach helps in identifying areas for improvement and determining optimal cooling parameters. Surrogate-based control models are utilized, integrating data-driven insights with predictive techniques for real-time monitoring, adaptive control, and predictive maintenance. Experimental tests confirm the MPC method's effectiveness in automatic cooling, highlighting its practical benefits for 1.3 GHz 9cell SRF cavity cryomodule systems, leading to enhanced cooling efficiency and overall system performance.

High quality factor 1.3 GHz 9-cell superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavity cryomodule is the core technology of the international advanced accelerator. China's first high-quality factor 1.3 GHz 9-cell SRF cavity cryomodule was developed, assembled and tested at the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences for the Dalian Advanced Light Source (DALS) and Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) R&D. The 9-cell cavities in the cryomodule achieved a high average intrinsic quality factor (Q0) of 3.8 x 1010 at 16 MV/m and 3.6 x 1010 at 21 MV/m in the horizontal test. With such high specifications, the SRF cavity system has corresponding requirements for the cryogenic system. Key criteria for stable and reliable operation include a dependable cryogenic refrigeration system and process design, good thermal insulation, pressure control, temperature uniformity, and quench protection, etc. IHEP has successfully completed cryogenic testing development of the first 1.3 GHz 9-cell SRF prototype cryomodule. The whole cooldown period was 74 h, and the automatic cooldown was completed. The successful development and implementation of the 1.3 GHz superconducting cryomodule cryogenic system will provide a stable and reliable test environment for advanced superconducting cavity cryogenic testing, which will be critical in promoting the further development of the Free Electron Laser (FEL) and CEPC projects.

World's first 1.3 GHz cryomodule containing eight 9-cell superconducting radio-frequency (RF) cavities treated by medium-temperature furnace baking (mid-T bake) was developed, assembled and tested at IHEP for the Dalian Advanced Light Source (DALS) and CEPC R&D. The 9-cell cavities in the cryomodule achieved an unprecedented highest average Q0 of 3.8E10 at 16 MV/m and 3.6E10 at 21 MV/m in the horizontal test. The cryomodule can operate stably up to a total CW RF voltage greater than 191 MV, with an average cavity CW accelerating gradient of more than 23 MV/m. The results significantly exceed the specifications of CEPC, DALS and the other high repetition rate free electron laser facilities (LCLS-II, LCLS-II-HE, SHINE, S3FEL). There is evidence that the mid-T bake cavity may not require fast cool-down or long processing time in the cryomodule. This paper reviews the cryomodule performance and discusses some important issues in cryomodule assembly and testing.

Phenolics from the rhizosphere soil are a key factor that leads to obstacles in the continuous cropping system. While we tested the phenolics in the rhizosphere soil of Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor), a high relative content 4-Vinyl Guaiacol (4-VG) was firstly detected. Therefore, we attempted to explore the role of 4-VG stress in Lanzhou lily physiology and disease, and the potential enhanced effects of pathogenicity in Fusarium oxysporum B4 (F. oxysporum B4). The effects of different concentrations of 4-VG (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1 mM) on the growth of F. oxysporum B4 and the production of fusaric acid were examined. The result indicated that 4-VG inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum B4 hypha, promoted spore germination, and increased fusaric acid content. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing of F. oxysporum B4 hypha after stress mediated by 0.5 mM 4-VG was performed to help characterize the response mechanism to 4-VG. Compared with the control group, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly related to the growth and fusaric acid synthesis of F. oxysporum B4. Except that, the increase of infection area formed after F. oxysporum B4 infected the squama of Lanzhou lily under the high concentration of 4-VG was measured and indicated that 4-VG played a role in the F. oxysporum B4 infection. The exogenous addition of 4-VG significantly inhibited the growth and health of Lanzhou lily. Under the dual stress of F. oxysporum B4 and different concentrations of 4-VG, it significantly enhanced the incidence and disease index of Lanzhou lily. These results suggest the key role of 4-VG from rhizosphere soil in the occurrence of Lanzhou lily Fusarium wilt.

