The study of pharmacokinetics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is closely related to its efficacy and safety. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques play a crucial role in the research of TCM pharmacokinetics. However, there are few reports on the use of miniature mass spectrometry (mini-MS) for pharmacokinetic studies of TCM. In this study, we developed a rapid analytical method based on membrane electrospray ionization (MESI)-mini-MS/MS that enables direct pharmacokinetic studies of TCM. Xuebijing Injection (XBJ) is a representative drug in the combined treatment of severe diseases with TCM and Western medicine, and was selected as the model TCM in this study. Seven representative active constituents of XBJ in rat blood were directly identified and quantified after administration. In the qualitative analysis, information of the precursor-product ions in the MS/MS spectrum of each analyte must be consistent with that of the standard. In the qualitative analysis, the precursor-product ion information in the MS/MS spectrum of each analyte must be consistent with that of the standard. In the quantitative analysis, we selected appropriate quantification ions for each analyte and performed quantification based on their intensities in MS/MS analysis. Finally, we used the established MESI-mini-MS/MS method to study the pharmacokinetic parameters of seven representative constituents of XBJ in rats. The results indicate that the pharmacokinetic data obtained from direct analysis based on mini-MS are consistent with previous studies using commercial tandem mass spectrometry. This fully demonstrates that mini-MS is feasible and reliable for on-site blood concentration measurement and direct pharmacokinetic studies of TCM components. Mini-MS has the advantages and characteristics of low cost, low power consumption, and strong portability, embodying many benefits of “green analytical chemistry”. Direct determination of blood concentration and pharmacokinetic studies of TCM components based on mini-MS will have broad application prospects in the future.

This study introduces a novel pH-sensitive, hirudin-loaded antioxidant nanoparticle (HD@iNanoAOX) aimed at addressing the challenges of hirudin's short half-life and hemorrhagic transformation. HD@iNanoAOX was engineered to safeguard and prolong hirudin's bioactivity by encapsulating it within antioxidative nanoparticles, facilitating its gradual release in acidic environments. The efficacy of this approach was validated through both ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Ex vivo thrombolytic assays demonstrated that HD@iNanoAOX maintained effective clot lysis activity under acidic conditions. In vivo assessments revealed that HD@iNanoAOX significantly prolonged hirudin's half-life and reduced cerebral infarct volume in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Furthermore, HD@iNanoAOX treatment mitigated cerebral oxidative stress, suppressed hemorrhagic transformation, and prevented blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. These findings suggest that the combined thrombolytic and antioxidative properties of HD@iNanoAOX offer a promising therapeutic approach for ischemic stroke. Nonetheless, further research is warranted to optimize the formulation and assess its safety and efficacy in clinical settings.

Our previous study found that the aerial parts of Chinese liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) had pharmacological effects against chronic non-bacterial prostatitis in rats, however the pharmacologically active compounds remain unclear. Here, a method based on UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS was established to qualitatively analyse the flavonoid glycosides rich fraction extracted from the aerial part of G. uralensis Fisch., after pretreatment with n-butanol and enrichment using AB-8 macroporous resin. Using both positive and negative ion modes, 52 compounds were identified or tentatively characterised by comparison with standards and the literature: 40 flavonoids, 8 organic acids, 2 chromones, 1 coumarin, and 1 phenylethanoid glycoside. This study provides not only an approach to enrich flavonoid glycosides but also a methodology for quickly determining the relevant bioactive components in the aerial parts of G. uralensis Fisch.

Legumains belonging to C_13 peptidase family of proteins, and are ubiquitously disseminated among all vertebrate and invertebrate organisms, and have been implicated in innumerable biological and cellular functionality. Herein, we characterized and evaluated immunoregulatory characteristics of Legumain-1 from Fasciola gigantica (Fg-LGMN-1) during its interaction with host immune cells. The isopropyl-ß-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) stimulated RFg-LGMN-1 protein was positively detected by rat serum containing anti-RFg-LGMN-1 polyclonal antibodies. Furthermore, the uptake of RFg-LGMN-1 by goat monocytes was successfully confirmed using Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA). The immunohistochemical analysis revealed the native localization of LGMN-1 protein on the periphery and internal structures such as suckers, pharynx, and genital pore of the adult parasite, thereby validating its presence in excretory-secretory (ES) products of F. gigantica. The RFg-LGMN-1 co-incubated with concanavalin-A (Con-A) stimulated the increase of interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-10, and IL-17 in monocytes derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the concentration-dependent manner. However, the IL-4 cytokine in response to the RFg-LGMN-1 protein declined. These results illuminated the role of LGMN-1 during the parasite-host interface. Our findings elaborated additional evidence that Legumain protein play a role in the manipulating host immune responses during parasite infections. However, further evaluation of RFg-LGMN-1 protein in context of its immunomodulatory roles should be conducted to enhance our understandings of the mechanisms employed by F. gigantica to evade host immune responses.

