Ancient trees not only has extremely high ecological value and ornamental value, but also has certain research value, to its protection repair to a certain extent, not only can realize the historical and cultural inheritance and development,and to protect the ecological environment, but also through power tourism industry development to enhance the level of local economic development, has important practical significance. This paper with ancient tree restoration as the foothold, to how to realize the ancient tree protection and restoration and its ecological economic significance is further explored, first article expounds the concept of the restoration of ancient trees, then points out the restoration of the ecological economic significance,then put forward some measures for protection and restoration, finally on the basis of specific restoration measures further put forward safeguard measures, hope to further enhance the level of ancient tree protection and restoration, further play the ancient ecological, ornamental and research value.

'学苑红'葡萄是从以匈牙利品种'罗萨卡'为母本、 '艾多米尼克'为父本的杂交后代中选育出的新品种.成龄叶片很大,果穗中等.果粒着生紧密,椭圆形,极大,平均质量12.9 g.果皮红色,薄,涩.果实无特殊香气,通常有2粒种子.有一定的耐挂性,耐贮运.在北京地区3月下旬开始萌芽,5月中旬开花,7月中下旬开始成熟,8月中上旬充分成熟.

本文介绍了观赏芭蕾苹果优良新品种'农大1号'、'农大2号'、'农大3号'特征特性,并总结其栽培管理技术.用于行道栽植、 景观植物配置、 绿篱栽植或盆栽等,其树形、 花、 叶及果实均具观赏价值.

‘学优红’葡萄是以‘罗萨卡’为母本、‘艾多米尼克’为父本杂交选育出的中熟欧亚种葡萄新品种.该品种丰产性中等,冬芽成花能力强,果穗大小中等,平均500 g,果穗紧实度中等.果粒大,平均粒质量8.9 g,果粒椭圆形,果皮蓝紫色,皮薄,易着色,平均每个果粒中有1～2粒正常发育的种子;果肉脆硬,味香甜、多汁、可溶性固形物含量(w)20.1％,品质上等,具有较好的树上挂果和延迟采收能力.在北京地区萌芽期为3月下旬,开花期为5月中下旬,花为雌能花,需配置授粉品种,果实成熟期为8月中旬.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">为评价北京野生软枣猕猴桃资源的驯化栽培价值,构建野生软枣猕猴桃品质综合评价体系,采集怀柔地区野生软枣猕猴桃11个样本的果实,以市售的栽培猕猴桃果实为对照,测定了单果重、果形指数、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、固酸比、Vc含量、总酚含量和黄酮含量8个果实品质指标,利用隶属函数值法对测定的8个指标进行主成分分析;测定果实的DPPH抗氧化活性,探究其与果实的Vc、总酚和黄酮类物质含量的相关性。结果表明:主成分分析将8个品质指标综合成3个主成分因子,前3个主成分的累计贡献率为84.71%,样本S9和S6的果实品质综合评价为优。DPPH自由基清除率与果实的Vc含量、总酚黄酮类物质含量的相关指数分别为0.783 5、0.897 2和0.004,说明野生软枣猕猴桃的DPPH抗氧化作用与Vc和总酚含量相关性高,与黄酮类物质含量不相关。野生软枣猕猴桃个体间果实品质差异大,评价果实品质的重要指标是果实的总酚含量、Vc含量、固酸比、平均单果重、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸。</span>

紫宝是从我国无花果主栽品种青皮中获得的芽变品种,于2015 年12月通过了国家林业局新品种授权. 一、品种特性 紫宝无花果主干栎色、不光滑,树姿半直立,树冠分支形,树势中等.紫宝为普通型无花果品种,以秋果为主,成熟时间为8月20日至10月底.秋果扁圆形,大小基本一致,平均单果重33.4克,平均横径33.6毫米、纵径35.7毫米,平均果梗长5.1毫米.果皮紫色、片状着色、着色度深、有少量蜡质和皮孔,多果粉.果肉深红色,肉质松软,果汁量适中.夏果单果重45~60克,成熟时间为7月10日至7月底,但数量显著少于秋果.果实含糖度、含酸量与青皮无花果基本一致,产量与同等栽培条件下的青皮无花果无明显差异.

