High-valent metal-oxo species offer superior selectivity and matrix tolerance in peroxymonosulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PMS-AOPs), yet their efficient generation is often restricted by the oxygen-wall effect associated with unfavorable d-orbital filling of transition metals. Herein, we construct a vermiculitederived iron silicate supported cobalt oxide catalyst (FeSi/Co3O4-C-500) featuring an interfacial Fe-O-Co electron-bridge motif to promote directional intermetallic charge transfer and interfacial electronic regulation. Density functional theory calculations and experimental characterizations reveal that Fe-O-Co-mediated electron redistribution decreases Co 3d electron occupancy, thereby alleviating the oxygen-wall constraint and thermodynamically favoring Co(IV) = O formation, which dominates levofloxacin (LEV) oxidation through a nonradical oxygen-atom-transfer pathway. In parallel, Fe sites behave as an electron-buffering unit and assist PMS activation to generate center dot OH and SO4 center dot- , providing a complementary radical oxidation route. Benefiting from the coupled non-radical/radical synergy, the FeSi/Co3O4-C-500/PMS system achieves 96.8% LEV degradation efficiency and 82.65% total organic carbon (TOC) removal within 50 min. Predicted ecotoxicity evaluation indicates that the FeSi/Co3O4-C-500/PMS system can efficiently reduce the potential toxicity of LEV-derived intermediates. A membrane-immobilized continuous-flow reactor further maintains 85.65% LEV removal after 8 h of operation, highlighting the practical potential of this catalyst for scalable water remediation. Life cycle assessment shows that the direct contribution from the catalyst constituents is relatively minor compared with energy and solvent related burdens, suggesting a favorable environmental profile of FeSi/Co3O4-C-500 under the current laboratoryscale assessment. This work provides strong potential for designing PMS-AOP catalysts featuring both high adaptability and accelerated kinetics in complex water matrices.

Mo14Re powders were prepared by high-energy ball milling (HEBM) and spray drying-hydrogen reduction (SPHR), separately. Then, the Mo14Re alloys were obtained by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The phase structure, microstructure, element distribution, and grain size were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The deformation mechanisms of Mo14Re alloy under room temperature tension and compression were discussed. The XRD results indicate that the (101)-spacing of the Mo14Re-SPHR is smaller than that of the Mo14Re-HEBM. The EDS results show that the segregation of Re is observed at the grain boundary of the Mo14Re-HEBM, while uniform elements distribution in the Mo14Re-SPHR alloy. The room temperature compression results show that the compressive yield strength of the Mo14Re-SPHR is 679.11 MPa, higher than that of the Mo14Re-HEBM (602.71 MPa). EBSD results show that when the compression deformation is larger than 5.0%, the proportion of grains with {123} <111> as the main slip system in Mo14Re-SPHR increases, while the proportion of grains with {110}<111>and {112}<111> as the main slip systems decreases. The change trend of the three slip systems in Mo14Re-HEBM is opposite to that in Mo14Re-SPHR, resulting in a strain hardening rate of Mo14Re-HEBM higher than that of Mo14Re-SPHR. Room temperature tensile results show that Mo14Re-SPHR exhibits better plasticity and toughness.

Pristine Mo2C suffers from the inherent deficiencies of excessive absorption strength of intermediate H and unsatisfied electron transfer efficiency, which suppresses its electrocatalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction. In this work, a thermodynamics-guided thermal approach was developed to construct the self-supported Mo2C-Mo2N heterostructure encapsulated in N-doped carbon in situ, aiming to improve its performance by integrating the electron coupling effect at the Mo2C/Mo2N interface and the enhanced conductivity originating from carbon decoration. For this purpose, a Mo, C, N-containing organic–inorganic hybrid precursor was first grown on a carbon substrate, and its pyrolysis behavior was elucidated via thermodynamic phase equilibrium calculations. Experimental investigations verified the controllability of the phase composition of the obtained catalyst by adjusting the annealing atmosphere, thereby guaranteeing highly exposed heterojunctions with uniform distribution, a feature rarely achievable with conventional multi-step synthesis strategies, while enabling high efficiency for enhanced catalytic performance. An overpotential of only 217 mV is required to achieve a current density of 100 mA cm−2 in alkaline conditions, representing a decrease of 30 mV compared to the benchmark Pt/C, together with 86.9

