Purpose:To assess the incidence of complete tooth loss and dental visits in menopausal women and to identify relevant influencing factors in China. Methods:This study analyzed data of 5,602 women sourced from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) during 2015. The incidence of complete tooth loss and dental visits in menopausal and non-menopausal women was explored. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models evaluated the relationships between demographic background, health status and function, health care and insurance, blood data and complete tooth loss and dental visits in menopausal women. The results were expressed as odds ratios (OR) of 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results:Risk factors for complete tooth loss in menopausal women included age (OR=1.09, 95% CI: 1.08-1.11), living in villages (OR=1.58, 95% CI: 1.29-1.93), smoke (OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.01-1.65). Factors for dental visits in menopausal women included age (OR=0.99, 95% CI: 0.98-1.00), living in villages (OR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.64-0.88). Conclusion:This study found that menopausal women have higher rates of complete tooth loss and dental visits. Age, place of residence, and smoking are major risk factors for complete tooth loss, while age and place of residence influence dental visits, indicating that menopausal women should pay more attention to their dental health, improve compliance with dental visits, and actively intervene to prevent tooth loss.

The combination of a bone and an implant surface is a dynamic biological process. By improving the osseointegration efficiency of the bone tissue around the implant surface, the implant can obtain long-term stability. In this study, we have investigated the potential applications of dual-wavelength lasers (Er:YAG laser and Nd:YAG laser) in implantations and observed their possible efficacy in promoting tissue repair around the implant. The animal experimental model of a rabbit femoral defect implant was used to simulate the process of tissue reconstruction around the implant in humans. The results indicated that by micro-CT observation, it was obvious that the bone mineral density (BMD) values of the dual-wavelength laser group were significantly higher than those of other groups. Furthermore, VG staining clearly showed that there was no obvious physiological gap detected between the implant and the surrounding bone tissues in the dual-wavelength laser group. HE staining further revealed that no significant influx of inflammatory cells was observed around the implants. Immunohistochemical staining of OCN and VEGF showed that the positive area percentages of the dual-wavelength laser group were significantly higher than other groups at the same time point. Therefore, the application of a dual-wavelength laser in implantations can exhibit a positive effect on promoting the reconstruction of bone tissues.

Background:This literature review evaluates the mechanisms and efficacy of different types of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for treating peri-implantitis by reviewing existing experimental studies to provide guidance for the clinical application of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in oral implants.Materials and Methods:From February 2001 to February 2021, we have collected 152 randomized controlled trials of aPDT for peri-implantitis by searching the experimental studies and clinical trials published in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases via online search. After screening the retrieved literature, we finally selected 10 statistically significant literature for evaluation and review.Results:Compared with the traditional nonsurgical treatment of peri-implantitis, the aPDT was superior to the traditional mechanical irrigation treatment group in terms of periodontal indexes PD, BOP, PLI, and postoperative effect, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the combination of the aPDT and other treatments shows the synergistic antibacterial effect, signifying better clinical effect in many aspects (P < 0.05). In these 10 papers, by comparing the probe depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), synosteosis, and periodontal pathogenic bacteria detection, etc., obtained after treating peri-implantitis by application of the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, and using the SPSS data analysis software for statistical data processing, we found that the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy combined with other periodontal treatments has a more prominent postoperative effect. Meanwhile, the antibacterial photodynamic therapy with targeted action of photosensitizer has strong specificity to some bacteria, while the synthetic photosensitize for antibacterial photodynamic therapy can show good inactivation effect on broad-spectrum periodontal anaerobes without side effect.Conclusion:The experimental studies and clinical data of antibacterial photodynamic therapy for treating peri-implantitis show a good postoperative treatment effect. In addition, it did not develop resistance due to the use of antibiotic drugs. Owing to multiple advantages from combining antibacterial photodynamic therapy and other treatments, it is applicable for clinical treatment.

牙周炎是一种与生物膜相关的慢性炎症性疾病,在影响口腔健康的同时还与全身 50多种疾病有关,包括糖尿病、癌症、心血管疾病、免疫系统疾病和阿尔茨海默病等[1].而牙周治疗不仅可以改善牙龈出血、探诊深度和附着水平等牙周参数,还可以降低全身炎症标志物的短期水平,有助于控制其他疾病[2].因此选择高效彻底的牙周治疗方法尤为重要.激光以其简便、舒适、损伤小、作用强、疼痛低、止血效果好等优势,逐渐成为了牙周传统治疗方法的辅助和替代疗法.本文主要对常用激光 Er:YAG激光和 Nd:YAG激光在牙周领域的应用和进展作一综述,为临床应用提供参考.