With six common cultivars Ficus carica L.introduced from abroad in 2012 as materials,the phenological phase,biological characteristics,fruit development characteristics and quality in the greenhouse were evaluated.The results showed that the six cultivars adapt well to the solar greenhouse micro-climate and the soil conditions in Beijing.Their bud breaking started from the middle of February to early March,fruits emerged in April and the development lasted 84~98days depending on the cultivars.The average fruit weight of three cultivars was higher than 65 g,one was more than50 g,two rest cultivars had relatively small fruits with an average weight around 25 g.Among of the six cultivars,two were of butter color fruit at ripening,two were red and two were purple.The fruit sugar content ranged from 12.2%to17.8% when harvest in early August,their sugar/acid ratios were all higher than 50.Among of the six cultivars,‘M110'performed the best,the first harvest was in the end of June,16 to 25days earlier than others,the first fruit emerged on the second node of shoots and revealed high yield with 80%of the nodes grow fruits,its average fruit weight was about70 g with good appearance and taste,it was a highly recommended cultivar for solar greenhouse cultivation.

无花果树体较小、耐修剪，结果早，采收期长，丰产性强，果实营养丰富，深受消费者适合北方地区进行日光温室栽培。本文对适宜北方日光温室栽培的无花果优良品种及其栽培管理技术进行了总结，对北方地区日光温室无花果栽培具有一定的指导意义。

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">以采自北京的2个葡萄品种为材料,对插条内真菌的种类进行了检验,探索了通过热处理脱除插条中潜在病原真菌的方法,观察统计了不同温度和持续时间的水浴热处理对插条萌芽生根的影响。结果表明:从处于生理休眠期和环境休眠期的2个葡萄品种的4份插条样品中均检出了葡萄座腔菌属和链格孢属真菌,其他检出的主要真菌还包括:镰刀菌属和胶孢炭疽菌属真菌等。对葡萄插条进行40℃水浴0.5⁵.0h,不能达到脱菌的效果,60℃水浴0.5h则会使葡萄插条的萌芽率降为0,50℃水浴,时间持续0.5⁵.0h均能将插条内的真菌完全脱除,这个处理条件对处于生理休眠期的插条,还具有明显提高萌芽率和生根率的作用,有利于冬季和早春葡萄提早育苗。研究结果为脱除葡萄插条中的潜在病原真菌,保证葡萄苗木起始材料的卫生健康,提供了可行的方法。</span>

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">为探寻电热温床催根的生理和分子生物学机制,以无花果一年生枝为材料,筛选与电热温床处理促生根效果近似的吲哚丁酸（IBA）处理条件,比较插条生根过程中主要内源激素水平的变化。结果表明:500mg/L IBA浸泡插条基部与2h与28℃电热温床处理12d的促生根效果相似。插条基部组织激素水平测定显示,IBA和电热温床处理均能在处理开始后0¹0d快速而显著地提高样品中吲哚丁酸（IAA）和玉米素（ZR）的浓度;与IBA处理相比,电热温床处理显著提高了早期样品中的脱落酸（ABA）浓度;不同处理和对照样品中的赤霉素（GA）含量在0¹0d差别不大,后期以IBA处理的样品中的GA含量最高。研究结果显示在启动硬枝扦插生根的激素响应模式上,电热温床和IBA处理既有共同点,又存在独特性。</span>

Taking young stems with buds of ‘ Jin Ao-fen ’ Ficus carica Linn as explants,on the basic MS medium,the effects of different plant growth regulators on shoot multiplication were studied.The results showed that the most appropriate time of disinfection of 2% NaClO was 6.5min.The most appropriate medium of bud differentiation was MS+6-BA 2.0mg / L+NAA 0.2mg / L+sucrose 30g / L+agar 8.0g / L(pH 5.8);the most appropriate medium of making bud strong was MS+6-BA 0.5mg / L+NAA 0.2mg / L+GA 0.2mg / L+sucrose 30g / L+agar 8.0g / L(pH 5.8);the most appropriate rooting culture medium was MS+IBA 1.0mg / L+sucrose 30g / L+agar 8.0g / L(pH 5.8).

