Research has suggested that domestic dogs may have undergone simultaneous domestication in both the eastern and western parts of the Eurasian continent. Alternatively, domestication may have originated in the eastern part of Eurasia and subsequently spread westwards. The northeastern region of China, which serves as a link between the expansive Eurasian steppe and the northern regions of China, is of paramount importance for investigating the origin and domestication of dogs. To establish a precise spatiotemporal framework for the genetic history of ancient dogs in China, this study conducted mitochondrial genome analysis on 110 samples obtained from five archaeological sites in the northeastern region of China, spanning from the Neolithic period to the Bronze Age. This study reveals the developmental history of domestic dogs in the Northeast region, emphasizing the close connections between domestic dogs in Northeast China approximately 10,000 to 7000 years ago and ancient domestic dogs from the Siberian Arctic and the Americas. Furthermore, around 6000 years ago, domestic dogs from the Yangtze and Yellow River basins in China gradually spread to Northeast China, leading to the replacement of the original domestic dog haplotypes. These findings provide new insights into the early spread and diffusion of domestic dogs, as well as the origin and domestication of ancient dogs in China, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon.

As one of the most important domestic animals in ancient China, the origin, diffusion and matrilineal inheritance of goats have been important issues of archaeological research. In this study, we successfully extracted mitochondrial whole genome sequences from 77 samples of goat remains excavated from 16 sites in China, which date back from the Late Neolithic (4300-3800 BP) to the Ming Dynasty (600-400 BP). The results of ancient DNA analysis indicated that the Chinese goat matrilineages began to expand 7000-6000 years ago. The discovery of sub-lineages A2 and B2 suggests that they may have evolved or derived in China. The expansion of lineage A and the decline in the number of lineage B provide important evidence for the eastward migration of humans from the western part of the Eurasian continent. Furthermore, this study confirms that ancient Chinese goats had contributed genetically to the modern goats of China, and that the Chinese goats are genetically related to goats in South and Southeast Asia. Mitochondrial genome analysis of ancient Chinese goats not only provides an important resource for future analyses and research, but also offers new perspectives for the origin and diffusion of domestic goats.

北山旧石器地点位于辽宁省沈阳市法库县石桩子村西北的Ⅱ级侵蚀阶地上,共采集石制品367件,包括石核、石片、刮削器、钻器、雕刻器、砍砸器、石镞等.原料以玛瑙为主,燧石、硅质泥岩次之,另有少量其他岩类.石制品以小型、微型为主,属于北方典型的细石器工业类型.工具类型多样,数量约占石制品总数的四分之一.其中,三类工具数量最多,均采用锤击法修理.年代应在旧石器时代晚期至新石器过渡阶段,距今约1万年左右.

The Houjinjiagoudongshan Paleolithic Locality in Nong’an County, Jilin, is an open-air site on the second-level terrace of the south bank of the Songhua River. From May 8-15, 2020, the School of Archaeology of Jilin University and the Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute of Nong’an County formed a joint team to carry out investigations. Thirty nine stone artifacts were collected from Houjinjiagoudongshan Locality, including 15 cores, 22 tools, and 2 lithic fragments. Most of the cores and tools were small sizes, but medium and micro-sized tools were occasionally seen, while no large or giant lithics were observed. The cores were simply flsked by hard hammer percussion. Scrapers account for the majority of the tools, and there are also a small quantity of borers, points, and notches. We can infer that the toolmakers had great flexibility in flaking tools and retouch repairs. On the whole, the Houjinjiagoudongshan locality shows the common characteristics of a core-flake industry of the Late Paleolithic period in the Northeast China region, so we can speculate that the cultural age of the Houjinjiagoudongshan locality should be the Late Paleolithic period.

The Nenjiang River Basin, located in the northern part of Northeast China, is an important cultural region that has attracted much attention from academic communities. Previous studies demonstrated that hunting and gathering always dominate the subsistence for prehistoric populations in this region. Herein, we further investigate the evolution of dietary and economic strategies in the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age occupations at the recently excavated Honghe site of the Nenjiang River Basin by means of a multidisciplinary approach incorporating zooarchaeological and stable isotope analysis. The results of zooarchaeological approaches indicate that the Honghe populations rely extensively on hunting and fishing during the Late Neolithic (4500-4000 cal BP), consistent with the results of previous studies. Interestingly, by the Bronze Age (3100-2400 cal BP), animal husbandry develops as one main economic strategy, corresponding to the probable decline of hunting and fishing, which is different from the previous reports. In addition, based on the results of stable isotopic approaches, C-3 plants are always prominent diets for animals and humans from the Late Neolithic to the Bronze Age, which signifies that crop agriculture does not appear to have been of primary importance during either of these eras, in contrast to the C-4 agricultural tradition formed in the Neolithic Age of the southern part of Northeast China. The findings of this paper shed some more light on the evolution of human subsistence strategies in the Nenjiang River Basin.