Objective: The objective of this research is to assess the short-term efficacy of combined erbium-doped: yttrium aluminum and garnet (Er:YAG) and neodymium-doped: yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers for the nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis, providing a reliable basis for whether this clinical treatment can be applied in clinical practice. Materials and methods: Thirty patients with periodontitis are chosen for this study. A split-mouth design was used; the left and right quadrants of the oral cavity are randomly assigned to one treatment: combined Er:YAG laser and Nd:YAG laser treatment (laser group) or scaling and root planing (SRP) group. Data on probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding index, and subgingival plaque and gingival crevicular fluid samples are collected in the basement, for 1 and 3 months. The levels of red complexes in subgingival plaque and cytokines in gingival sulcus fluid were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: At 1 and 3 months of follow-up, all clinical parameters in the two groups are significantly improved; there is a statistically remarkable difference between the laser group and SRP group (p < 0.001). Matrix metalloproteinase 8 levels in the laser group are notably lower than those in the SRP group 3 months after treatment (p < 0.001). At any point in time, the levels of red complexes in the laser group showed no additional advantage over those in the SRP group (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Er:YAG laser and Nd:YAG laser combined therapy on periodontitis have advantages in controlling periodontal inflammation and improving clinical symptoms.

Studies evaluating the efficacy of adjunctive photodynamic therapy (PDT) for chronic periodontitis have reported conflicting results. The Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Pubmed, Embase, China National Knowledge Internet, Wanfang Data, VIP, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database were searched for randomized controlled trials that compared scaling and root planing (SRP) with and without PDT for chronic periodontitis. Studies published before November 4, 2020 were included in the pooled analyses performed using the Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 12.0 software. A total of 18 RCTs involving 750 patients with periodontitis were identified. The pooled analysis showed that SRP with PDT had significantly different probing depth (PD) at third month [standardized mean difference (SMD), 0.22 mm; 95% CI, 0.07-0.37; P = 0.004]. However, there was no significant difference in the PD at sixth month (SMD, 0.12; 95% CI, 0-.10-0.33; P = 0.280). In addition, we found a significant difference in the clinical attachment level at third month (SMD, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.08-0.39; P = 0.003), whereas no significant difference was found in the clinical attachment level at sixth month (SMD, 0.18; 95% CI, -0.03-0.40; P = 0.090). In terms of the bleeding on probing, SRP with PDT revealed to be significantly better compared to SRP along at third month of follow-up (SMD, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.42-1.13; P < 0.001), but not at sixth month (SMD, 5.11; 95% CI, -2.50-12.72; P = 0.190). Adjunctive PDT improved the clinical efficacy in terms of the PD, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing at third month of follow-up, but not at sixth month.

Titanium and titanium alloy implants are essential for bone tissue regeneration engineering. The current trend is toward the manufacture of implants from materials that mimic the structure, composition and elasticity of bones. Titanium and titanium alloy implants, the most common materials for implants, can be used as a bone conduction material but cannot promote osteogenesis. In clinical practice, there is a high demand for implant surfaces that stimulate bone formation and accelerate bone binding, thus shortening the implantation-to-loading time and enhancing implantation success. To avoid stress shielding, the elastic modulus of porous titanium and titanium alloy implants must match that of bone. Micro-arc oxidation technology has been utilized to increase the surface activity and build a somewhat hard coating on porous titanium and titanium alloy implants. More recently, a growing number of researchers have combined micro-arc oxidation with hydrothermal, ultrasonic, and laser treatments, coatings that inhibit bacterial growth, and acid etching with sand blasting methods to improve bonding to bone. This paper summarizes the reaction at the interface between bone and implant material, the porous design principle of scaffold material, MAO technology and the combination of MAO with other technologies in the field of porous titanium and titanium alloys to encourage their application in the development of medical implants.

