Here, we elucidated the relationship between phenolic acids in strawberry rhizosphere soil and the occurrence of Fusarium wilt. Ten phenolic acids were identified, and the concentration of ferulic acid (FA) in the rhizosphere was higher than other phenolic acids at the seedling stage of strawberry plants. Treatment with relatively high FA concentrations enhanced the conidial germination and colony growth of Fusarium oxysporum in vitro. Exogenous supplementation with FA increased the disease index of Fusarium wilt. Our results suggest the key role of high concentrations of FA in rhizosphere soil in the occurrence of strawberry Fusarium wilt during the seedling stage.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">为更好地利用国外引进的杏（Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.）种质资源,以北寨红杏（A.vulgaris‘Beizhaihongxing’）和金太阳杏（A.vulgaris‘Goldensun’）为对照,对从匈牙利引进的优质杏品系Hybrid18/79（A.vulgaris‘18/79’）和Hybrid10/10（A.vulgaris‘10/10’）的有效花率、自然座果率和自交座果率以及花粉管生长等特性进行研究,同时,通过S-allele-specific PCR扩增程序进行S基因型的分析测定。结果表明:Hybrid18/79、Hybrid10/10和北寨红杏的自交坐果率分别为18.05%,2.27%和1.68%,Hybrid18/79为自交亲和性品系,北寨红杏和Hybrid10/10为自交不亲和品种和品系。与自交亲和的金太阳杏相比,Hybrid10/10自花授粉后花粉管在花柱中生长受到阻塞,至花柱2/3处,花粉管顶端膨大,停止生长,而金太阳杏可以顺利进入胚囊进行受精。Hybrid18/79、Hybrid10/10和北寨红杏的S基因型分别为Su1Su2、S16S16和S30Su1,序列比对发现Hybrid18/79的2个S基因（Su1、Su2）都是新发现的S基因,北寨红杏的一个S基因（Su1）与Hybrid18/79中的一个S基因（Su1）一样,也为新发现的S基因。目前已在GenBank进行了登录,序列登录号为MF685202和MF685203。</span>

Earthworms can reduce soil-borne diseases via diverse mechanisms. The differential effects of different earthworm species on soil-borne diseases, and the mechanisms that account for the differences, however, have been largely ignored. To assess the effects of different earthworm species on Fusarium wilt in replanted strawberry and the underlying mechanisms involves, a greenhouse experiment in which plants were placed in soil with earthworms (either Metaphire guillemi (M) or Eisenia fetida (E)) or without earthworms (CK) was carried out. The disease index and biomass of each strawberry plant, along with soil microbial biomass, soil basal respiration, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') for soil bacteria based on T-RFLP profiles and residual phenolic acids were determined. Both M. guillemi and E. fetida reduced the disease index, from 50.9 to 11.8 and 27.7 (or from 72.2 to 16.0 and 31.3 in repeated experiment) respectively, at harvest. In addition, both earthworm species increased soil microbial biomass, altered the structure of bacterial community and decreased the content of p-coumaric acid (PA), which may result in reducing the disease index. Earthworm E. fetida reduced PA from 53.22 to 30.98 (mu g g(-1)), and M. guillemi reduced PA even more than E. fetida (from 53.22 to 13.15 (mu g g(-1))). Different earthworm species showed different capacities in reducing PA, a potential promoter to the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, which may lead to the different effects of the two earthworm species on the disease index.