The automation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pharmaceuticals has driven the development of process analysis from offline to online. Most of common online process analytical technologies are based on spectroscopy, making the identification and quantification of specific ingredients still a challenge. Herein, we developed a quality control (QC) system for monitoring TCM pharmaceuticals based on paper spray ionization miniature mass spectrometry (mini-MS). It enabled real-time online qualitative and quantitative detection of target ingredients in herbal extracts using mini-MS without chromatographic separation for the first time. Dynamic changes of alkaloids in Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi) during decoction were used as examples, and the scientific principle of Fuzi compatibility was also investigated. Finally, the system was verified to work stably at the hourly level for pilot-scale extraction. This mini-MS based online analytical system is expected to be further developed for QC applications in a wider range of pharmaceutical processes.

物理学是一门实验学科，实验教学是物理教学中必不可少的一个环节。但是在我国医药院校当前的物理实验教学环境中，由于实验器材、教学课时等因素的影响，尤其是特殊时期所催生的线上教学模式，导致许多学生接触实验的机会大大降低，给大学物理实验的学习带来了很大的影响。可喜的是，随着信息技术的高速发展，同时结合新课改中明确提出的要将现代信息技术融于教学之中的政策基础，为物理实验教学开辟了一条新的道路：虚拟仿真实验室的建设与探究。医药院校物理学虚拟仿真实验作为物理学实验教学的一种方法，可以完成在真实物理实验室难以完成的实验。

目的:筛选出稳定可行的急性、慢性高尿酸血症大鼠模型,为抗高尿酸药物的研发提供模型工具.方法:急性高尿酸血症大鼠模型采用皮下注射次黄嘌呤(HX)+腹腔注射氧嗪酸钾(OAPS)和单纯腹腔注射OAPS的方法造模,在造模后0 h、1 h、2 h、4 h、8 h、10 h眼眶取血,测定血尿酸、血肌酐及血清尿素氮水平.慢性高尿酸血症大鼠每天灌胃酵母膏(YE)+腺嘌呤(AP)溶液+定期腹腔注射OAPS溶液和每天灌胃乙胺丁醇(EMB)+OAPS混合溶液的方式造模,连续给药 14 d,停止给药后继续观察 14 d,在第4、6、8、11、14、15、16、18、20、22、25、28 天大鼠眼眶取血检测血尿酸、血肌酐、血清尿素氮,在第 14、28 天取大鼠肾脏进行肾组织病理学检测.结果:2 种急性模型均出现了尿酸值短暂性升高和急性肾脏损伤情况,而HX+OAPS联合模型高尿酸水平维持时间更长.2 种慢性模型尿酸水平显著提高并出现了肾脏损伤,停止造模后,2 种高尿酸水平可以维持 1 周左右,EMB+OAPS给药肾脏损伤更加严重,2 周后各项指标仍处于高水平.结论:4 种方法均可建立急性慢性高尿酸血症动物模型,但是HX+OAPS联合给药的急性模型和灌胃EMB+OAPS混合溶液的慢性模型病理症状更加明显,维持时间也更长,更适于药物的筛选.

The present study investigated the chemical constituents from the aerial parts of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. The ethanol extract of the aerial parts of G. uralensis was separated and purified by different column chromatographies such as macroporous resin, silica gel, and Sephadex LH-20, and through preparative HPLC and recrystallization. Thirteen compounds were isolated and identified as(2S)-6-[(Z)-3-hydroxymethyl-2-butenyl]-5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-dihydroflavanone(1),(2S)-8-[(E)-3-hydroxymethyl-2-butenyl]-5,7,3',5'-tetrahydroxy-dihydroflavanone(2), α,α'-dihydro-5,4'-dihydroxy-3-acetoxy-2-isopentenylstilbene(3), 6-prenylquercetin(4), 6-prenylquercetin-3-methyl ether(5), formononetin(6), 3,3'-dimethylquercetin(7), chrysoeriol(8), diosmetin(9),(10E,12Z,14E)-9,16-dioxooctadec-10,12,14-trienoic acid(10), 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-6-prenyl-dihydroflavanone(11), naringenin(12), dibutylphthalate(13). Compounds 1-3 are new compounds, and compounds 10 and 13 are isolated from aerial parts of this plant for the first time.