以红肉型火龙果紫红龙的嫩茎为试材,比较插条基部切口不同削切处理(平切、斜切至木质部、平切后外露木质部)和2种扦插基质(草炭土∶蛭石=3∶1、园土∶蛭石=3∶1)对扦插成活率、不定根生长的影响.试验结果表明,插条平切后外露木质部处理并使用草炭土∶蛭石按3∶1配制的基质扦插效果最好,生根率和萌芽率均高达93.33％,根系生长良好,可作为火龙果苗木扦插繁殖的优选方法.

Tissue-specific expression of the A-IPTs genes in apple(Malus×Domestica Borkh.)were analyzed for further study of roles of MdIPTsin cytokinin biosynthesis and modifying tree form by genetic transformation in apple.In this study,the‘Fuji'apple(M.domestica Borkh.cv.Fuji)and its plantlets in vitro were used as materials and semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)was conducted to study expression levels of seven A-IPTsin shoot tips,young leaves,internodes,bark tissues,leaf buds,flora buds,flowers at balloon stage,open flowers,young fruits and roots of‘Fuji'apple.The results showed that MdIPT3aand MdIPT1b were detected in all tested tissues and organs.The expression lever of MdIPT3a was higher than that of MdIPT1b.MdIPT5aexpressed highly in flowers,while MdIPT5bin shoot tips and young leaves.The weak expression of MdIPT1a was detected in roots,bark tissue,and leaf buds,while MdIPT3b was only detected in internodes of plantlets in vitro.MdIPT7awasn't detected in all tested tissues.Seven A-IPTs exhibit tissue-specific expression and highly homologous genes in pairs in apple had different expression profiles.

【Objective】 In order to obtain hybrid seedlings of pummelo citron,【Method】Shatian pummelo as female parent and citron as male parent were used in cross breeding program.Embryo rescue technology was used for embryo growth,and sequence-related amplified polymorphism(SRAP) molecular maker was used to identify parents(Shatian pummelo and Citron)and theirs hybrids according to the polymorphism.【Result】 Results showed that twenty-seven hybrids were finally got and five of them were identified by primer combinations Me6-Em5 and Me10-Em12 finally.【Conclusion】MT+GA3(1 mg.L-1) was suitable for hybrid embryo rescue and SRAP makers could be used to indentify them.The real hybrids could be used to build resistant and diseased pool by BSA and to find related genes resistant to citrus canker.

SUPERMAN family genes are important transcription factors in the plant growth and development. In order to understand physiological functions of SUPERMAN family genes in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), the MdLIFa (GenBank accession No. HM370493) and its promoter were cloned using RT-PCR and anchored PCR from apple cultivar Fuji(M. domestica. cv. Fuji). The 11 genes of SUPERMAN family in apple were cloned by PCR amplification using gene-specific primers. All 12 genes were designated as MdLIFa/MdLIFb(GenBank accession No. HQ260429), MdSUP1a(HQ418477)/MdSUP1b(HQ418478), MdSUP4(HQ418475)/MdSUP12(HQ418476), MdSUP5a(HQ418469)/MdSUP13b(HQ418470), MdSUP9a(HQ418473)/MdSUP9b(HQ418474), and MdSUP5b (HQ418471)/MdSUP13a(HQ418472), located on chromosomes 11/3, 1/1, 4/12, 5/13, 9/unknown, and 5/13, respectively. The similarity of deduce amino acid sequences of each pair of genes was higher than 86%. The subcellular localization of MdLIFa was transient expressed in the cell nucleus by the particle bombardment into onion(Allium cepa) epidermal cells. Cis-acting elements, such as POLLEN1LELAT52 (AGAAA), GTGANTG10 (GTGA), ROOTMOTIFTAPOX1 (ATATT), DOFCOREZM (AAAG), and GT1CONSENSUS (GRWAAW), were found in the upstream of MdLIFa. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MdLIFa/b were clustered in one group, together with MdSUP9a/9b and MdSUP5a/13b while MdSUP1a/b, MdSUP5b/MdSUP13, and MdSUP4/12 in another group. These genes were putatively involved in plant morphogenesis and floral organogenesis. The SUPERMAN family genes in apple are highly homologous in pair with diverse biological functions, which provide useful information for further gene characterization and genetic transformation.