In September, 2020, an archaeological survey investigating Paleolithic localities in Xixia County, Nanyang City, Henan Province, was carried out by a joint team from the School of Archaeology of Jilin University and the Nanyang City Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute. Surface collection at the Nangang Locality during this survey recovered 51 stone artifacts, including cores, flakes, chunks, and retouched tools. The main industrial features of the assemblage are reduction by hard hammer direct percussion and the bipolar method. Scrapers are the most abundant of the retouched tools, with their retouched by hard hammer done mainly in a forward direction. While small stone artifacts make up the majority of the assemblage, the available geological, stratigraphic, and artifactual evidence suggest that the site dates to the Middle Pleistocene and thus probably belongs to the Early Paleolithic.

余坪地点位于河南省南召县汉水中游支流松河南岸第二级阶地前缘,于2021年3月由吉林大学考古学院、南阳市文物考古研究所调查发现.地表采集石制品38件,包括石核4件、石片3件、断块4件、使用石片5件、石器22件.个体多为小型与中型.原料皆河漫滩砾石,岩性以石英为主.石核剥片采用硬锤锤击,偶见砸击法.剥片方法属普通石核石片技术.使用石片分为刮削刃、尖刃者两类.石器包括刮削器、尖刃器、钻器、砍砸器、砍伐器和手锛.毛坯多为石片与断块,未见砾石毛坯.根据地貌与石制品特征,时代应属旧石器时代晚期.文化属性为石片石器技术系统.该地点对于探讨南北方过渡地区旧石器时代晚期的文化特点具有重要意义.

东宁蔬菜村Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ地点发现于2018年4月,均位于黑龙江省牡丹江市东宁市东宁镇蔬菜村无名小河的Ⅱ级侵蚀阶地上.Ⅰ地点发现石制品37件,原料以凝灰岩和流纹岩为主,类型包括石核、石片、工具和断块;Ⅱ地点获得石制品9件,原料以凝灰岩为主,类型包括断块和工具;Ⅲ地点获得石制品8件,原料均为火成岩类,类型均为工具.三个地点石制品风化程度大多较为严重,工具均采用锤击法修理或截断修理,工业类型均属于石片工业,年代较晚,推测为旧石器时代晚期早段.

羊草沟南山旧石器地点位于辽宁省新民市陶家屯镇羊草沟村南山辽河Ⅱ级阶地上,共发现石制品22件,原料以英安岩为主,石英次之,其他原料有少量发现.石制品以小型为主,工具最多,石核次之,断块最少,是东北典型的小石器工业类型,颇具地域特色,推测年代为旧石器时代晚期.

骨器研究是近年来动物考古学研究的重要课题之一,自1930年梁思永发现昂昂溪遗址的骨质工具以来,骨器正在成为学界研究嫩江流域史前经济形态的重要依据.2013、2014、2015和2017年黑龙江省文物考古研究所对洪河遗址进行了全面发掘,主要遗存归属于新石器时代晚期和青铜时代,除陶器、石制品和青铜器等,还出土了大量骨器,器类丰富,更有多种以往未曾见过的器类.本文通过对该遗址四个年度出土的343件骨制品进行全面介绍和梳理,分析该遗址骨器制作的工艺水平和生产变化,为进一步探讨该遗址乃至嫩江流域史前的生业模式提供重要线索.

2020年9月,南阳市文物考古研究所与吉林大学考古学院组队在西峡境内进行旧石器考古专项调查,新发现14处旧石器地点,采集石制品400余件.其中在仓房坡头地点调查获得23件石制品,类型包括石核、石片和三类工具.原料均使用本地石英.剥片技术为硬锤直接锤击.石制品组合和技术特征显示出该地点具有小石器文化传统.结合地貌、地层及石制品工业特点推测该地点形成于晚更新世早期.