Severe pneumonia is one of the most common infectious diseases and the leading cause of sepsis and septic shock. Preventing infection, balancing the patient’s immune status, and anti-coagulation therapy are all important elements in the treatment of severe pneumonia. As multi-target agents, Xuebijing injection (XBJ) has shown unique advantages in targeting complex conditions and saving the lives of patients with severe pneumonia. This review outlines progress in the understanding of XBJ’s anti-inflammatory, endotoxin antagonism, and anticoagulation effects. From the hundreds of publications released over the past few years, the key results from representative clinical studies of XBJ in the treatment of severe pneumonia were selected and summarized. XBJ was observed to effectively suppress the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, counter the effects of endotoxin, and assert an anticoagulation effect in most clinical trials, which are consistent with experimental studies. Collectively, this evidence suggests that XBJ could play an important and expanding role in clinical medicine, especially for sepsis, septic shock and severe pneumonia.

[目的]对光果甘草地上部分(茎、叶)的黄酮类化学成分进行分析,为进一步开发利用光果甘草地上部分及阐明其药效物质基础提供科学依据.[方法]将光果甘草地上部分醇提样品水沉,分为水溶性、脂溶性部位;采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆-静电场轨道阱联用(UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS)法检测样品,使用Xcalibur软件处理分析数据,将得到的成分分子质量、多级图谱碎片信息结合文献、数据库及标准品进行指认.[结果]从光果甘草地上部分共检测出 100个黄酮类成分,有 97 种在光果甘草地上部分被首次发现;其中水溶性样品检测出 61 种,脂溶性样品检测出69 种.[结论]通过UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS法,对光果甘草地上部分建立了快速、准确的定性方法,同时证实黄酮类成分含量丰富,为进一步开发利用提供依据.

Objective:To screen active constituents of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)as potential virulence inhibitors of Salmonella pathogenicity island Ⅲ(SPI-3). Methods:The potential binding of TCM constituents to the MgtC protein of SPI-3 was clarified using molecular docking.The β-galactosidase assay was used to evaluate the effect of the TCM constituents on mgtC transcription.Finally,the effect of the drug on bacterial growth was investigated by assessing the growth curves and transcription levels of the key metabolic genes. Results:All 27 candidate TCM constituents showed that they could potentially bind to MgtC.The addi-tion of ferulic acid,p-hydroxycinnamic acid,arctiin,and palmatine resulted in a more than 15％reduction in the transcriptional activity of mgtC.The minimum inhibitory concentrations of those four constituents on mgtC transcription were as follows:ferulic acid,16 μM;p-hydroxycinnamic acid,40 μM;arctiin,80 μM;and palmatine,160 μM.Additionally,we confirmed that none of these four constituents inhibited bacterial growth. Conclusion:In this study,we established a screening method for Salmonella virulence inhibitors based on the β-galactosidase assay,targeting SPI-3.Twenty-seven TCM constituents were screened,and four were found to have potentially potent inhibitory effects on Salmonella virulence.This provides lead com-pounds from herbal medicines for the development of novel antibiotics in the future.This method can also be used to screen for the virulence inhibitors of other pathogenic bacteria.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Glycyrrizae Radix et Rhizoma has various effects, including tonifying the spleen and qi, clearing heat and toxic substances, eliminating phlegm, relieving cough and pain, and harmonizing the effects of other medicines. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries.Aims of the study: This review systematically collates the identification of Glycyrrhiza Linn. species with medicinal value and their distributions. The morphological and genetic characteristics, distribution, quantity of reserves in China, suitable environment, and area of suitable habitat of important medicinal species were reviewed. The effects of the natural environment and cultivation management (water and nutrients) on the growth and quality of licorice were reviewed. The aim is to make people have a systematic understanding of the status of medicinal plant resources of the G. Linn., and understand the natural and human factors that affect its quality, so as to provide help for the collection of resources of the important medicinal licorice and the human control of its quality in the future.Materials and methods: We conducted extensive searches of the primary literature, master's and doctoral theses, and pharmacopeias of many countries using PubMed, Geenmedical, CNKI, Web of Science, SCI-hub and other databases. The keywords used in searches included "classification of Glycyrrhiza," "medicinal Glycyrrhiza," "distribution of Glycyrrhiza," and "suitable environment for Glycyrrhiza" The results of research conducted by our research group on the morphological and genetic characteristics, natural distribution, and effects of artificial regulation on the growth and quality of licorice were summarized.Results: There are approximately 29 species of G. Linn. worldwide, including 15 species with medicinal value. These species occur on all continents except Antarctica across 41 countries. Only one licorice is recorded in Indian pharmacopoia,two species are recorded in US and Japanese pharmacopoeias,and three species are recorded in most national pharmacopoeias: G. glabra Linn., G. uralensis Fisch. and G. inflata Batalin. These three medicinal licorice species are mainly distributed in Eurasia, especially Central Asia. The main morphological differences between these three medicinal licorice species are in the leaves, inflorescences, pods, and seeds, and they can be distinguished by ITS and psbA-trnH sequences. The reserves of wild licorice in China have decreased annually to 1.04 million(t) in 2010. The cultivation area of G. uralensis Fisch in China is currently approximately 26,900 hm2. Soil conditions have a substantial effect on the yield and quality of G. uralensis Fisch, especially water and nutrients. Appropriate irrigation and fertilization measures can enhance the quality of G. uralensis Fisch.Conclusions: G. Linn. species and their natural distributions were summarized. The morphology, genetic char-acteristics, suitable environment, and area of suitable habitat of three medicinal licorice species collected in major countries were described. The main environmental conditions and cultivation measures affecting their growth and medicinal quality were determined. This article provides a comprehensive review on G. Linn. me-dicinal plant resources to enhance the future use of these resources.