Abscisic acid plays a crucial role in the regulation of fruit development and ripening, however, its role in the floral development and the fruit set is still unclear. In the present study, the ABA accumulation and the expression patterns of genes related to ABA metabolism and signalling in sweet cherry were investigated. The results showed that ABA accumulation increased and peaked at stage V in ovary, at stage VI in stamen, and in young fruit it peaked at 7 days after full bloom. The expression pattern of ABA synthetase PaNCED1 was consistent with the changes of ABA accumulation. Among four ABA degradation enzymes PaCYP707As, PaCYP707A4 was highly expressed in ovary, PaCYP707A1 was mainly in stamen, and PaCYP707A2 was in young fruit, and their expressions were reversed to the trend of PaNCED1. With regard to ABA signalling genes, among three ABA receptors PaPYLs, PaPYL2 and PaPYL3 were high expression genes in ovary and in young fruit with similar expression patterns, while PaPYL3 was the high expression gene in stamen. Within six PaPP2Cs, PaPP2C1/2/3 were highly expressed in ovary and young fruit, while PaPP2C3/4 were mainly in stamen. The six PaSnRK2s showed different expression patterns: PaSnRK2.1/2.2/2.4 were highly expressed in ovary and young fruit, while PaSnRK2.1/2.3 were highly expressed in stamen. In situ hybridization results showed that PaPYL3, PaPP2C3 and PaSnRK2.4 were expressed in seed, pulp and fruit peel during fruit set. In conclusion, ABA and its signaling may play an important role in the regulation of floral development and fruit set.

Summary Potassium (K+), an abundant cation in plant cells, is important in fruit development and plant resistance. However, how cellular K+ is directed by potassium channels in fruit development and quality formation of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is not yet fully clear. Here, a two‐pore K+ (TPK) channel gene in strawberry, FaTPK1, was cloned using reverse transcription–PCR. A green fluorescent protein subcellular localization analysis showed that FaTPK1 localized in the vacuole membrane. A transcription analysis indicated that the mRNA expression level of FaTPK1 increased rapidly and was maintained at a high level in ripened fruit, which was coupled with the fruit's red colour development, suggesting that FaTPK1 is related to fruit quality formation. The down‐ and up‐regulation of the FaTPK1 mRNA expression levels using RNA interference and overexpression, respectively, inhibited and promoted fruit ripening, respectively, as demonstrated by consistent changes in firmness and the contents of soluble sugars, anthocyanin and abscisic acid, as well as the transcript levels of ripening‐regulated genes PG1 (polygalacturonase), GAL6 (beta‐galactosidase), XYL2 (D‐xylulose reductase), SUT1 (sucrose transporter), CHS (chalcone synthase) and CHI (chalcone flavanone isomerase). Additionally, the regulatory changes influenced fruit resistance to Botrytis cinerea. An isothermal calorimetry analysis showed that the Escherichia coli‐expressed FaTPK1 recombinant protein could bind K+ with a binding constant of 2.1 × 10–3 m −1 and a dissociation constant of 476 μm. Thus, the strawberry TPK1 is a ubiquitously expressed, tonoplast‐localized two‐pore potassium channel that plays important roles in fruit ripening and quality formation.

Although ABA signaling has been widely studied in Arabidopsis, the roles of core ABA signaling components in fruit remain poorly understood. Herein, we characterize SlPP2C1, a group A type 2C protein phosphatase that negatively regulates ABA signaling and fruit ripening in tomato. The SlPP2C1 protein was localized in the cytoplasm close to AtAHG3/AtPP2CA. The SlPP2C1 gene was expressed in all tomato tissues throughout development, particularly in flowers and fruits, and it was up-regulated by dehydration and ABA treatment. SlPP2C1 expression in fruits was increased at 30 d after full bloom and peaked at the B + 1 stage. Suppression of SlPP2C1 expression significantly accelerated fruit ripening which was associated with higher levels of ABA signaling genes that are reported to alter the expression of fruit ripening genes involved in ethylene release and cell wall catabolism. SlPP2C1-RNAi (RNA interference) led to increased endogenous ABA accumulation and advanced release of ethylene in transgenic fruits compared with wild-type (WT) fruits. SlPP2C1-RNAi also resulted in abnormal flowers and obstructed the normal abscission of pedicels. SlPP2C1-RNAi plants were hypersensitized to ABA, and displayed delayed seed germination and primary root growth, and increased resistance to drought stress compared with WT plants. These results demonstrated that SlPP2C1 is a functional component in the ABA signaling pathway which participates in fruit ripening, ABA responses and drought tolerance.