Main quadrupole magnets are critical for the Circular Electron and Positron Collider (CEPC) and are specifically designed as dual aperture quadrupole (DAQ) magnets. However, the field crosstalk between the two apertures presents challenges. As the CEPC will work at four beam energies of Z, W, Higgs and ttbar mode, the DAQ magnets will operate at four field gradients spanning from 3.18 to 12.63 T/m. The first short quadrupole magnet prototype with the bore diameter of 76 mm and magnetic length of 1.0 m revealed the problems of large magnetic field harmonics and a magnetic center shift within the beam energy range. Accordingly, a compensation method was proposed in this work to solve the field crosstalk effect. By adjusting the gap height at the middle of the two apertures, the field harmonics and magnetic center shift are significantly reduced. After optimization, the short prototype was modified using a new scheme. The field simulations are validated from the magnetic measurement results. Further, the multipole field meets the requirements of the four beam energies. The detailed magnetic field optimization, field harmonics adjustment, and measurement results are presented herein.

The fused electron-accepting (A) unit 9,10-difluorodithieno[3,2-a:2 ',3 '-c]phenazine (FTP) was synthesized in a simple way with high yield by only one-step reaction. Then, four D-A copolymer donors, PD8-F, PD8-Cl, PD4-F, and PD4-Cl, were designed and synthesized based on FTP as the A-unit, benzodithiophene with halogen-substituted thiophene-conjugated side chains (BDTT) as the D-unit, and alkyl-thiophene as the pi-bridge. It was found that the shorter alkyl chain length on the thiophene pi-bridge could effectively improve the crystallinity of the polymers, and different halogen substitutions on the thiophene side chains of BDTT could finely regulate the energy levels of the polymers. The photovoltaic properties of the polymer donors were studied by fabricating the polymer solar cells (PSCs) with Y6 as an acceptor. It was found that the PSC with the F-substituted PD8-F as the donor had higher J(sc) and FF than the Cl-substituted PD8-Cl-based device. Furthermore, the crystallinity of the polymers PD4-F and PD4-Cl with short alkyl side chains on their thiophene pi-bridge is enhanced. Finally, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PD4-F-based PSCs reached 15.71% with a high J(sc) of 26.71 mA cm(-2) and an FF of 68.41%, which was higher than that of the PCEs of 13.26, 13.59, and 13.61% for the devices based on PD4-Cl, PD8-F, and PD8-Cl, respectively. The results indicate that the FTP unit has great potential as an A-unit in designing high-performance D-A copolymer donors for PSCs. Moreover, the synergistic optimization of changing the alkyl chain length of the thiophene pi-bridge and adjusting halogen substitution on the thiophene-conjugated side chain of BDTT D-unit is important for the high-performance D-A copolymer donors of the PSCs.

Achieving an ideal morphology to realize efficient charge generation and transport is an imperative avenue to improve the photovoltaic performance of all small-molecule organic solar cells (SM-OSCs). Here, ternary SM-OSCs are fabricated based on a new small molecule donor, SM-mB, and an alloyed blend acceptor of Y6 and its derivative, L8-BO, and desirable hierarchical morphology with appropriate nanoscale phase separation is successfully realized through adjusting the thermal annealing treatment conditions and compositions of mixed acceptors in the active layer. Then the ternary SM-OSCs achieve an excellent PCE of 17.06 %, which is one of the best results for the SM-OSCs so far. The desirable morphology can be ascribed to the optimization of the miscibility-driven donor and acceptor blend morphology that takes full advantage of the individual advantages of both acceptors, which facilitate efficient charge generation and extraction with more balanced charge carrier mobilities. More importantly, the photovoltaic performance of the ternary SM-OSCs possesses a high tolerance to the device fabrication conditions, including thermal annealing treatment, and is insensitive to film thickness, which is beneficial for large-area manufacture and future practical applications.

The CW RF test of 1.3 GHz 9-cell cavity in liquid helium bath at 2 K is a very important key point in the cavity procurement. Some problems can be found through the test, according which to optimized and improve the process of cavity. Recently, Medium temperature (mid-T) furnace bake of 1.3 GHz 9-cell cavities have been carried out at IHEP. Through the proceed of mid-T bake, the quality factor of cavity has been greatly improved. While the excitation of the parasitic modes in the high Q cavities CW cold test has been encountered, which implies an error source for the cavity gradient and quality factor determination. In order to ensure the testing accuracy of superconducting cavity, we have improved the testing system. Finally, the parasitic mode is completely suppressed and the CW RF cold test of high Q cavity is guaranteed.

