Conductive hydrogels derived from natural biomass have attracted considerable attention owing to their excellent flexibility and electrochemical performance. However, simultaneously achieving high mechanical strength, high electrical conductivity, and multifunctional integration remains a notable challenge. Herein, we propose a facile strategy to obtain bamboo cellulose nanofiber (BF) as the reinforcing phase using hydrated multi-carboxylic acid deep eutectic solvent and construct a multifunctional polyacrylamide-lignin/LiCl-BF (PAM-LLi-BF) hydrogel through free radical polymerization reaction induced by LLi catalytic system. The PAM-LLi-BF hydrogel leverages the uniform dispersion and permeation of BF throughout its network, as well as the dual effects of the LLi system in promoting rapid hydrogel polymerization and enhancing conductivity, which exhibits satisfactory compressive performance (615.27 kPa), tensile properties (strain of 1260.67%), and fatigue resistance. In addition, it possesses excellent conductivity, adhesion, and antifreezing capabilities. Moreover, the fabricated hydrogel-based flexible sensor simultaneously serves as a strain sensor (GF = 3.89, working range of 0-500%) and a pressure sensor (response time of 231 ms, stable sensing after 1000 compression cycles). Combined with a deep-learning algorithm, the PAM-LLi-BF hydrogel is integrated into an intelligent seat cushion and successfully applied to monitor human sitting posture in real time (with an identification accuracy rate of 95.1%).

The K2O & centerdot;nSiO2 laminated anti-fire and thermal-insulation glass was prepared by a new low-temperature in situ pre-reaction method using the high-solid content (55 wt%) and low-viscosity (16.5 +/- 0.1 mPa s (500 1/s)) SiO2 sol. This method favored the preservation of the K2O & centerdot;nSiO2 precursor for a long time at low-temperature environment, which promoted industrialized production. In this article, dynamics of in situ reaction, subsidence kinetics, failure characteristics, and mechanism at low temperatures and anti-fire and thermal-insulation mechanism were analyzed in detail. The curing reaction of the K2O & centerdot;nSiO2 precursor was a first-order reaction with a reaction rate constant k T = 8.38 & times; 107 exp(-75.1 & times; 103/(RT)). The hardness, low-temperature, ultraviolet-resistance, and thermal-insulation performances were systematically characterized. The steel ball method was used to study the hardness of materials. The differential scanning calorimeter revealed the relationship between the low-temperature performance of materials at the microscopic level and their freezable water content. And combined with liquid nitrogen-assisted cryogenic imaging technology (LNACIT) to observe ice-crystal growth, it revealed the failure characteristics and mechanism at low temperatures. The microporous structure that enhanced thermal-insulation performance by prolonging heat transfer was clearly revealed in SEM. This work provided new approaches to improve reliability and safety of K2O & centerdot;nSiO2 material in extreme environments.

Target-triggered catalytic hairpin assembly lights up darkish DNA-templated silver nanoclusters through proximity-induced activation by a G-rich fluorescence enhancer. Beyond being label-free, this lighting-up fluorescence biosensor requires neither quenchers nor separation steps, greatly simplifying the operation.

Biomass‐based multifunctional hydrogels with high mechanical strength, fatigue resistance, and electrical conductivity are promising materials for the fabrication of flexible electronic devices. However, achieving mutually exclusive properties simultaneously remains challenging. Herein, a novel luffa sponge (LS) composite multi‐functional hydrogel (WLSHG) is prepared. The LS is dignified to create a flexible 3D skeleton, which is then polymerized with polyacrylamide in situ using a tannic acid–ferric ions reoxidation system. Benefiting from the strong physical support of the LS skeleton and multiple interactions between molecules in the system, synergistically enhanced the mechanical properties of the hydrogel. The compressive strength and modulus of the WLSHG increased by 557% and 2000%, respectively, compared with the pristine hydrogels. And the honeycomb‐like microchannels in the LS bundle facilitated efficient ion transport, resulting in an ionic conductivity of 0.124 S m −1 for WLSHG. The WLSHG‐based flexible strain sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity (2.03 kPa −1 ) and stability (>1000 cycles) over a wide pressure range. By integrating this sensor into an array and using Internet of Things and machine learning technologies, its ability is successfully demonstrated to accurately recognize human sitting position and gait patterns. This study presents a promising approach for fabricating high‐performance biomass‐based hydrogels for flexible electronic devices.