Strawberry fruits are increasingly produced under continuous cultivation and K deficiency, but the response of strawberry to this combination of stresses has not been extensively studied. Pot and tissue culture grown strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) plants were used to determine the effect of strawberry root exudates on the growth of strawberry plants and Fusarium oxysporum under continuous cultivation and potassium (K) deficiency. The pot experimental results showed that the Fusarium wilt disease rating and index were very high (62% and 86, respectively), and the lateral roots of strawberry plants were significantly restricted under the continuous cultivation and K deficiency treatment. The growth of tissue culture plantlets was inhibited by a high concentration (4%) and promoted by a low concentration (1%) of root exudates from the replanted pot strawberries. The number of lateral roots of tissue culture plantlets was significantly lower in the 4% root exudate treatment. Growth of F. oxysporum was promoted by the relatively high concentration of root exudates of the replanted pot strawberry under continuous cultivation and K deficiency. Total phenolics and three individual phenolics (ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and cinnamic acid) were detected in the rhizosphere soil of replanted pot strawberries and were higher in the K-deficiency treatments. Fusarium oxysporum growth was promoted by the addition of exogenously added phenolic acids. A positive relationship was observed between the growth of F. oxysporum and the higher concentration ranges of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">为探究pH对蓝莓生长和元素吸收的影响,以非生根蓝莓组培苗为试验材料,通过设置不同pH梯度进行研究。结果表明:当pH小于或大于对照（pH 5.4）时,蓝莓组培苗的鲜重和干重都会相应地减小;pH过低（4.5）或过高（7.0）则会抑制蓝莓组培苗的分枝和株高,植株叶片变小,叶片颜色变化显著。适当提高pH水平（6.0和6.5）会促进蓝莓组培苗产生分枝,但叶片会变小、变黄或变淡紫。pH过高（6.0、6.5和7.0）,抑制蓝莓组培苗对Cu、Zn、P、K和Mn元素的吸收,而当pH过低（4.5）时,则会抑制蓝莓组培苗对Cu、P、K、Mg和Mn元素的吸收。过低或过高的pH水平都会促进蓝莓植株组织和细胞对Na元素的吸收。培养基pH为7.0时,则会促进蓝莓组培苗对Fe、Ca和B的吸收。</span>

The negative impacts (allelopathic effects) of phenolic compounds (PCs) in soil on plant growth and microbial communities have recently received considerable attention. Similarly, there have been several recent studies on the effects of microbes on the degradation of PCs. Because of the profound effects of their feeding and burrowing activity, earthworms should have significant effects on PCs degradation; however, few studies have examined this potential effect, and particularly, factors that may affect the course of degradation. We tested different earthworm species and density, different conditions (sterilization or not) of mixture of soil and plant residual, and different source of PCs to evaluate the capacity of earthworms to accelerate PCs degradation. In addition, earthworm behavior experiments were set up to test whether adding plant leaves can stimulate earthworm feeding activity. The results showed that native earthworms exhibited a higher capacity than compost earthworms for degrading PCs; furthermore, when the number of Metaphire guillemi reached 300 individuals m(-2) in our experimental units, the PCs decreased most quickly, and the residual PCs concentration was 105 mu g (p-coumaric acid)g(-1) (dry soil) less than that of control group. The source of PCs also affected their degradation rate, as PCs derived from leaves seemed to degrade more quickly. The results of our experiment suggested that earthworms avoid feeding on phenolic acids, but can be induced to do so by adding leaves to the substrate. These results indicate that earthworm activity can accelerate the degradation of total PCs, and that this may be further facilitated by incorporation of organic matter, which may be used to alleviate allelopathic effects of PCs in soil. (C) 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