目的:观察3D打印种植体与经典Straumann种植体植入家兔体内后骨整合情况,为其临床应用提供理论依据.方法:以3D打印的方法制作Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)种植体,以经典Straumann种植体作为对照,于6只家兔双侧股骨植入种植体建立家兔种植体模型,每侧各植入1颗TC4种植体和1颗Straumann种植体,共12颗TC4种植体(TC4种植体组)和12颗Straumann种植体(Straumann种植体组).术后2、4和8周各处死2只家兔,取出种植体周围组织,甲苯胺蓝染色观察成骨细胞、新骨形成及骨组织修复情况,亚甲基蓝-酸性品红染色观察新骨形成及矿化情况,扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察术后TC4种植体表面结构变化,采用能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDS)对术后TC4种植体进行元素构成分析.结果:甲苯胺蓝染色,术后2周时,2组紧贴种植体的骨组织边缘有胞核深染、胞浆呈淡蓝色的成骨细胞线性排列;术后4周,2组种植体周围骨组织存在淡染的新生胶原纤维样结构,排列欠整齐;术后8周,2组家兔靠近种植体一侧骨组织可见淡蓝色、结构连续的新生骨形成,内含大量骨细胞,新生骨与原矿化骨界限清晰.亚甲基蓝-酸性品红染色,术后2周,2组种植体周围骨组织中有活跃的成骨细胞聚集;术后4周,2组种植体与原矿化骨组织间均可见新生的、红染的类骨质结构;术后8周,2组种植体表面均可见伴有一定程度钙化的新生骨形成,呈深红色,Straumann种植体组钙化程度略优于TC4种植体组.SEM观察,完成体内实验的TC4种植体在表面结构上基本与术前TC4种植体保持一致,未见明显结构缺损形成.EDS扫描分析,完成体内实验的TC4种植体除含有与术前TC4种植体一致的元素外,尚存在常量元素钙(Ca)、锰(Mg)和微量元素硅(Si)等.结论:3D打印TC4种植体具备良好的结构稳定性与生物相容性,在体内可以达到与Straumann种植体相似的骨结合.

充足的颌骨骨量是进行牙科种植手术的前提条件,然而,由于颌骨外伤,炎症,颌骨肿瘤,骨结核病,颌骨先天性发育畸形等因素导致的颌骨缺损为常规种植手术带来许多不便,骨缺损已成为严重影响人们生活质量的健康问题,而如何经济有效的修复骨缺损区域,解决因骨缺损带来的的治疗障碍也已成为困扰临床医生及科研人员的难题。目前,临床常用的骨缺损修复手段主要有骨移植,膜引导再生技术,骨组织工程技术等几种方式[1]。而骨修复材料作为骨修复手术中的重要部分,近年来正成为组织工程学及材料科学领域关注

Er:YAG激光和Nd:YAG激光目前被广泛应用于各种牙科治疗手术中。Er,Nd:YAG激光杀菌能力强,能够保证患者术区清晰,出血量小。并且无明显疼痛。其自身的优势正在逐步显现,逐渐替代原有的传统牙科器械。二者应用于口腔种植体周围炎治疗以及口腔种植一、二期手术也成为目前研究

目的探究红景天甙对体内SACC-2细胞增殖作用的影响。方法小鼠右侧腹股沟处行SACC-2细胞皮下注射,注射细胞量为3×106/只。种瘤第2天通过腹部注射的方式对小鼠进行不同的治疗处理,分为红景天甙处理组、5-Fu处理组、联合用药组及生理盐水处理组。治疗时间自种瘤第2天开始,周期为2天,共进行5次治疗。取出含瘤组织后利用HE染色观察药物对肿瘤形态的影响;免疫组织化学染色检测红景天甙处理对SACC-2细胞增殖的影响和对SACC-2细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响。结果 HE染色显示生理盐水组细胞内胞核异型性大,核染色较深,红景天甙组、5-Fu组和联合用药组肿瘤细胞内胞核异型性较小,核染色较浅,其中联合用药组胞核染色最浅,细胞核异型性最小。免疫组织化学染结果显示,生理盐水组Ki-67阳性表达细胞多,阳性率高,联合用药组表达细胞最少,阳性率低,红景天甙组阳性率低于联合用药组。结论红景天甙对SACC-2具有抑制作用,且这种作用是通过抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖来完成的。