The development of furniture cushioning materials that combine excellent mechanical properties with sensing capabilities is essential for non‐intrusive, long‐term health monitoring. This study presents a multifunctional conductive sponge (MAPU) that synergistically integrates the macroscale mechanical support of a polyurethane (PU) sponge with the microscale sensing characteristics of aerogels through bionic multiscale structural design. Biomass‐derived graphite nanoflakes serve as the conductive units to in situ construct a 3D interpenetrating aerogel network on the PU sponge skeleton. This unique heterogeneous structure retains the flexibility and elasticity of PU sponge while providing exceptional piezoresistive sensing performance, including high sensitivity (0.821 kPa −1 in the 0–53 kPa range), a wide response range (up to 242 kPa), fast response time (≤ 50 ms), and outstanding cycling stability (> 30 000 cycles). Equally important, MAPU also demonstrates washability, flame retardancy, breathability, and sound absorption, making it practical for household applications. An intelligent mattress composed of a MAPU sensor array enables real‐time monitoring and precise recognition of sleep postures, along with bedsore risk alerts. This work offers a high‐performance, multifunctional, and high‐safety core material solution for advanced smart home technologies and continuous health monitoring systems.

The urgent demand for sustainable, high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials accelerates the development of biomass-derived alternatives. However, achieving simultaneous high shielding effectiveness (SE), low reflection, and lightweight characteristics remains a critical challenge. Herein, an ultrathin, lightweight hollow magnetic CoFe carbon nanocages embedded within bamboo-derived carbonized composites (HCoFe@CN/BC) is reported, engineered via the in situ growth of CoFe Prussian blue analogs on a cellulose scaffold, followed by acid etching, compression, and carbonization. The well-established electric-magnetic coupling network within the composites enables multiple energy dissipation mechanisms and substantially enhances electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption capability. In particular, the unique hollow structure promotes multiple internal reflections of EM waves while simultaneously reducing material density. Consequently, the optimized composites (0.14 mm thickness, 0.278 g cm-3 density) achieve an outstanding EMI SE of 50.1 dB, an ultralow average reflection SE of 6.57 dB, and a specific EMI SE of 12872.6 dB cm2 g-1, outperforming most reported bio-based EMI shielding materials. Additionally, the composites exhibit remarkable Joule heating performance, reach a high surface temperature of 118 degrees C at a low voltage of 2 V. Given these properties, practical demonstrations underscore the potential of HCoFe@CN/BC composites for advanced EMI shielding and thermal management in decorative building materials and smart home systems.

A series of novel network polymers P1-P6 and Pn-Znx:y based on metal–ligand coordination bonds with different strength were prepared by one pot method. The structures of the polymers were confirmed by NMR and FT-IR spectra. The amorphous structure of polymers was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis with only broad scattering peaks detected. The TGA and DSC showed that the increase of pyridyl group can dramatically improve the thermal stability of polymers, and Tg gradually decreases with the increase of pyridyl and pyridine groups. When the amount of Zn(II) increases, the thermal stability and the Tg gradually decreases. Optical microscope images indicated that the cross-linked network polymers Pn-Zn1:2 all had obvious self-healing properties at room temperature, and the 50

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a crucial role in crops and food, necessitating urgent on-site quantitative detection. Here, we rationally developed a novel ratiometric near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe, RM, for on-site quantitative detection of H2S in these samples. Probe RM has strong NIR fluorescence, reducing background interference in crop and food matrices. Interacting with H2S, probe RM shows sensitive and selective ratiometric response, with a significant wavelength shift (up to 260 nm), allowing clear spectral distinction and precise quantification. It also has a colorimetric response. The combined colorimetric and fluorescent dual-signal responses enhance measurement reliability. Probe RM has been successfully applied to image H2S in living cells and track endogenous H2S in soybean seeds under varying Cd2+ stress conditions. It has also been utilized for H2S detection in red wine and vinegar. Furthermore, when incorporated into paper strips, probe RM can be employed for on-site detection of H2S released from raw meat, serving as an indicator of meat freshness. To further support on-site quantitative detection, a portable optical data acquisition device has been developed. When coupled with this device, probe RM can efficiently be used for on-site quantitative measurement of H2S concentrations in crop and food samples. The method presented here will be convenient for on-site quantitative detection of H2S in diverse crop and food samples.