[目的]土壤灭菌处理已成为草莓生产中土传病害综合管理的重要措施,但是土壤灭菌明显抑制了土壤微生物的活性,影响草莓植株的生长.有机肥中含有大量的生物活性物质,尤其是蚯蚓粪.本研究通过观测连作土壤灭菌后施用不同有机肥对草莓植株地上部和地下部的影响,为减缓草莓植株生长的连作障碍提供有机肥选择.[方法]采用温室盆栽草莓模拟试验,首先在去除土壤化感效应影响基础上设置土壤灭菌和正常土壤栽培两个处理,探讨土壤灭菌对草莓植株不同阶段地上部叶片及地下部根系生长影响,在此基础上以相同连作土壤进行另一个盆栽试验,设置不灭菌土壤加无机肥料(LW)、加牛粪(LN)、加蚯蚓粪(LQ)处理,灭菌土壤加无机肥料(LMW)、加牛粪(LMN)、加蚯蚓粪(LMQ)共6个处理.调查了不同处理开花前苗期草莓植株地上部叶片及地下部根系的生长状况.[结果]土壤灭菌处理较相应未灭菌处理显著抑制了草莓花前幼苗阶段植株地下部的生长(P＜0.05),在果实成熟期、盛果期及盛果末期植株生长均存在补长效应.土壤灭菌改变了草莓植株地上部和地下部正常的生长发育进程,植株不同发育阶段根冠比发生变化.无论连作土壤灭菌与否,施用无机肥料处理较施用有机肥处理显著抑制了根系生长(P＜0.05).在不灭菌土壤上,施用蚯蚓粪处理草莓植株根系总长、根系总表面积、根尖数及根叉数与施用牛粪处理差异不显著,但灭菌土壤上,施加蚯蚓粪与施加牛粪相比,显著增加了草莓植株根系总长、根系表面积及根叉数(P＜0.05).[结论]蚯蚓粪与牛粪和无机肥料相比具有显著的生物活性.在草莓连作土壤灭菌后施用具有生物活性的蚯蚓粪,可以促进根系生长,缓解土壤灭菌对草莓植株生长发育的影响,是值得推荐的有效措施.

Phenolic acids have been found as important allelochemicalsin continuous cropping systems ,where they can affect crop production by autotoxicity or changing the structure of soil microbial coummunity .This paper reviews the kinds and producing pathway of phenolic acids ,the dynamic changes of their contents in plant and soil ,their impact on soil ecosystem and plant growth and its mechanism ,and the regulation of phenolic acids .On this basis ,the future research directions are prospected .It can provide a reference for the integrated control oncontinuous cropping obstacles .

Phenolic allelochemicals have been found in both natural and managed ecosystems, where they cause numerous ecological and economic problems. Whether these problems can be mediated by some other specific phenolic acid components is unknown. In this study, we identified phenolic acids and their concentrations in plow layer soil, rhizosphere soil and decomposing strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.'Benihoppe'.) plants susceptible to strawberry anthracnose crown rot. We also assessed the effects of exogenously added phenolic acids at varying concentrations on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the pathogen causing strawberry anthracnose crown rot, conidial germination and colony growth. Finally, we verified the occurrence of strawberry anthracnose crown rot and the changes in root structure in response to phenolic acids. Ten phenolic acids were identified in soil samples. The concentrations of p-coumaric acid (PA) and ferulic acid (FA) were higher than other phenolic acids. Relatively high concentrations of PA and FA could increase the occurrence of strawberry seedling anthracnose crown rot. However, when the concentrations of PA and FA were higher than respectively certain critical concentration, they could reduce the degree of the disease. Meanwhile, high concentration of FA seriously inhibited the growth of root. The trans-cinnamic acid (TA) content could be regulated to control the occurrence of strawberry anthracnose crown rot without affecting root growth. Overall, diverse phenolic acids in plow soil had different influence on strawberry anthracnose crown rot. The effects of phenolic acids were concentration-dependent and C. gloeosporioides was more sensitive to phenolic acids concentration than root.