Sr-doped scandate cathodes are promising high-current-density electron emitters, but the lack of systematic research on the emission mechanism limits the application in cathodes. In this work, the existing configuration of metal active substances on the Sr-doped scandate cathode surface was first explored through theoretical calculations, and the mechanism for enhancing electron emission capability via Sr doping was presented. DFT calculations reveal incorporating Sr into Ba-Sc-O surface layers on the W(211), W(100), and W(111) crystal planes reduces the work function significantly, and the optimal ratio of Ba, Sr, and Sc atoms on the W(211) is 2:2:1. The experimental results point out 6 mol% Sr doping increased the emission current density by 18.9% at 900 °Cb. The Auger electron spectroscopy analysis show that the atomic ratio of Ba:Sr:Sc on the cathode surface is 1.86:1.88:1, consistent with the theoretical predictions. Dipole moment analysis indicates that Sr atoms, as electronic structure regulator, can significantly promote the charge transfer between the W matrix and the metal-adsorbed atoms, thereby increasing the contribution of the charge rearrangement effect to the dipole moment and achieving a reduction in the work function.

The methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) is fundamentally limited by its sluggish kinetics and catalyst deactivation via CO poisoning. Herein, we address this issue by synthesizing a novel self-supported electrode composed of boundary distortion-engineered PtCoNi alloy nanocages embedded within highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays (PtCoNi NCs/TNTs/Ti). This rational structural design, confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), induces localized lattice strain and creates an abundance of low-coordination Pt sites. These sites electronically modulate the surface, optimizing the adsorption free energy of hydroxyl species (OH*). The catalyst exhibits exceptional MOR performance, achieving a mass activity of 5.92 A mgPt-1, which is 9.11 times higher than commercial Pt/C (0.65 A mgPt-1), alongside remarkable long-term stability and CO tolerance. Combined density functional theory (DFT) calculations and operando in situ Raman spectroscopy analyses reveal that the distorted boundary structure enhances OH* adsorption. This strengthened adsorption directly lowers the energy barrier for the rate-determining step and facilitates the oxidative removal of CO-related intermediates. This work elucidates a principle of boundary distortion engineering for the rational design of high-efficiency, poison-resistant electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications. (c) 2026 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

The corrosion protection performance differences between TiO2 nanotubes of varying diameters combined with the same corrosion inhibitor were investigated. TiO2 nanotube arrays with distinct diameters were grown in-situ on a titanium substrate by adjusting the anodic oxidation voltage. Subsequently, a stearic acid composite coating was formed on the array surface via a chemical bath process. The electrochemical corrosion resistance, fouling resistance, and self-healing behavior of this superhydrophobic composite coating were comprehensively evaluated in both air and solution environments. In-situ monitoring of surface corrosion evolution at different interfaces in 7 days was performed using scanning vibrating electrode technology. Results indicate that, under identical corrosion inhibitor loading, the coating's corrosion protection performance is significantly influenced by TiO2 nanotube diameter. Furthermore, the nanotube array exhibits the capacity to store stearic acid, which is released upon coating damage, conferring self-healing properties to the interface in both air and solution environments. This study provides novel insights for the design of corrosion inhibitor carrier structures and self-healing anti-corrosion coatings.

