Sea Island cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) is a premium raw material for high-end textiles due to its excellent fiber quality. The AP2/ERF transcription factor family plays critical roles in plant growth and hormone signaling. Here, 161 GbERF family members were identified in Sea Island cotton and classified into nine subgroups, with GbERF13 belonging to Group V. Expression analysis revealed that GbERF13 was specifically and highly expressed in fibers, with transcript abundance peaking at 15-30 days post-anthesis (DPA), coinciding with the transition from fiber elongation to secondary wall thickening. Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatment significantly induced GbERF13 expression and inhibited fiber elongation. Heterologous overexpression of GbERF13 in Arabidopsis increased trichome and root hair numbers while suppressing primary root growth, confirming its role in cell elongation and development. A nonsynonymous SNP (A/C) at the 117th base pair of the GbERF13 coding region (GbERF13-117SNP) was identified in 213 Sea Island cotton accessions. Association analysis showed the C allele was significantly and positively associated with fiber length, strength, and uniformity. An allele-specific PCR marker was further developed for molecular breeding. Collectively, GbERF13 acts as a key ABA-responsive transcription factor regulating fiber development, and its functional SNP marker provides a valuable tool for improving Sea Island cotton fiber quality.

This study aims to investigate the pattern of dynamic leaf color changes (red-green-red) in red-leaf cotton under drought stress and rewatering, and to reveal the underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses, combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), were employed to systematically study the physiological, gene expression, and metabolite changes in red-leaf cotton under mild drought, severe drought, and after rewatering. Under mild drought stress, red-leaf cotton accumulated higher levels of anthocyanins while maintaining relatively good photosynthetic performance, demonstrating an effective photoprotective response. In contrast, severe drought stress led to a significant decrease in anthocyanin content, accompanied by sharply reduced water retention and photosynthetic capacity, indicating a shift in physiological strategy towards survival priority. After rewatering, red-leaf cotton reactivated the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, gradually restored anthocyanin synthesis, and showed clear phenotypic recovery. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the reprogramming of gene expression related to anthocyanin synthesis and drought tolerance pathways. Metabolomic analysis identified metabolites such as phenylalanine and 2-hydroxyquinoline, which provide precursors for anthocyanin synthesis.The research indicates that red-leaf cotton responds to drought and rewatering by dynamically regulating the flavonoid synthesis and metabolic network, demonstrating robust metabolic repair and stress memory capabilities. These mechanisms provide important theoretical support for breeding drought-resistant cotton varieties.

Drought, heat, and salinity severely constrain the yield and fiber quality of Gossypium hirsutum. Although abscisic acid (ABA) is a central regulator of plant abiotic stress responses, whether exogenous ABA elicits a core response shared with multiple abiotic stresses in G. hirsutum remains unclear. Here, we identified 200 μM ABA as an effective concentration for mitigating physiological damage under drought, heat, and salt stress, and integrated time-series RNA-seq, hormone profiling, and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) to characterize ABA-induced responses. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified 3345 core differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared among ABA, drought, heat, and salt treatments, which were enriched in circadian rhythm, photosynthesis, water homeostasis, and carbon metabolism. Hormone profiling showed rapid accumulation of ABA and ABA-glucose ester after ABA treatment, accompanied by enhanced jasmonate- and ethylene-related signals and reduced salicylic acid and gibberellin levels. ATAC-seq revealed increased promoter chromatin accessibility at 12h after ABA treatment, and accessibility changes were generally positively associated with the expression of nearby genes. Integration of shared DEGs, promoter-associated differentially accessible regions (DARs), and motif enrichment identified a candidate regulatory network consisting of 24 transcription factors (TFs) and 439 putative target genes. Functional analysis further supported Gh_MYB-D as a positive regulator associated with tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. Together, these results provide a candidate regulatory framework for ABA-enhanced abiotic stress tolerance in G. hirsutum and nominate genes for future functional validation.