BACKGROUND:Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is a crucial disinfectant in the food industry. It can be used to soak perishable foods like vegetables, fruits, eggs, fish, and raw meat before processing and storage, eliminating microorganisms, bacteria, fungi, and pathogens to ensure food safety. HClO also helps preserve vegetables and fruits by reducing ethylene production, delaying rotting, decreasing cell membrane permeability, inhibiting polyphenol oxidase activity, and postponing discoloration. However, excessive HClO residues in food can degrade nutrients and pose health risks. Thus, it's urgent to develop an efficient method for in-situ quantitative determination of HClO in various food samples. RESULTS:A colorimetric and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe, YQ, has been developed for HClO. In YQ, the 2-(2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-ylidene) malononitrile conjugated 1,2-dihydrocyclopenta[b]chromen-6-ol acts as a NIR fluorophore, and the O-phenyl methanethioate is incorporated as a new recognition group for HClO. When exposed to HClO, the probe shows highly sensitive and selective NIR fluorescence response with detection limit of 74 nM. It also exhibits significant colorimetric changes after sensing reaction, substantially enhancing detection reliability. The probe has been applied for imaging exogenous and endogenous HClO in living cells. The residual HClO concentrations in lettuce leaves after spraying with different concentrations of HClO solutions were also monitored. Test strips made with YQ enable in-situ HClO detection in water samples. Notably, to accomplish in-situ quantitative detection, a portable optical signal detection system was devised. Probe YQ, together with this self-fabricated system, has been implemented for in-situ quantitative detection of HClO in tomatoes and strawberries. SIGNIFICANCE:Existing methods for quantifying HClO typically require costly equipment, advanced technical skills, and complex sample preparation, making them unsuitable for in-situ quantification. Here, the developed colorimetric and NIR fluorescent probe for HClO avoids background interference from the food matrix and enhances detection reliability. More importantly, when coupled with the self-made portable optical signal detection system, this probe can be served as a powerful tool for in-situ quantitative measurement of HClO in diverse foods.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) are the main swine enteric coronaviruses, which pose significant threats to the swine industry due to their highly contagious nature and the severe clinical symptoms they cause in pigs. In this research, a high-throughput photo-electrochromic (EC) ratiometric sensing chip was developed for simultaneous detection of PEDV, PDCoV and TGEV. The sensing chip consists of three detection channels and one reference channel fabricated by laser etching. Three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheet-loaded ZnIn2S4 (ZnIn2S4/3DNG) as the photoelectrochemical active materials and antibodies for PEDV, PDCoV and TGEV as immuno-recognition probes were modified on the electron-injection (EI) areas. Prussian Blue (PB) as an electrochromic material is modified on the EC areas. The photogenerated electrons by ZnIn2S4/3DNG can induce the color change of PB under light illumination. The capture of viruses by their antibodies can hinder the electron transfer and affect the speed of electrochromism. Therefore, based on the ratio of the grayscale values of EC areas in three detection channels and one reference channel, the simultaneous detection of PEDV, PDCoV and TGEV can be achieved in the range of 1.0 × 102 TCID 50⋅mL-1 to 1.0 × 105 TCID 50⋅mL-1, 5.0 × 103 TCID 50⋅mL-1 to 1.0 × 107 TCID 50⋅mL-1, and 1.0 × 103 TCID 50⋅mL-1 to 1.0 × 107.5 TCID 50⋅mL-1, respectively. The sensing chip provides an efficient, portable detection platform for swine enteric coronaviruses.

Carbon aerogels, characterized by their high porosity and superior electrical performance, present significant potential for the development of highly sensitive pressure sensors. However, facile and cost-effective fabrication of biomass-based carbon aerogels that concurrently possess high sensitivity, high elasticity, and excellent fatigue resistance remains a formidable challenge. Herein, a piezoresistive sensor with a layered network microstructure (BCNF-rGO-CS) was successfully fabricated using bamboo nanocellulose fiber (BCNF), chitosan (CS), and graphene oxide (GO) as raw materials. The fabrication process involved directional ice-crystal growth and mild hydrothermal reduction methods where the directional ice-crystal growth technique imparted a stable networklike pore structure, while the mild hydrothermal reduction method ensured electrical conductivity without compromising the original properties of the CNF. Taking advantage of the stress transfer properties of the crosslinked network structure, BCNF-rGO-CS exhibited exceptional reversible compressibility (sustaining 80 % strain), high fatigue resistance (10,000 cycles at 60 % strain), and high stress retention (84.6 %) over long-term cycling. Furthermore, the BCNF-rGO-CS sensor exhibited notable low-pressure sensitivity, excellent response time (66/ 76 ms), and it was capable of responding to ultra-low pressures of 10 Pa. Based on these favorable characteristics, the piezoresistive sensor holds promising prospects for applications in body motion detection, health monitoring, and flexible electronic-skin.