The quality of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) raw materials is essential, and mass spectrometry (MS)-based technologies have been playing key roles in the quality control of CHMs. However, the use of miniature mass spectrometry (mini-MS) for quality control of CHMs has rarely been reported. In this work, we developed a rapid analytical method for the quality evaluation of CHMs based on paper spray ionization (PSI)-mini-MS/MS. The quality evaluation of Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. was used as an example. Following a "multi-component" quality evaluation strategy, nine active constituents of L. japonicum were selected to be used as analytes for quality control. We confirmed that the precursor-product ion information in the MS/MS spectra of each analyte in the herbal extracts was consistent with the standards. Also, we developed a mini-MS-based quantitative method for each analyte using its quantification ion. The quantitative methodology was rigorously validated using quality control samples. Finally, the quality evaluation of L. japonicum was carried out using the established MS/MS method combined with statistical analysis. A wide range of common quality issues with L. japonicum can be effectively determined, including whether it is adulterated with sand and distinguishing among different parts and species. This study demonstrates that mini-MS for quality evaluation of CHMs is feasible. Mini-MS for quality evaluation of herbal medicines will potentially have a good prospect due to its many advantages such as low cost, low power consumption, and portability in the future.

课堂教学是教育教学中最重要、最普遍的一种教育手段,是教师传递给学生知识、技能最主要的渠道.主要包括教师的讲解、学生的回答、教师所设计的一系列教学活动,以及教学过程中使用的相关资料和教具等.教学是一门科学,也是一门艺术,而艺术就是一个追求美、创造美、展现美的过程.通过教学实践对如何上好一堂"美"的课程进行了探讨与总结,旨在为提高教师的教学质量及教学水平提供新思路与新方法,使课堂教学真正达到调节心情、净化灵魂、陶冶情操、提高思想境界、促进身心健康发展的完美状态.

The present study explored the physiological mechanism of the effects of different pH treatments on the growth, physiological characteristics, and stachydrine biosynthesis of Leonurus japonicus to provide references for the cultivation and quality control of L. japonicus. Under hydroponic conditions, different pH treatments(pH 5,6,7,8) were set up. The growth, physiology, and the content of stachydrine and total alkaloids of L. japonicus, as well as the content of key intermediate products in stachydrine biosynthesis pathway(i.e., pyruvic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, glutamic acid, and ornithine) were monitored to explore the physiological mechanism of the effects of pH on the growth and active components of L. japonicus. The results showed that L. japonicus. could grow normally in the pH 5-8 solution. The pH treatment of neutral acidity was more conducive to the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments and the increase in soluble protein in leaves of L. japonicus. to promote its growth and yield. However, since stachydrine is a nitrogen-containing pyrrolidine alkaloid, its synthesis involves the two key rate-limiting steps of nitrogen addition: reductive ammoniation reaction and Schiff base formation reaction. High pH treatments promote the synthesis and accumulation of substrates and products of the above two reactions, indicating that the alkaline environment can promote the nitrogen addition reaction, thereby promoting the biosynthesis and accumulation of stachydrine.