Mining activities have boosted economic development but severely damaged the Qinling ecological environment, with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) pollution being particularly prominent. This study compared artificial and natural restoration by integrating PTEs contamination, vegetation diversity, and soil physicochemical properties. Results showed that after restoration, surface water pollution remained extremely severe-Pb, Cd, As, and Ni exceeded standards by 127.76, 136.40, 20.54, and 5.46 times respectively, while in soil, only Cd (4.40-19.82 times) and As (1.30-2.80 times) exceeded standards. Additionally, the heavy metal pollution index (HPI) of surface water in artificial restoration (8304) was significantly lower than that in natural restoration (11222) (P < 0.01), with richer vegetation diversity, but vegetation succession deviated from natural laws. No significant difference was observed in soil restoration efficacy between the two approaches, but the soil physicochemical properties (total colonies, soil organic matter, nitrogen content, soil organic carbon content, moisture content) had lower averages than natural restoration. These findings reflect the distinct short-term phased trajectories of the two restoration approaches: artificial restoration prioritizes vegetation coverage recovery, whereas natural restoration focuses on soil ecosystem stabilization. Finally, correlation analysis, Ridge regression, and structural equation modeling models indicated that vegetation diversity in artificial restoration was positively correlated with PTEs pollution, and the regulatory effect of soil properties on PTEs was weaker than that in natural restoration, suggesting natural restoration has higher adaptability, while artificial restoration has suboptimal vegetation selection and needs to be combined with natural restoration.

CaM-binding Protein 60-like G (CBP60g) and Systemic Acquired Resistance Deficient 1 (SARD1) are key immune signalling regulators that redundantly promote salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis and plant immunity. Pathogen effectors often target these immune nodes to suppress plant defence. However, the role of bacterial effectors in disabling CBP60g and SARD1 to increase plant susceptibility remains unclear. In this study, we show that RipAW, an E3 ligase effector from Ralstonia solanacearum , induces root architecture changes and enhances plant susceptibility to R. solanacearum in Est::RipAW transgenic plants. The constitutively expressed RipAW (C177S) , lacking E3 ligase activity, did not affect root architecture or plant susceptibility, indicating that RipAW's E3 ligase activity is crucial for these phenotypes. Transcriptional profiling of Est::RipAW plants revealed strong up-regulation of CBP60g and SARD1, while the SA signalling pathway remained in a basal state. Transient expression of RipAW and CBP60g in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that RipAW associates with CBP60g and affects its stability. Genetic analysis revealed that loss-of-function mutations in CBP60g and SARD1 increased plant susceptibility to R. solanacearum, but did not enhance RipAW-mediated pathogen growth. Furthermore, growth of the R. solanacearum Δ RipAW null mutant strain was reduced in wild-type plants but restored in cbp60g/sard1 mutant plants, confirming that the promotion of RipAW on bacterial growth is dependent on CBP60g and SARD1. Surprisingly, CBP60g and SARD1 were not involved in R. solanacearum -induced and RipAW-triggered root architecture changes. Overall, our findings demonstrate that RipAW increases plant susceptibility to R. solanacearum via both CBP60g/SARD1-dependent and -independent pathways.

Potato is the world's most important nongrain crop. In this study, to assess genetic diversity within the Petota section, 29 genomes from Petota and Etuberosum sections were newly de novo assembled and 248 accessions of wild potatoes, landraces, and modern cultivars were re-sequenced at >25× depth. Subsequently, a graph-based pangenome was constructed using DM8.1 as the backbone, integrating194,330 nonredundant structural variants. To characterize the metabolome of tubers and illuminate the genomic basis of metabolic traits, LC-MS/MS was employed to obtain the metabolome of 157 accessions, and 9,321 structural variants (SVs) were detected to be significantly associated with 1,258 distinct metabolites via PAV (presence and absence variations)-based metabolomics-GWAS analysis, including metabolites of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and phospholipids. To facilitate the utilization of pangenome resources, a comprehensive platform, the Potato Pangenome Database (PPDB), was developed. Our study provides a comprehensive genomic resource for dissecting the genomic basis of agronomic and metabolic traits in potato, which will accelerate functional genomics studies and genetic improvements in potato.