CO2 oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (CO2-ODHP) is currently a prominent research focus, as it enables the conversion of propane to propylene while facilitating the resource-efficient utilization of CO2. Gallium-based catalysts are regarded as among the most promising candidates owing to their superior dehydrogenation activity. However, their intrinsic vulnerability to coking at high temperatures and low CO2 utilization efficiency during the reaction process have constrained their development. The superior activation capability of Zn for CO2 further promotes the reaction. The catalysts prepared via the electrospinning method exhibit a large specific surface area and a hierarchical pore structure, which significantly enhance the mass transfer rate while effectively suppressing coking. In this study, ZnO-Ga2O3-Al2O3 mixed oxides with varying molar ratios were synthesized through electrospinning for CO2-ODHP. At 500 degrees C, the propane conversion reached 57.5 %, with a propylene selectivity of 94.2 %. Notably, at 400 degrees C, the propane conversion was still 2.2 %, accompanied by an exceptionally high propylene selectivity of 99.8 %. Lowering the reaction temperature effectively inhibited coking. The characterization results demonstrated that the one-dimensional nanostructures fabricated via the electrospinning method exhibited a much larger specific surface area. Their distinctive multilevel pore structure facilitated enhanced mass transfer and accelerated the conversion of reaction intermediates, thereby reducing catalyst coking and improving stability. Meanwhile, the doping of Zn in the catalyst not only regulates its pH but also increases the formation of low-coordinated Ga3+ ions. Additionally, the presence of CO2 facilitates the desorption of hydrogen from the ZnO surface, thereby enhancing the overall catalytic activity. The in situ infrared results revealed that the reaction mechanism involved a two-step dehydrogenation process via isobaric cleavage of propane.

Wearable flexible sensors have aroused great interest owing to their widespread use in medical monitoring, wearable sensing, and human-computer interaction. However, conventional flexible sensors have a single signal response and are susceptible to mechanical damage, thus limiting their potential applications. Here, a self-powered flexible sensor using a cholesteric liquid crystal elastomer (CLCE)-based sandwiched architecture with mechanochromism and triboelectric response is developed. The sensor is constructed by laminating poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) from two sides to the middle CLCE layer, and a thin silver nanowire (AgNWs) is adhesive to the bottom PDMS layer used as a conductor. Specifically, the dynamic covalent bonds endow PDMS and CLCE layers with excellent self-healing performance, and the CLCE layer has a stable mechanochromism characteristic due to the variations of the helical structure upon mechanical forces. The consequent sandwiched-structure sensor has a fast electric response to the applied pressure with a response time of 139 ms and excellent cyclic response stability, which allows for monitoring human motion, as a self-powered wearable sensor. Finally, a self-powered sensing smart ring for medical monitoring of the patients with mobility problems in the hospital is demonstrated through visualization signals of structural color shift in the daytime, the "LED" light powered by finger tapping in the night-time, or the electric signal response in the special demand. This work demonstrates that CLCE-based self-powered sensors have promising applications in flexible wearables, human-computer interactions, and smart healthcare.

Recently, dynamic luminescent materials featuring programmable multicolor output and advanced coding capabilities for display and security applications have attracted significant interest. This work presents novel multicolor phosphorescence photonic crystals (MPPCs) enabling modular information encryption through the integration of photonic crystals (PCs). Room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) is generated via hydrogen bond conjugation between carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and LiOH treated aromatic acids, serving as the phosphorescence source. These phosphorescence CMC are combined with CdS PCs that provide vivid structural color. The CdS PCs establish primary information display and coding through their structural color and predefined patterns, while the RTP color and afterglow duration provide additional coding level, enhancing coding complexity and information density as distinct coding features. This synergistic combination directly enables the multi-level coding functionality of MPPCs. By merging structural color coding with the dynamic characteristics of RTP, this work provides a novel strategy for advanced anti-counterfeiting and information coding applications.