目的:阐明不同营养元素对菘蓝生长的影响,明确其营养需求,为菘蓝的精准施肥提供理论依据.方法:以菘蓝幼苗为研究对象,采用水培法研究元素种类和浓度对其生长特性的影响,观察缺素处理菘蓝幼苗的典型特征,测定不同处理菘蓝生长和生理指标.结果:元素氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)对菘蓝幼苗生长具有关键作用.菘蓝对不同营养元素的需求程度不一,低浓度Zn、硼(B),中浓度N、K、Mg、Fe、Mn,高浓度P、Ca、Cu对菘蓝生长有显著促进作用.结论:N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn元素对菘蓝生长影响较大,尤其是K、N、Fe、P元素.

根据多年的教学经验总结出医药院校的数理学科在教学中应努力做到"三圆融",即"与思政教育相圆融、与医药应用相圆融、与医药科研前沿相圆融"的创新教学模式.该"三圆融"教学模式的提出深受同行的高度肯定,一致认为"三圆融"教学模式是未来中医药人才培养的最科学、最符合医药院校特点的教育教学模式,也是中医药走向现代化和国际化历程中最为重要的教育途径之一.总结教学实践经验,对数理学科"三圆融"教学模式进行了一些梳理,旨在为数理学科的同行通过本学科的教学,能够为进一步解决医药院校"培养什么人、怎样培养人、为谁培养人"这一教育根本问题提供一些经验参考,同时为未来中医药人才解码中医药做出贡献.

Comprehensive chemistry experiments are very important to improve the overall quality of students, and to cultivate practical ability and innovation ability. This paper designs a comprehensive chemistry experiment. The experiment involved the extraction of crude berberine hydrochloride（BBH） from Berberis pliretii Schneid, recrystallization for purification, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of purified BBH using the Brick-L miniature mass spectrometry（mini-MS）. It can help undergraduate students better get in touch with the frontiers of analytical chemistry and develop students’ ability to analyze and solve chemical problems.

Interdisciplinary experiments within chemistry are very important for the improvements in the overall quality of the education received by students. In this work, we describe an interdisciplinary experiment that was successfully completed by undergraduate students. This training integrates multiple disciplines including natural product medicinal chemistry, organic synthesis, and instrumental analysis. The experiment involved the extraction of crude berberine hydrochloride (BBH) from Coptidis rhizoma, recrystallization for purification, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of purified BBH using the "Brick-L" miniature mass spectrometer (mini-MS). The use of mini-MS analysis is the highlight of this work. Mini-MS offers an unprecedented opportunity to incorporate MS analysis into regular undergraduate teaching due to its small size, low power consumption, and portability. The modular design of the mini-MS instrument used in this work allows instructors to disassemble the instrument on-site in the laboratory to show and introduce the actual structure and components inside the instrument to students. Students not only gain hands-on experience with technology but also have the opportunity to see some of the "inner workings" rather than simply treating the mass spectrometer as "a black box". This greatly helped students understand the construction and analysis principles of MS and motivated students to learn about scientific instruments. This comprehensive experiment can help undergraduate students to improve their overall ability and get in touch with the frontiers of analytical chemistry. This teaching practice can also provide a viable case for comprehensive chemistry experiments in other related disciplines.

目的 探究不同水平的氮素和磷素对根瘤菌液处理下甘草根瘤生长及固氮活力的影响.方法 设置甘草播种盆栽试验,对盆栽土壤施加根瘤菌液,播种浸泡根瘤菌液的甘草种子,采用不同水平的氮素和磷素处理,调查取样,测定甘草生长指标、成分含量及根瘤固氮活力.结果 随着氮素和磷素水平的增加,甘草根部及根瘤的生长指标呈先升后降的趋势,其中N2和P2处理的甘草根长、根粗、根鲜重最大,单株结瘤数最多,分别为对照组的5.35倍和2.14倍;N1和P1处理的根瘤单重最高,分别为对照组的4.49倍和5.43倍.根瘤豆血红蛋白含量随着氮素水平的增加呈先升后降的趋势,以N2处理的含量最高,为对照组的1.96倍;随着磷素水平的增加根瘤豆血红蛋白的含量呈下降趋势.甘草酸和甘草苷含量随着氮素水平的增加先升高后下降,其中N2处理的含量最高;随着磷素水平的增加甘草酸和甘草苷含量呈上升趋势.结论 在施加根瘤菌液的条件下,适量的氮素、磷素可以促进甘草生物量和活性成分积累,促进甘草结瘤,提高根瘤的固氮活力.