Biodegradable plastics are increasingly used as a potential alternative to nondegradable plastics to tackle plastic pollution. However, recent studies have raised concerns about the ecological risks posed by biodegradable microplastics (MPs), which mainly focused on the risks generated by MPs themselves, neglecting the risks associated with the MPs derived dissolved organic matter (DOM). Therefore, this study selected polylactic acid (PLA) MPs with 50 mu m particle size and polystyrene (PS) MPs with 50 mu m and 500 nm particle sizes as representatives of biodegradable and nondegradable MPs, respectively, to comparative investigate their photoaging behavior, particularly the differences in DOM release. The results showed that both PLA-MPs and PS-MPs exhibited considerable photoaging under ultraviolet irradiation, accompanied by different color changes (PS turned yellow and PLA turned grayish brown), which were attributed to the different functional groups produced on their surfaces after photoaging (PS-MPs: C--O, PLA-MPs: terminal-COOH). Additionally, excitation-emission matrix characterization combined with parallel factor analysis revealed that 50 mu m PLA-MPs (16-23 %) released more protein-like low molecular weight DOM during photoaging than that of both 50 mu m PS-MPs (7-13 %) and 500 nm PS-MPs (8-18 %). Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) further confirmed that PLA-MPs (41.4 %) produced more unstable DOM easily utilized by microorganisms than that of 50 mu m PS-MPs (6.3 %) and 500 nm PS-MPs (7.9 %). These results together suggested that biodegradable MPs with small particle size derived DOM may have a greater impact on microbial activity and carbon cycle than that of nondegradable MPs.

Cotton, as a globally important fiber crop, is significantly affected by drought stress during production. This study uses the drought-resistant variety Jin and the drought-sensitive variety TM-1 as test materials. Through multi-period drought stress treatments at 0 d, 7 d, 10 d, 15 d, and 25 d, combined with dynamic monitoring of physiological indicators, RNA sequencing, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis, the molecular mechanism of cotton drought resistance is systematically analyzed. Dynamic monitoring of physiological indicators showed that Jin significantly accumulated proline, maintained superoxide dismutase activity, reduced malondialdehyde accumulation, and delayed chlorophyll degradation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Jin specifically activated 8544 differentially expressed genes after stress, which were significantly enriched in lipid metabolism (α-linolenic acid, ether lipids) and secondary metabolic pathways. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified co-expression modules significantly correlated with proline (r = 0.81) and malondialdehyde (r = 0.86) and selected the key hub gene Gh_A08G154500 (WRKY22), which was expressed 3.2 times higher in Jin than in TM-1 at 15 days of drought stress. Functional validation suggested that WRKY22 may form a “osmotic regulation–membrane protection” co-regulatory network by activating Pro synthesis genes (P5CS) and genes involved in the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. This study reveals, for the first time, the possible dual regulatory mechanism of WRKY22 in cotton’s drought resistance, providing a theoretical basis for cotton drought-resistant breeding.

The novel plant hormone strigolactones (SL) are involved significantly in plant growth and development. Its key members SMXL6, 7, 8 can modulate SL signal reception and response negatively and can regulate plant branching remarkably. There are relatively scarce studies of cotton SMXL gene family, and this study was carried out to clarify the role of GbSMXL8 in cotton fiber development. Phylogenetic analysis identified 48 cotton SMXL genes, which were divided into SMXL-I (SMXL 1, 2), SMXL-II (SMXL 3) and SMXL-III (SMXL6, 7, 8) groups. The results of the cis-element analysis indicated that the SMXL gene could respond to hormones and the environment to modulate cotton growth process. A candidate gene GbSMXL8 was screened out based on the expression difference in extreme varieties of Gossypium barbadense. Tissue-specific analysis indicated that GbSMXL8 was mainly expressed in roots, 20D, 25D, and 35D and was involved in SL signaling pathways. In vitro ovule culture experiments showed that exogenous SLs (GR24) could promote the fiber elongation of G. barbadense, and GbSMXL8 expression was increased after GR24 treatment, indicating that GbSMXL8 was specifically responsive to GR24 in regulating fiber growth. GbSMXL8 knockout resulted in creased length and number of epidermal hairs and the length of fiber, indicating the interference role of GbSMXL8 gene with the development of cotton fiber. The GbSMXL8 transgenic plant was detected with a higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate than those of the control plant, producing a direct impact on plant growth, yield, and biomass accumulation. GbSMXL8 gene knockout could increase plant height, accelerate growth rate, and lengthen fiber length. Intervening GbSMXL8 may mediate cotton growth, plant type formation and fiber elongation. In conclusion, the present study uncovers the function of GbSMXL8-mediated SL signal in cotton, providing theoretical insight for future breeding of new cotton varieties.