In this study, we fabricated a kind of tri-band responsive photonic crystals (TRPCs) for real-time information writing and coding. First, core-interlayer-shell nanoparticles (CISNPs) were synthesized via semi-continuous emulsion polymerization, with photobase generators grafted onto the shell of the CISNPs. The photonic crystals were obtained by a rapid method, spraying the CISNPs solution onto the substrate. Fluorescamine (FA) and diacetylene (DA) solutions were further sprayed onto the photonic crystal surface to obtain TRPCs, respectively. The TRPCs can produce color changes under the light of UVC, NIR, and UVA. According to the tri-band responsive behaviors, the TRPCs were used for real-time information writing and coding. By covering different masks, DA and FA solutions were sprayed on the assembled photonic crystal to write information. Then the written information was displayed after being exposed to the UVC, NIR, and UVA light. Furthermore, photonic crystals with different structural colors assembled by CISNPs with different particle sizes were coded according to various structural colors and fluorescence colors. In this paper, two methods of fabricating photo-responsive photonic crystals were combined, that is, modifying the nanoparticle assembled to form photonic crystals and adding photo-responsive substances into the photonic band gap, to increase the response density of the photonic crystals, which can be applied in more complex anti-counterfeiting and coding.

The photoactive material was of significant importance in organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) bioanalysis as it influences the photoinduced voltage and the mu C* product, resulting in a varying sensor sensitivity. The utilization of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as photoactive materials in OPECT analysis is promising, yet it remains a grand challenge due to the inherently narrow light absorption range and high electron-hole recombination rate. Herein, Pd NPs were encapsulated as electron acceptors into the Cu-MOF using a double-solvent method, followed by pyrolysis at the proper temperature. After pyrolysis, Cu-MOF transformed into a carbon defect-rich composite of CuO and Cu2O while retaining its high porosity and structural morphology. The resulting carbon defect-rich pyrolysis Cu-MOF (p-Cu-MOF) served as an active support, facilitating the separation of electrons and holes. The photoelectrons trigger the electron transfer of adjacent active metal components and the formation of a Schottky junction between Pd and the MOFs. This effect induces the electron donation from the MOFs. Moreover, Pd/pyrolysis Cu-MOF exhibits significantly higher visible light absorption, better water stability, and higher electrical conductivity compared to Cu-MOF and Pd/Cu-MOF. An OPECT sensor was fabricated by utilizing Pd/p-Cu-MOF as the photoactive material and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as the channel material on an integrated laser-etched FTO. The aptamer was used as the recognition element, enabling sensitive and efficient detection of residual isocarbophos.

In this study, we prepared a multicolor structural-fluorescent CdS-PEGDA photonic crystal hydrogel (SFC-CPH) with a dual display mode, which has two different optical states: structural color mode and fluorescent color mode. SFC-CPH displays structural color mode under visible light and fluorescent color mode under ultraviolet light. Initially, monodisperse CdS colloidal particles were synthesized via a hydrothermal method, leading to the self-assembly of a photonic crystal template. The high refractive index of CdS contributes to the photonic crystals' low-angle dependence and vivid structural colors. Then, a variety of fluorescent molecules were doped into poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel and combined with photonic crystals with distinct structural colors to prepare three distinct colors of SFC-CPH. We also investigated the optical characteristics and surface properties of these photonic crystal hydrogels. Based on these dual-mode display characteristics, we designed several dual-mode display patterns and a method for information encoding. The unique property of this photonic crystal hydrogel material suggests its substantial potential for applications in information storage, security, and encoding, offering innovative avenues in the realm of information display.

Bacteria-infected wound healing is one of the most challenging issues in health management that is attracting worldwide concerns. Despite great achievements with antibiotics, emergence of antibiotic-resistance retarded the wound healing process and also led to severe outcomes. Exploration of novel antibiotics together with amelioration of wound healing efficacy is desirable. Herein, a degradable microneedle patch (AAZH@MNs) was fabricated through incorporating near-infrared light responsive photothermal agents for sustained bacteria killing and prevention of biofilm formation. In addition, the antibacterial microneedle patch could even remold the microenvironment of bacteria-infected wounds through an antibacterial effect, significantly facilitating the wound healing process.