针对草莓连作土壤灭菌后与正茬相比草莓植株根系生长受到抑制,研究了连作土壤灭菌与施用不同种类肥料对草莓幼苗(移栽60 d后)根系分泌酚酸及土壤相关酶活性的影响.结果表明:连作土壤灭菌与施用有机肥料处理显著提高了草莓植株根际土壤中酚酸的含量,其中施用蚯蚓粪(经蚯蚓食用处理的牛粪)的增幅显著低于施用牛粪.土壤灭菌处理后施加不同肥料,土壤多酚氧化酶活性均能较快恢复;有机肥较无机肥能显著促进过氧化氢酶活性的恢复;蚯蚓粪较牛粪和无机肥能显著促进土壤脲酶活性的提高;土壤蔗糖酶受土壤灭菌影响显著降低且施加不同肥料对其没有显著地影响.综上所述,对于草莓连作土壤,无论灭菌与否,施用蚯蚓粪较牛粪能减轻连作障碍中的酚酸化感效应,促进脲酶等土壤相关酶活性提高,是缓解连作障碍及连作土壤灭菌对草莓植株生长发育影响的有效措施.

Powdery mildew of strawberry is a major limitation for strawberry production in most strawberry growing areas of the world. Bio-control management is a good way to cope with this disease. Bacillus TS02 is a bio-control strain which was isolated from soil. The TS02 bio-controlling experiments were done according to the standard field experimental rule of pesticide controlling effect of China. The results indicate that TS02 can control strawberry powdery mildew. For the fermented liquid of TS02, above 3x10(7)CFU/ml live bacteria concentration can achieve ideal effects, the best effect is 52.23% with 3x10(9)CFU/ml live bacteria. There were 48.98, 34.89 and 24.63% bio-control effects respectively with the bacteria fermented liquid, pure live bacteria and filtrated bacteria fermented liquid, respectively, on strawberry powdery mildew, which showed the corporate results of live bacteria and secretion of bacteria. On the basis of the field experiments, the bio-control mechanism was studied in laboratory with the leaves in vitro. There was 100% growth inhibition by TS02 on Sphaerotheca macularis, TS02 can inhibit infection by the pathogen and control the strawberry disease.TS02 was identified as a new strain of Bacillus cereus based on the homology of its 16SrRNA sequences to the reference strains registered in Genbank. TS02 formed a monophyletic group with strains of the B. cereus complex group in the 16SrDNA sequence analysis, and shared similarity values of 99.9% with the Bacillus cereus strains in the sequence analysis.

利用8对SSR引物对中亚生态群、华北生态群、欧洲生态群30个杏品种进行了分析。结果表明,在遗传相似系数为0.73时,供试材料分为3组,第1组包括欧洲生态群10个品种和中亚生态群2个品种;第2组包括华北生态群10个品种和中亚生态群5个品种;第3组包括中亚生态群3个品种。其中3对引物(aprigms1、aprigms6、UDP96-018b)在中亚生态群杏中扩增出了特殊基因,1对引物(UDP96-003b)在华北生态群杏中扩增出了特殊基因。中亚生态群杏品种的遗传多样性最为丰富,与华北生态群杏品种亲缘关系较近,可能是我国栽培杏的起源中心。

Use strawberry cultivar‘Benihoppe’as test material.The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations of K-deficiency stress with continuous cropping obstacles of strawberry.The results showed that the growth of shoot and root was inhibited,when strawberry plants were replanted in first-crop substrates with K-deficiency(K+48.75 mg.L-1),1/2K(K+415.58 mg.L-1)and normal K(K+ 782.41 mg.L-1)treatments compared with control group.The plants with K-deficiency treatment had the worst growth,while the growth of plants with 1/2K treatment was better than that with 1K treatment.Root exudates of second-crop plants with K-deficiency treatment had a significant influence on growth of the tissue cultural plantlets.The low concentration(1%,2%)promoted laterals growth and shoot growth and high concentration(4%)inhibited root growth.When second-crop substrates were used to replant strawberry plants and inoculated by Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae,the diseases of third-crop strawberry plants were worse at different periods than that of control group.The disease of plants with K-deficiency treatment was the most serious,resulting in a 75 disease index after 10 days.1/2K treatment had lower disease index than normal K treatment.In conclusion,continuous cropping obstacles of strawberry can be worse under the K-deficiency stress and appropriate K concentration had an important role in preventing continuous cropping obstacles.