Mo-Re alloys are considered promising candidate materials for high-temperature applications. This study investigated the creep properties of Mo14Re alloy under temperatures of 1200-1300 degrees C and applied stresses of 50-100 MPa. The stress exponent at 1200 degrees C was calculated as 3.90 indicating that the creep rate is primarily controlled by the dislocation climb mechanism. The analysis of the microstructure after creep together with the changes in activation energy indicates that the increase in temperature leads to a transition in the dominant diffusion mechanism from grain boundary diffusion to lattice diffusion. Under 1200 degrees C/50 MPa creep conditions, dislocation reorganization into cell structures through climb, where thickened cell walls effectively pinned dislocations and significantly increased the proportion of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs). However, elevated temperature or stress reduced the LAGBs fraction and increased the steady-state creep rate. Texture evolution and grain refinement confirmed that stress enhancement promoted subgrain rotation/coalescence, driving the transformation of LAGBs into high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs). In addition, elevated temperatures enhanced grain boundary mobility and the driving force for dislocation cell merging. These microstructural characteristics revealed that neither elevated temperature nor stress altered dislocation climb as the creep rate controlling mechanism. However, the dislocations climb rate is affected by temperature and stress. Increased stress shifts the predominant control factor of dislocation climb rate from dislocation cells to jog. Elevated temperature raises vacancy concentration, thereby enhancing dislocation climb rate.

To avoid the oxidation of Cr(III) solids in natural conditions, synergistical removal total Cr (Cr(T)) in one-step is nowadays recognized as a key process for complete detoxification of Cr(VI)-contaminated water. In this study, we demonstrate efficient all-in-one removal of Cr(T) via reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and fixation of Cr(III) by nano-Fe0 modified steel slag. The raw steel slag (RSS, 2.2 m2/g) is firstly activated by acetic acid solution, producing iron oxide acetate hydroxide hydrate on RSS, which then is subjected to thermal reduction in 10 vol% H2/Ar at 550 degrees C for 6 h to yield nano-Fe0 on RSS (30HRSS550, 38.7 m2/g). The processes result in the enhancement of molar content of surface Fe element (from nearly zero in RSS to 9.8 at% in 30HRSS550). Under optimal conditions (30HRSS550 dosage: 30 mg, initial Cr(VI) concentration: 10 mg/L (60 mL), pH = 3, time: 60 min, and room temperature), 100 % Cr(T) can be removed, indicating good potential of 30HRSS550 for deep purification of Cr(VI)-polluted water at a low concentration (<= 10 mg/L). Experimental observations indicate that 30HRSS550 shows strong anti-interference ability against coexisting ions (NO3-, SO42-, CO32-, Ca2+, and Mg2+), and solution pH significantly influences Cr(T) removal. The gradually increased pH (3 -> 7.19) slows down Fe0 corrosion, resulting in different Cr(VI) reduction kinetics. 30HRSS550 also shows promising application for deep treatment of Cr-laden leather industrial effluents (Cr(VI) concentration <= 1.6 mg/L), and high environmental stability under natural oxidation conditions.

To enhance the suitability of noble metal-based electrocatalysts for acidic overall water splitting, a Pt/Irbased electrocatalyst incorporating Co and Pd anchored on Ti3 C2 Tx MXene (Ir/Co Pt Pd@MX) has been successfully synthesized. The incorporation of Co during the synthesis process increases the valence states of Ir and Pt, resulting in improved electrocatalytic performance. The Ir/Co Pt Pd@MX exhibits a low HER overpotential of 38 mV and an OER overpotential of 230 mV, outperforming commercial catalysts. The low noble metal containing electrocatalyst shows nearly 10 times the mass activity of Pt/C for HER and 35 times that of Ir/C for OER. The water splitting cell voltage is 1.46 V, with no observable decay after a 24-h stability test at 10 mA/cm2 , establishing it as a top-tier noble metal-based electrocatalyst in acidic environments. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that Co facilitates the deposition of Ir, enhancing OER performance, while Pd restrict H+ absorption of Ir, ensuring the stability. The energy barrier of the rate-determining steps for both the HER and OER decreases. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has emerged as a promising metal-free photocatalyst for solar driven hydrogen evolution. However, the rapid recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs in pristine g-C3N4 severely limits its opportunities for practical application. Herein, we developed an intramolecular S-scheme with an endogenous built-in electric field (BIEF) via simply ethylenediamine-mediated two-step thermal poly-condensation, producing an heteroaromatic-modified g-C3N4 (HA-CN). The experimental results showed this structural innovation achieves dual optimization: (1) molecular-level integration of aromatic ring-modified melon (A-domain) and pristine melon-skeleton (P-domain) establish a BIEF to promote carriers transfer and separation; (2) the aromatic substitution extends it-electron delocalization of the adjacent melon domains, enhancing n -> it* transitions and broadening visible-light absorption. The optimized HA-CN exhibited exceptional enhancement of hydrogen evolution (5.99 mmol g-1 h-1, lambda >= 420 nm), surpassing pristine g-C3N4 by 39-fold, with an apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 3.93 % at 420 nm. Time-resolved spectroscopy and electrochemical analysis confirm the suppressed charge recombination and reduced interfacial charge-transfer resistance, corresponding to BIEF-driven directional carrier migration. This research offers valuable insights into junction engineering strategy from molecular level for designing efficient photocatalysts.