目的探讨不同浓度红景天甙处理对SACC-2细胞凋亡途径相关蛋白表达的影响。方法将SACC-2细胞在含10%胎牛血清的1640培养基中培养,研究分为两组,实验组分别加2.5μg/ml、5μg/ml红景天甙,对照组用生理盐水处理,采用Western Blot实验检测细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bax、Bcl-2、LC3-Ⅰ及LC3-Ⅱ的表达水平。结果与对照组比较,①2.5μg/ml用药组和5μg/ml用药组BCL-2/bax比值降低;②自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅰ表达降低,LC3-Ⅱ表达增高,LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ比值增加。结论红景天甙能通过促进SACC-2的凋亡和上调SACC-2细胞自噬水平来抑制其增殖。

目的 制备Ti6Al4V钛合金3D打印种植体(TC4种植)并分析其精确度及表面形貌,通过体内实验探究TC4种植体的骨结合性能.方法 TC4种植体的模型建立与试件制备:以Straumann种植体为原型,通过3D扫描技术建立种植体模型,运用选择性激光烧结(selective laser sintering,SLS)技术制作TC4种植体,并完成精度测量与误差分析;利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和能量色散X射线光谱仪(energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy,EDS)对比分析TC4种植体与Straumann种植体的表面形貌差异.结果 3D扫描技术联合选择性激光烧结技术能够制作出结构完整、表面粗糙的TC4种植体.误差分析结果显示,TC4种植体与最终模型在体宽(P=0.308)、植体颈部最大直径(P=0.111)、螺距(P=0.259)三项主要外形特征上的差异均无统计学意义.扫描电子显微镜观察可见TC4种植体表面无明显结构缺陷,连通的孔隙结构散在分布于致密的片层状结构之间,而Straumann种植体表面有均匀分布的微小孔隙结构;X射线能谱分析显示TC4种植体的主要金属成分为Ti和Al,其次含有少量V和微量Fe,与粉末原材料基本保持一致.结论 3D扫描技术联合SLS技术能够制备出外形结构完整、表面形貌粗糙的高精度TC4种植体.

正>"数字化医学"的提出与发展使临床医学技术发生革命化变化,3D打印技术作为数字化医学的重要组成部分已被临床医生广为应用和研究。同时,3D打印在口腔修复及口腔颌面部外科等方面的应用目前也已成为口腔临床医生研究的热点。本文将对3D打印技术在口腔修复及颌面外科中的应用情况进行综述。3D打印（three-dimensional20printing）又称三维打印或增材制造,是指以数字信息为基础,通过分层叠加制造的方式,

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been demonstrated as regulating osteoblast proliferation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in various pathophysiologic processes in osteoblast, but the role of miRNAs in the PBMT-based promotion of osteoblast proliferation remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PBMT treatment (3.75 J/cm2) on mouse pre-osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 proliferation and apoptosis via the miR-503/Wnt3a pathway; meanwhile, detect the expressions of miR-503 and Wnt3a after PBMT treatment and the role of miR-503 in regulating Wnt signaling molecules Wnt3a, β-catenin, Runx2, apoptotic proteins caspase-3, and Bcl-2 in vitro. The PBMT parameters were as follows: 808 nm continuous wavelength, 0.401 W output power, 0.042 W/cm2 power density, 9.6 cm2 spot size, 36 J energy, 3.75 J/cm2 energy density, 90 s irradiation for three times per 12 h, 14.5 cm distance of the laser source and the angle of divergence of the laser beam was 7°. In our present study, the target relationship was predicted and verified by bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assays. Gene mRNA and protein expressions were examined by qPCR and western blot analysis. The MTT method was used to evaluate the effect of miR-503 on MC3T3-E1 cells proliferation. And cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. The results showed that PBMT treatment reduced the expression of miR-503 and increased the level of Wnt3a (p < 0.01). Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assays revealed that Wnt3a was a target of miR-503, and Wnt3a was regulated by miR-503. Furthermore, miR-503 was found to functionally inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis (p < 0.01). And during this process, Wnt3a, β-catenin, Runx2, and Bcl-2 expressions were significantly inhibited (p < 0.01); however, caspase-3 level was upregulated (p < 0.01). These results suggest that miR-503 plays a role in osteoblast proliferation and apoptosis in response to PBMT, which is potentially amenable to therapeutic manipulation for clinical application.