目的 探讨中药穴位贴敷联合基础抗结核治疗对结核性胸膜炎患者的临床疗效、胸水腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、血清干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)和白介素-4(IL-4)表达水平的影响.方法 选取我院2018年1月至2019年6月所收治的94例结核性渗出性胸膜炎患者作为研究对象,并随机分为观察组与对照组,对照组给予基础抗结核治疗,观察组在对照组的治疗基础上联合穴位贴敷治疗.经过2个月上述治疗后观察两组患者临床疗效,同时检测治疗前后的胸水ADA和LDH以及血清IFN-γ和IL-4水平,并对上述数据进行比较分析.结果 两组患者临床疗效总有效率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但观察组患者胸膜粘连增厚发生率低于对照组(P<0.05),另外,观察组患者全身中毒症状缓解时间和胸腔积液吸收时间也短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);同时两组患者治疗后胸水ADA、LDH和血清IFN-γ、IL-4水平均呈下降趋势(P<0.01),但观察组患者胸水ADA、血清IFN-γ及IL-4水平下降幅度显著,低于对照组(P<0.05).结论 针对结核性胸膜炎患者,穴位贴敷配合基础抗结核治疗,一定程度上能有效缩短患者病程,缓解其临床症状,促进免疫应答调节,值得在临床中推广应用.

Recently, heat treatment in the range of 250 °C–500 °C has been attempted with the aim of improving the quality factor (Q) of superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities worldwide. Herein, medium-temperature (mid-T) furnace baking experiments were conducted at the Institute of High Energy Physics to obtain higher Q values. First, 1.3 GHz 1-cell cavities received mid-T furnace baking at different temperatures, resulting in not only the improvement of Q but also an anti-Q-slope behavior. Furthermore, mid-T furnace baking was applied to six 1.3 GHz 9-cell cavities, all of which indicated higher Q and anti-Q-slope behavior. The average Q was 3.8 × 1010 at 16 MV m−1. The maximum gradients of the 9-cell cavities were 22.7–26.5 MV m−1. Finally, the mid-T furnace baked 1.3 GHz 9-cell cavities were welded with helium vessel, with no degradation in the vertical tests. In addition, the mid-T furnace baking process was simplified in comparison with European X-ray Free Electron Laser and Linear Coherent Light Source because of the cancellation of light electro-polishing. This simplification is beneficial in the mass production of SRF cavities with high Q, which are widely adopted in free electron lasers and high-energy colliders.

All-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) based on polymerized small molecular acceptors (PSMAs) have made significant progress recently. Here, we synthesize two A-DA’D-A small molecule acceptor based PSMAs of PS-Se with benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole A’-core and PN-Se with benzotriazole A’-core, for the studies of the effect of molecular structure on the photovoltaic performance of the PSMAs. The two PSMAs possess broad absorption with PN-Se showing more red-shifted absorption than PS-Se and suitable electronic energy levels for the application as polymer acceptors in the all-PSCs with PBDB-T as polymer donor. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy visualizes the aggregation behavior of the PBDB-T donor and the PSMA in their solutions. In addition, a bicontinuous-interpenetrating network in the PBDB-T:PN-Se blend film with aggregation size of 10~20 nm is clearly observed by the photoinduced force microscopy. The desirable morphology of the PBDB-T:PN-Se active layer leads its all-PSC showing higher power conversion efficiency of 16.16%.