Phenylalanine (Phe), an aromatic amino acid, is a key precursor of flavonoids, which are crucial for plant growth and development. Arogenate dehydratase (ADT) catalyzes the final step in Phe biosynthesis. This study identified eleven ADT genes in G. hirsutum, twelve in G. barbadense, six in G. arboreum, and six in G. raimondii. Among them, GhADT5 exhibited the highest upregulation under alkali stress. Silencing GhADT5 using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) reduced cotton tolerance to alkali stress. GhADT5 silencing also led to decreased plant phenylalanine content, total flavonoid content, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). These reductions caused intracellular accumulation of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). This oxidative damage ultimately reduced tolerance to alkali stress. In addition, silenced plants displayed reduced stomatal aperture, cellular deformation, and irregular intercellular breaks in the leaf epidermis. In summary, these findings suggest that GhADT5 may enhance resistance to alkali stress by regulating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. This study highlights the role of GhADT5 under alkali stress and provides novel insights for breeding cotton varieties with improved stress tolerance.

The distribution patterns of antibiotic resistomes in biological soil crusts (biocrusts) and the underlying factors influencing them remain poorly understood. Here, metagenomic sequencing was used to profile antibiotic resistomes in biocrusts of urban green space soils in 54 cities across China. The biocrust samples harbored ARGs associated with resistance against 21 classes of antibiotics such as betalactams, quinolones, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. Total ARG abundance was positively correlated with total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and lignin concentrations in biocrusts. The geographic factors, environmental factors, and DOM components only explained 18.1 % of the total variation of resistome in 54 samples, whereas the bacterial and mobile genetic element (MGE) communities explained 59.3 % of the total variation. In contrast with deterministic processes, stochastic processes played a more dominant role in shaping the resistomes across different samples (average stochasticity: 81.2 %) and were correlated with MGE communities. Findings of the present study demonstrate the ecological distribution of antibiotic resistomes in biocrusts of urban green spaces under different biotic and abiotic conditions over a continental scale.

Soil aeration plays a critical role in regulating root development and soil nutrient dynamics, which are essential for optimizing tomato fruit yield. However, the mechanisms underpinning how different soil aeration techniques influence root characteristics and soil nitrogen cycling remain underexplored. This study aims to evaluate the effects of micro-nano bubble aeration and underground air layer treatments on soil oxygen concentration, root morphology, nitrogen cycling, and ultimately tomato fruit yield. A two-season field experiment was conducted in Xi’an, China. Micro-nano bubble aeration treatments were applied before irrigation with dissolved oxygen levels set at 6.5 mg/L (N1) and 8.0 mg/L (N2). Additionally, underground air layer treatments were implemented without vertical pipes (L1) and with vertical pipes (L2). Measurements included soil pore O2 and CO2 concentrations, root morphology and activity, root extract concentrations, soil nitrogen forms (NO3−-N and NH4+-N), and tomato yield. Both aeration treatments significantly increased soil pore O2 while reducing CO2 levels, promoting improved root morphology, higher root extract concentrations, and elevated root activity. This led to enhanced tomato yields. Soil aeration also altered nitrogen cycling, increasing nitrate (NO3−-N) and decreasing ammonium (NH4+-N) concentrations. It is recommended to maintain soil moisture at 60