This study was aimed to demonstrate whether laser treatment on dentin is effective to improve the marginal and internal fit of CAD/CAM occlusal veneers, which is a conservative restoration for severe tooth defect from abrasion. Sixteen extracted molars were divided into 4 groups according to adopting laser treatment on dentin and milling materials (n=4): Lava Ultimate CAD/CAM Restorative with no laser treatment on dentin (group LU-C), Lava Ultimate CAD/CAM Restorative with laser treatment on dentin(group LU-L), IPS Empress CAD with no laser treatment on dentin(group IE-C) and IPS Empress CAD with laser treatment on dentin(group IE-L). After the restoration adhesion, all of specimens were scanned by micro-computed tomography(micro CT) to evaluate the marginal and internal fit of each specimen by artificial setting measuring points from both bucco-palatal and mesio-distal direction. For marginal fit, there was no statistical difference with or without laser treatment on dentin for either milling material. For internal fit, the situation was identical. Laser treatment on dentin would not affect the marginal or internal fit of CAD/CAM occlusal veneers, therefore, it may not be necessary for improving the fit of restorations.

对于无牙颌患者,临床中通常采用传统的全口义齿修复方式,由于其固位性、稳定性欠佳,难以被无牙颌患者接受和适应。近年来,随着口腔种植技术的飞速发展,为无牙颌患者修复带来了福音,因其良好的稳固性、舒适性和美观性能 [1] ,被更多的无牙颌患者所接受。1无牙颌种植外科技术1.1无牙颌种植中种植体数目与位置的选择

种植体周围良好的骨结合水平是种植体稳定行使功能及维持长期疗效的关键,种植体植入后其周围新骨的形成影响着骨结合水平.机体骨形成是多种骨形成细胞与各类骨生长因子彼 此协调作用的过程.作为骨形成的主要功能细胞,成骨细胞通过形成矿化结节以形使成骨功能,矿化结节的形成是骨组织分化成熟的标志.茜素红染色法通过茜素红与矿化结节中钙盐的显色 反应,从而观察骨组织钙盐沉积情况[1].Mason染色则通过对骨组织中胶原纤维的显色以体现骨质的成熟程度.目前,随着国内外学者对骨生长因子的研究,血小板衍生性生长因子 (Platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF)与骨形态发生蛋白(bone morphogenetic proteins,BMP)在骨形成过程中的作用的达成了一定的共识[2],但就PGGF和BMP对种植体周围骨 形成作用的研究与论著仍相对较少.本研究的目的在于利用茜素红染色法及 Masson染色法,观察PDGF-BB/BMP-2及二者协同对种植体周围成骨作用的影响.

能否对种植体周围炎进行预防并及时进行诊治是种植修复成功的关键重要因素。1993年,Albrektsson＆Isidor[1]在第一届欧洲牙周病学讨论会上初次将种植体周围炎定义为:已行使功能的种植体周围发生的导致种植体周围牙周袋形成和支持骨丧失的炎症破坏过程。随着相关研究的深入,我们对种植体周围炎有了更深的了解,在此笔者对引起种植体周围炎的相关因素进行如下总结分析。1术前因素1.1感染控制因素

OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of the combination of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on bone formation around dental implants.METHODS:A total of 24 adult rabbits were included in this experiment. Titanium machine-polished dental implants were placed in the iliac bones to simulate dental implants in the alveolar bone. The rabbits were randomly divided into four groups; a saline treated control group (NS), an IGF-1 treated group, a PDGF-BB treated group, and a combination of IGF-1 and PDGF-BB treated group. The rabbits were sacrificed after 3, 7, and 10 days, and implants and soft tissues around implants were histologically evaluated.RESULTS:All of the rabbits began to recover their appetite, move freely and the operation area started detumescence until after the fourth day. H&E staining showed that the granulation tissue formation, multinucleated giant cells, a small amount of calcium salt deposition and bone tissue were observed in the IGF-1 group and the PDGF-BB group. In the IGF-1 + PDGF-BB group, the granulation tissue had turned into fibrous connective tissue, and calcium salt deposit had formed bone tissue. Masson's trichrome staining showed that the IGF-1 group and the PDGF-BB group had more collagen fibre compared with the NS group. In the 
IGF-1 + PDGF-BB group, collagen fibre hyperplasia and repairing fibres appeared earlier than in other groups.CONCLUSION:When applying IGF-1 or PDGF-BB alone, either has the effect of accelerating the wound healing in the short term; while in combination, earlier collagen fibre hyperplasia appeared.