研究了北寨红杏花粉萌发率、有效花率、自交坐果率、自交授粉花粉管在花柱内的生长及分布。结果表明,北寨红杏自花授粉坐果率为0.89%,属自交不亲和品种;花粉萌发率78.63%,有效花率70.91%;自交不亲和使自花授粉的花粉在花柱中生长受到抑制,受抑制时间为授粉后48～72 h(小时),受抑制位置为花柱3/4处。

The stem-segments with axillary buds of Weigela florida cv.Red Prince were used as the explant.MS was used as basic medium to carry out in vitro culture to select optimal medium,also the best sterilization method and time were selected.The results indicated that 0.1% HgCl2for 7min was the best way.Its effects were better than 10% NaClO.The appropriate cultured medium for regeneration was MS+BA 2.0mg/L+NAA 0.1mg/L+KT 2.0mg/L and the best root-induced cultured medium was 1/2MS+IBA 0.6mg/L.All of the complete plants with roots were grown in the soil were survived.

Bacterial canker of tomato is a quarantine disease in worldwide.It has brought a great damage to the world's tomato industry.Breeding of resistant varieties is the best way to solve the problem.Tomato 98-1 was chosen as female parent and Solanum nigrum was chosen as male parent in cross breeding.The hybrids groups of tomato with canker-resistance were obtained by backcross and self-bred.And the primer CAT01 was obtained which associated with the resistance to bacterial canker of tomato by SSR molecular markers.

【Objective】The aim of this study was to clone a multigene family encoding isopentenyl transferases in Malus domestica,and analyze the biological functions of MdIPT5a,which would provide a basis for in-depth studies of the functions of MdIPTs in cytokinin biosynthesis and genetic transformation.【Method】The MdIPTs were isolated from apple cultivar 'Fuji' by RACE based on the information of apple genome.The subcellular localization of MdIPT5a was transient expressed in onion epidermal cells by the particle bombardment method and in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplast by the PEG-calcium transfection.MdIPT5a was transferred into tobaccos(Nicotiana tabacum cv.Wisconsin 38) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.Transgenic tobaccos were examined by RT-PCR.【Result】Ten cDNA sequences of MdIPTs were isolated from apple.Among them seven sequences encoding adenylate isopentenyl transferases that functioned in the major pathway of cytokinin biosynthesis shared a conserved domain of GxxGxGK motif at N-teminal,and were located in chromosome No.13,16,3,11,13,16 and 6 respectively.They were designated as MdIPT1a,MdIPT1b,MdIPT3a,MdIPT3b,MdIPT5a,MdIPT5b and MdIPT7a.These genes encoded 284 to 370 amino acids without introns.The MdIPT5a-GFP fusion proteins were located in cytoplasm,but not in plastids.Overexpression of MdIPT5a in tobaccos in vitro induced the phenotypes of hardly rooting with more leaves and adventitious shoots.【Conclusion】 The phenomenon that genes in pairs performed highly homologous occurred in MdIPTs,which was accordant with the theory that 17 chromosomes in the Pyreae were derived from nine ancestral chromosomes.MdIPT5a exhibited the catalytic function in cytokinin biosynthesis.

The young shoots were used as explants on the basic Read medium to explore the effects of different plant growth regulators on shoot multiplication.The results showed that the most suitable medium for shoot proliferation was the Read medium supplementing with 5.0 mg/L ZT,0.5 mg/L IBA,and 0.5 mg/L GA3.The regeneration rate of adventitious shoots reached 100 % and the multiple of proliferation was 9.53.The Read medium supplementing with 1.5 mg/L ZT,0.5 mg/L IBA,and 0.5 mg/L GA3 was preferable to strengthen the vigor of plantplets.Therefore,the concentration of ZT was the key factor for shoot multiplication of the Rhododendron species 'Yinghong'.Only when the concentration of ZT was added to 3.0 mg/L,adventitious shoots can be induced efficiently.