Rational design and synthesis of new small‐molecule donors are critically important to achieve highly efficient small‐molecule organic solar cells (SM‐OSCs) with desirable device stability. Herein, two new acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) structured small‐molecule donor materials SM‐DTBDT and SM‐BDT with dithieno[2,3‐d:2′,3′‐d′]benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (DTBDT) and benzodithiophene (BDT) as the core D‐units are designed and synthesized, respectively. After thermal annealing treatment, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the SM‐DTBDT‐ and SM‐BDT‐based devices with Y8 as acceptor material reach 12.45% and 10.68%, respectively. The main reason for the different device performance can be ascribed to the different crystallinity and morphology features of the small‐molecule donor:Y8 blend films. Compared with the SM‐BDT:Y8 blend films, the SM‐DTBDT:Y8 blend films show a smoother surface, more uniform phase separation, mixed edge‐on and face‐on orientations, and enhanced crystallinity, resulting in the more efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport. In addition, it is observed that the SM‐DTBDT‐based devices also exhibit better stability. This work shows that fine‐tuning the center units of small‐molecule donors can not only increase the photovoltaic performance but can also be an effective method to improve the device stability.

Using the conventional coil manufacturing method, the iron core of a small aperture quadrupole magnet needs to be divided into four or more segments to install the excitation coils, which brings assembly errors and generates high-order magnetic field harmonics. In this paper, the development of a high-precision small-aperture quadrupole magnet named HQ22 using copper plate coils is described. The magnet has a bore aperture of 22 mm, a gradient of 90 T/m, and an effective length of 0.36 m. Its coil is mainly composed of a number of U-shaped copper plates, electrical connection sheets, and insulating sheets, which are directly assembled and connected on the pole. Outside the coil, water box with cooling water channel inside is installed to provide indirect cooling to the coil. Using copper plate coil, one-piece or two-piece structure can be adopted for the iron core, so the assembly error is reduced and magnetic field quality can be improved. The research provides an attractive technical scheme for small aperture quadrupole magnets in future light sources. The detailed magnet design, magnetic field calculation and measurement results of HQ22 are presented, and the application prospect of copper plate coil is discussed.

In this work, we demonstrated a simple random ternary copolymerization strategy to synthesize a series of polymer acceptors PTPBT-ET x by polymerizing a small molecule acceptor unit modified from Y6 with thiophene connecting unit and controlled amount of 3-ethylesterthiophene (ET) unit. Compared PTPBT of only Y6-like units and thiophene units, PTPBT-ET x (where x represents the molar ratio of ET unit) with incorporating ET unit in the ternary copolymers show up-shifted LUMO energy level, increased electron mobility and improved blend morphology in the blend film with polymer donor PBDB-T. And the all-PSC based on PBDB-T:PTPBT-ET 0.3 achieved high power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 12.5%. In addition, the PTPBT-ET 0.3 based all-PSC device also exhibits long-term photostability over 300 hours. These results demonstrate that the random ternary copolymerization of a small molecule acceptor unit with a third functional unit is a simple but effective strategy to develop efficient polymer acceptors for all-PSCs.

96 Tesla type 1.3GHz 9-cell superconducting cavities, housed in eight 12m-long cryomodules, will be adopted for CEPC booster. Each cavity equips with one variable coupling, double-window fundamental power coupler (FPC). The FPC will operate at RF power up to 20 kW at quasi-CW mode. A variable coupling from 4·10⁶ to 10⁷ is required to meet different operation modes of Higgs, W and Z. A new coupler that employs a 50 Ω coaxial line with bellow structures, a cylindrical warm window, a coaxial planar cold window and a coupling adjusting actuator has been designed. Then two prototypes have been fabricated and high power tested up to CW 70 kW successfully. In this paper, the design, fabrication and high power test of the prototype FPCs will be presented.

A new n-type conjugated copolymer LA03 based on naphthalene diimide and benzotriazole with thiophene π-bridges was synthesized, and the all polymer solar cells with PBDB-T as donor and LA03 as acceptor achieved a power conversion efficiency of 6.49%.

Celastrol and doxorubicin are self-assembled into carrier-free and biocompatible nanoparticles via a green method, which enhance synergistic combination chemotherapy and overcome drug resistance.

Low-bandgap polymers/molecules are an interesting family of semiconductor materials, and have enabled many recent exciting breakthroughs in the field of organic electronics, especially for organic photovoltaics (OPVs).

A ternary nonfullerene polymer solar cell with a high efficiency of 9.70% is realized by using an n-type organic semiconductor ITIC acceptor and two polymer donors of medium bandgap polymer J51 and narrow bandgap polymer PTB7-Th with the polymer weight ratio of 0.8:0.2. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.