Leptospermum scoparium, commonly known as manuka, is the most important indigenous shrub species in New Zealand, and has probably undergone the most varied development as an economic plant in the indigenous flora. The purpose of this research was to establish an efficient regeneration system for manuka from seedlings. Shoot tips and nodal segments of manuka seedlings were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, supplemented with several concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) or in combination with gibberellic acid (GA(3)). The best results for shoot proliferation were obtained with 2.0 mg I(-1)BA and 0.1 mg I(-1)GA(3), resulting in 89.3% shoot formation and a maximum shoot number (5.23 +/- 0.06) per explant. Regeneration shoots were transferred to half-strength MS medium supplemented with several concentrations of alpha-napthalene acetic acid (NAA) or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) for rooting. The best rooting was achieved with 0.5 mg I(-1)NAA, resulting in a 96% root formation and a maximum root length (2.26 +/- 0.41 cm). When transferred to outdoors, the well-rooted plantlets from NAA had a survival rate of 87.5% and continued to grow.

研究了北寨红杏花粉萌发率、有效花率、自交坐果率、自交授粉花粉管在花柱内的生长及分布。结果表明,北寨红杏自花授粉坐果率为0.89%,属自交不亲和品种;花粉萌发率78.63%,有效花率70.91%;自交不亲和使自花授粉的花粉在花柱中生长受到抑制,受抑制时间为授粉后48～72 h(小时),受抑制位置为花柱3/4处。

Powdery mildew of strawberry is a major limitation in most fruit production areas in the world. The effects of the Bacillus strain TS02 on bio-controlling powdery mildew of strawberry were tested in the fields. The results indicated that the fermented liquid of TS02 above 3x10(7) CFU/ml live bacteria concentration could control the disease of strawberry powdery mildew. The best effect was 52.23% with 3x10(9) CFU/ml live bacteria. There were 48.98, 34.89 and 24.63% bio-control effects, respectively with the bacteria fermented liquid, pure live bacteria and filtrated bacteria fermented liquid on strawberry powdery mildew, which showed the corporate results of live bacteria and secretion of bacteria. The bio-control mechanism was primary searched in laboratory with the leaves in vitro, and there was 100% growth inhibition of TS02 on Sphaerotheca macularis at 5 days after inoculation of powdery mildew pathogen. TS02 might inhibit the location of pathogen on the surface of leaves. TS02 also formed a monophyletic group with the species of the Bacillus thuringiensis complex group in the 16SrDNA sequence analysis, and shared similarity values of 99.9% with the B. thuringiensis type strains in the sequence analysis. It has a 6 bp difference from the most homologous strain B. thuringiensis AF290545.

The effects of gibberellins (GAs) on plant growth and the expression of VFL and VvTFL1 genes in different organs of “Xiangfei” grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) were investigated. The endogenous GA content significantly increased in the apical bud, inflorescence and tendril after GA treatment of grapevine. The expression of the VFL gene was obviously reduced in the meristem of apical buds, tendrils with florets and small inflorescences after GA treatment, but VFL gene expression was clearly found during the middle and big inflorescence developmental stages. These results suggested that the exogenous GAs delayed floral development of grapevine by inhibiting VFL gene expression at the early stage of inflorescence development. VvTFL1 gene expression was detected in the meristem of apical bud and lateral bud, but not during the process of inflorescence development. After applying GAs on grapevine, VvTFL1 gene expression decreased in the apical bud. These results suggested that exogenous GA treatments might repress differentiation of the inflorescence meristem primordia by reducing VvTFL1 expression in the apical bud but have no effect on VvTFL1 expression during floral development.