Ni-Mo-Ru ternary alloy solder were prepared, and brazed the dispenser cathode and Mo (molybdenum support barrel), and the evaporation performance of the cathode after using this solder were investigated. The results showed that the high-temperature evaporation rate of the cathode welding assembly using this alloy solder was 67% of that using pure Ni solder, which is $6.31 \times 10-8 \mathrm{~g} \cdot \mathrm{~cm}-2 \cdot \mathrm{~s}-1$. This effectively reduced the evaporation rate, ensuring the vacuum requirements during the application of vacuum electronic devices, and improving the stability of the components.

Rechargeable aqueous aluminum batteries (AABs) are considered one of the ideal candidates for large-scale energy storage systems due to their high theoretical capacity and abundant elemental reserves. However, the passivating alumina layer and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the aluminum (Al) metal anode seriously impede the application of AABs. Herein, we significantly reduced the high energy barrier of Al deposition on the alumina surface via a modulated Fermi-level pinning (FLP) strategy, with drastically improved Al deposition kinetics and stable cycling performance in AABs. Benefiting from the mitigated FLP at the in situ constructed Sn/Al2O3 interface configuration, the modified Al anode markedly enhanced the interfacial electron/ion kinetics and delivered one of the lowest initial Al deposition overpotentials of only 33 mV at 0.05 mA cm-2, further verified by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Moreover, by combining a hydrated eutectic medium to improve stability, the Al||Al symmetric cell with the optimized electrolyte exhibited superior cycling stability of over 880 h. Practically, the as-prepared prototype pouch cells displayed high performance with above 161.4 mAh g-1 capacity after 450 cycles. Overall, the newly developed FLP strategy markedly enhances anode performance, and paves the new pathway towards AABs and other aqueous metal-ion batteries.

In this paper, a cathode with a $\mathrm{Re}_{3} \mathrm{~W}$ phase barrier layer was prepared, and its emission performance and mechanism were investigated. The results show that S1 cathode exhibits the optimal service life and evaporation rate performance, with a service life of up to $12,000 \mathrm{~h}$ and an evaporation rate of $1.56282 \times 10^{-9} \mathrm{~g} \cdot \mathrm{~cm}^{-2} \cdot \mathrm{~s}^{-1}$ at a temperature of $1050^{\circ} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{b}$.TEM analysis indicates that the phase composition of the cathode remains a single HCP solid solution phase and $\mathrm{Re}_{3} \mathrm{~W}$ phase during long-term operation, which may be the key reason for the cathode’s excellent service life.

A novel trace nickel (Ni) doped tungsten (W) matrix with coated Ni on W grains was prepared by powder metallurgy method. The introduction of Ni can inhibit the reaction between W and barium–calcium aluminates (Ba–Ca aluminates) during the impregnation process of the matrix. After cathode activation, the surface Ba: O molar ratio is 0.88:1.00, much higher than the Ba dispenser cathode without Ni doping. The XPS results of the cathode surface showed that the metallic Ba appeared on the activated cathode surface, forming dipoles with oxygen, and effectively reducing the cathode surface work function. The pulse electron emission current density at 1100°Cb (brightness temperature) was 18.26 A/cm2, and the calculated work function was 1.97 eV. It has a low evaporation rate and the accelerated lifetime test predict a lifetime of over 160000 h. First-principles calculations showed that the charge transfer and dipole moment in the NiW–BaO system were both increased compared to the Ba dispenser cathode, thus improving the emission performance of the Ni–W mixed matrix cathode.

Rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs) are promising in the energy storage fields owing to their high theoretical capacity, abundant resources, and high safety. However, the intrinsically high-charge-density of aluminum ions (Al3+, 364C mm- 3), inevitably leads to large lattice strain and low electron transfer efficiency towards conventional cathodes, such as transition metal sulfides, with inferior performance. To overcome the inherent confinement, we first-timely propose the high-entropy sulfides (HESs) as the novel cathodes in RABs, exhibiting robust lattice tolerance and accelerated multi-path electron transfer. Benefiting from the interaction of multiple atoms and inherent long-range disorder in HESs, broadened atomic d-band (epsilon d) endows the local "electronic delocalization effect" with a high rate-capacity (193.8 mAh g- 1 at 5.0 A g- 1). Moreover, the wellconstructed cathode forms a strong lattice strain field, providing one of the best long-term stabilities (0.004 % per cycle capacity decay over 12,000 cycles at a high current density of 5.0 A g-1) in RABs. Overall, the newly developed HESs with lattice distortion and cocktail effect endowing tunable electronic structures pave the new direction for RABs and other multivalent ion batteries.

Rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs) with organic cathodes emerge as promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to the abundant reserves, eco-friendliness, and low costs. However, the large active ions ([AlCl2(urea)2]+, AlCl4 -) usually cause high steric hindrance in traditional cathodes with limited capacity and kinetics. Herein, to enable the efficient storage and transport of large active ions, an "in-plane locking" strategy is first proposed to target adjusting atomic-level steric hindrance, achieving high-performance RABs. The "in-plane locking" engineering drastically enhances active site utilization (over 25% promotion) toward large-sized active ions with low steric hindrance, achieving one of the highest practical capacities of 249.4 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1. The optimized axial locking molecular engineering enables structural stability and pi-pi stacking, which drastically suppresses structural dissociation via interfacial stabilization, thereby delivering exceptional cycling stability (over 81.1 mAh g-1 at 1.0 A g-1 after 3500 cycles). The newly developed "in-plane locking" cathode establishes a novel design direction for high-performance RABs and other large-sized active-ion batteries systems.

This study systematically examined the influence of annealing temperature (1050-1350 degrees C) on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of molybdenum-rhenium (Mo-Re) alloys with varying Re content (14-41 wt%). The microstructures such as crystal orientation, average grain size and dislocation distribution of the Mo-Re alloys were determined by electron back scatter diffraction. Subsequently, the effects of Re content and microstructure on the hardness and compressive yield strength of Mo-Re alloys were discussed. It is observed that the hardness and compressive yield strength exhibit a consistent increase with Re content, resulting from a concurrent increase in dislocation density and reduction in grain size. The geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density plot indicates that Re contributes to enhancing the stability of dislocations in Mo-Re alloys. Recrystallization occurring below the engineering recrystallization temperature is attributed to subgrain boundary assimilation, whereas above this temperature, this process is driven by grain boundary migration. During annealing, Re governs the transition of the primary slip system from {110}<111> to {123}<111>, whereas the annealing temperature drives its transition to {112}<111>. The dependence of mechanical properties on composition, grain size, and dislocation density is accurately captured by the strengthening mechanism formula. This study provides valuable insights for tailoring the properties of Mo-Re alloys in industrial manufacturing.