From April to May, 2016, an archaeological survey for Paleolithic sites along the Muling River Basin was carried out jointly by a team from the School of Archaeology of Jilin University, the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Heilongjiang Province, and local city and county Cultural Relics Administrative institutes. A total of 21 Paleolithic localities and 974 stone artifacts were found. This paper presents the results of this survey and a typological classification of the stone artifacts found in these localities, which are divided into different industry types (Flake, Blade, and Microblade) through their characteristics. Stratigraphic methods are used to speculate on the ages of the collected assemblages. Then, their functions are discussed through considerations of percussion technique, tool processing, and toolkits. Finally, they are compared with Paleolithic sites of the same age from surrounding areas.

四平山第二地点发现石器13件,包括石核、断块和工具.经研究分析,此地点的石器工业使用锤击法剥片;工具均为三类工具,单刃刮削器最多;采用锤击法修理,复向加工为主;加工简单粗糙.以小型石器为主,属于东北地区小型石器工业类型.经对比分析,暂归于旧石器时代晚期.

2017年4月19日-29日,黑龙江省文物考古研究所等单位组成旧石器考古队,对牡丹江—绥芬河流域进行了旧石器考古专项调查.4月21日,在黑龙江省宁安市渤海镇北安村东南发现一处旧石器地点,采集到石制品113件.石器以小型为主,原料多为流纹斑岩、流纹岩、黑曜岩和玄武岩,类型包括石核、石片、石叶、细石叶、断块和工具.其中工具以片状毛坯为主,加工方式主要为单向加工,类型包括石锤、刮削器、尖刃器、凹缺器和雕刻器.根据该地点所处阶地及工具组合推测,其时代应为旧石器时代晚期.

2015年7月,张福有率田野调查队在吉林省抚松县漫江镇漫江村东部鱼池地点发现一件石磬,这在长白山地区是首次发现,意义重大.2018年5月,调查队在该地点又发现了一批以黑曜岩为主要原料的石制品,类型包括石核、石片、石叶、细石叶及各类工具等,其中工具加工较为精细.经研究,该地点的石器是一处典型的以石叶、细石叶工艺为主,同时包含有大型工具的工业类型.年代推测为旧—新石器时代过渡阶段.

本文对后套木嘎遗址新石器时代到辽金时期出土的鸟类遗存进行专题研究,通过对出土的鸟类骨骼进行个体及种群的统计和分析,探讨该遗址先民对鸟类资源的利用方式、狩猎模式、遗址的使用时间和所在地区的生态环境,为进一步研究该遗址的文化内涵提供重要线索.

对黑龙江省依兰县倭肯遗址2016年发掘出土的动物骨骼遗存进行整理,遗存共出土各类动物骨骼263件,可鉴定属种至少达15种,包括软体动物、鱼类及哺乳动物的骨骼.对动物的属种、骨骼表面的人工痕迹及骨角制品进行了鉴定与分析,并据此探讨该遗址居民的生业模式及手工业发展水平,复原遗址周边的生态环境,为进一步了解该地区的文化内涵提供了重要资料.

奥里米城址是辽金时期的城镇遗址,2015年城址内发掘出土了大量动物骨骼遗存,总数达868件.包括软体动物类、鱼类、鸟类和哺乳动物类骨骼.对该城址出土的动物骨骼进行个体及属种的统计分析,推测该城址居民的生业模式和当时城址周围的生态环境,为复原这一区域古代居民的生活图景提供重要线索.

黑龙江省肇源县大青山遗址是辽金时期遗址,在2012年发掘中出土了大量的动物骨骼遗存,总数达14962件.该批动物遗存最终可鉴定种属至少达33种,包括软体动物、鱼、鸟和哺乳动物四大类,此外出土物中还包括部分骨、角、蚌制品.通过对该遗址出土的动物骨骼遗存进行研究,对骨、角、蚌制品的分类和加工工艺进行讨论,推测该遗址居民的生业模式和遗址周围的生态环境.

2016年4月20至5月1日,吉林大学边疆考古研究中心、黑龙江省文物考古研究所和穆棱市文物管理所组成旧石器考古队,对黑龙江省穆棱河中上游流域进行旧石器田野调查.考古队于穆棱市碱场劈山发现一处旧石器地点,共采集石器126件.石器原料以灰岩、黑曜岩和砂岩为主;类型包括石核、石片及各类工具等.遗物总体特征应属小石器和细石器工业类型,石器质地多粗糙,石核几乎全部修理台面,石片和工具数量较多,部分三类工具修理较为精致.同时,该地点存在石叶和细石叶工艺.从地点的地理特征及石器工艺判断,推测年代为旧石器时代晚期.