Chlorine evolution reaction (CER) is a fundamental electrochemical process central to chlorine production within the chlor-alkali industry, which however suffers persistent anode degradation under sustained polarization due to irreversible RuO2 over-oxidation to soluble species. To address this limitation, a Ru/RuO2 heterointerface electrocatalyst anchored on vertically aligned TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTs) was engineered. This architecture establishes robust metal-oxide electron transfer pathways, where metallic Ru reservoirs continuously mitigate surface over-oxidation through electron donation, inhibiting the RuO2 dissolution under high-current-density operation. The integrated Ru/RuO2@TiO2 NTs electrode achieves exceptional CER performance in near-neutral pH and 0.6 M NaCl electrolytes, exhibiting an ultralow overpotential of 40 mV at 50 mA cm(-2). The Ru/RuO2@TiO2 NTs catalyst shows 35-fold higher mass activity than DSA at an overpotential of 50 mV. The obtained 97.5 % Cl-2 selectivity reflects near-complete suppression of parasitic oxygen evolution pathways. Crucially, operational stability exceeds 1000 h at 100 mA cm(-2), significant enhancement over RuO2@TiO2 NTs and commercial DSA (similar to 100 h) and outperforming the most electrocatalysts reported to date. Multi-cycles practical validation all achieves over 98.6 % ammonium-nitrogen removal in 90 min. This work provides a new design paradigm for aggressive electrochemical environments, effectively decoupling catalytic performance from the material degradation constraints.

Developing photocatalytic systems with efficient electron transfer and low energy barriers for high-value-added products is an emerging frontier in photocatalysis research. Among various candidate reactions, iodine-cycle reactions have particularly promising applications in photoelectric conversion and energy storage. However, the photocatalytic oxidation of I- /I3- redox couples has received scant attention in iodine cycle research. Herein, we systematically design and fabricate a tailored material, C3N4/WO3, for photocatalytic I- /I3- redox reactions. The mechanisms of photogenerated electron-hole separation and charge transfer, as well as the photocatalytic I- /I3- redox oxidation process, are investigated. The optimized C3N4/WO3 photocatalyst demonstrates exceptional performances, including a Faradaic efficiency of 80.23% for I- /I3- oxidation and a photocatalytic I3production yield of 1.16 mmol L- 1. These superior performances are attributed to the enhanced charge separation and transfer, as the interfacial built-in electric field and lattice distortion formed at the heterojunction lead to increased electron dynamics. When integrated into a photo-assisted Zn-I2 battery, the charging plateau was decreased by 20 mV, the charging specific capacity was increased 187% to 322 mAh g-1, and the battery-operated stable over 200 cycles without significant capacity reduction. This study explores photocatalytic strategies for producing high-value-added products and evaluates their application potential in energy storage technologies.

Multiphase metallic catalysts with heterointerfaces show compelling potentials in catalyzing oxidative mineralization of antibiotics through peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. However, nanoparticle agglomeration, tedious synthesis steps, and heavy metal leaching from catalysts limit better understanding and their practical applications in wastewater remediation. This work presents a facile preparation strategy to react slightly soluble Na2Si20O41xH(2)O (NSO) solid with metal salt solution for loading transition metal (Fe, Co, Cu, Mn) oxides on NSO. Subsequent reduction by H-2-Ar (5 vol% H-2) generates monometallic catalysts (Fe@NSO, Mn3O4@NSO, Cu@NSO, and Co@NSO) or bimetallic Fe-0-based ones (Fe-Mn3O4@NSO, Fe-Cu@NSO, and Fe-Co@NSO). As a case study, the degradation performances of Fe-Cu@NSO/PMS are investigated with ciprofloxacin (CIP) as the targeted pollutant. The results indicate that 98.3 % CIP (CIP: 30 mg/L, catalyst: 0.2 g/L, and PMS: 0.2 g/L) removal is obtained in 30 min with an initial pH = 5.6. The interfacial electron communication of Fe-Cu heterointerfaces is beneficial for activation of PMS through promotive interfacial electron transfer efficiency in Fe-Cu@NSO/PMS. Hydroxyl radical (center dot OH) and single linear oxygen (O-1(2)) are main active substances for CIP degradation. Moreover, Fe-Cu@NSO also exhibits good robustness to interfering anions (HCO3-, H2PO4-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, removal efficiencies > 92 %). The leached Fe and Cu ions can be adsorbed by layered NSO support via cation exchange during reaction processes, thus mitigating environmental risks. Toxicity assessments reveal that degradation intermediates exhibit substantially lower bioaccumulation factors relative to CIP, further confirming environmental safety. This study provides an effective strategy to construct activators of PMS on layered silicates, and exhibits potentials for antibiotic degradation and leaching ion removal.