Drought stress poses a significant threat to global agriculture, making drought tolerance a key target in cotton breeding. In this study, 22 Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers were developed based on drought-related QTL intervals in upland cotton. A total of 502 core germplasm accessions were genotyped and evaluated for drought tolerance under controlled conditions. Phenotype–genotype association analysis identified 10 markers significantly associated with drought performance, among which markers 22079 and 22089 exhibited high selection accuracy (>85 %). Haplotype analysis further revealed that Hap8 showed 100 % accuracy in identifying drought-tolerant accessions. Key agronomic traits, including plant height (PH), effective fruit branch number (EFBN), effective boll number (EBN), single boll weight (SBW), and transpiration rate (Tr), were significantly correlated with drought tolerance and linked to the identified markers. Candidate gene prediction highlighted several drought-responsive genes, such as a Bacillus-like protease and a 14–3–3 protein. Functional exploration of the 14–3–3 gene through RNA sequencing, yeast two-hybrid screening, and Arabidopsis phenotyping supported its potential role in drought resistance. These validated KASP markers and gene candidates provide effective tools for marker-assisted selection (MAS) and lay a foundation for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in cotton.

Caragana korshinskii, a key species in China’s Grain for Green Project on the Loess Plateau, is effective in enhancing soil C sequestration. However, whether its contribution to SOC (soil organic carbon) stability persists over multi-decadal restoration chronosequences remains unclear. Using the time–space substitution method, we investigated the SOC fractions (POC, particulate organic C, and MAOC, mineral-associated organic C) dynamics across soil depths (0–10, 10–30, and 30–60 cm) in a 40-year chronosequence of C. korshinskii restoration, which is located in a comprehensive managed watershed on the Loess Plateau, China. The results showed that the C. korshinskii restoration chronosequence improved soil C sequestration at different scales compared to abandoned sites. In the middle phase (10–30 years), the concentration of SOC peaked at 35.88 g/kg, exceeding natural grassland (32.33 g/kg). Above- and belowground biomass accumulation drove SOC enhancement. POC as transient C inputs, and MAOC through mineral interactions, reach a peak at 7.98 g/kg which shows the greatest increase (276.81%). In the subsequent phase (after 30 years), MAOC dominated SOC stabilization, yet SOC fractions declined overall. MAOC contribution to SOC stability plateaued at 20–30%, constrained by soil desiccation from prolonged root water uptake. C. korshinskii provides the optimal SOC benefits within 10–30 years of restoration, highlighting a trade-off between vegetation-driven C inputs and hydrological limits in arid ecosystems. Beyond 30 years, C. korshinskii’s high water demand reduced SOC sequestration efficiency, risking the reversal of carbon gains despite initial MAOC advantages.

Amino acid transporters are membrane proteins that mediate amino acid transport across the plasma membrane. They play a significant role in plant growth and development. The amino acid permease (AAP) subfamily belongs to the activating transcription factor family, which is one of the main amino acid transporter families. Potato AAP genes were identified through simple bioinformatics, and the functions of StAAP1 and StAAP8 were verified by plant subcellular localization and potato transgenic technology. In this study, eight AAP-like genes in potato were separated into two subgroups based on the differences in the number of pore-lining residues. To identify the locations where the genes were expressed, we built green fluorescent protein expression vectors for two genes, StAAP1 and StAAP8, and found that these two genes were expressed on the plasma membrane. Meanwhile, we constructed overexpression vectors for these two genes to construct transgenic plants. By observing the phenotype of the transgenic plants, we concluded that StAAP1 and StAAP8 promoted leaf growth and increased leaf area and StAAP1 elongated the potato tubers. Overall, these two genes did not significantly affect tuber weight or number. However, the assessment of amino acid content in potato tubers showed that StAAP8 overexpression increased the content of amino acids, and some of these amino acids were related to protein synthesis. Therefore, StAAP8 overexpression may promote the accumulation of plant amino acids. Studies have shown that there are some differences in the functions of different transcription factor members. The studied AAP8 gene plays a role in amino acid transport and protein accumulation in potato tubers, which provides support for subsequent research on potato tuber nutrition.

AbstractDiverse pathogen effectors convergently target conserved components in plant immunity guarded by intracellular nucleotide‐binding domain leucine‐rich repeat receptors (NLRs) and activate effector‐triggered immunity (ETI), often causing cell death. Little is known of the differences underlying ETI in different plants triggered by the same effector. In this study, we demonstrated that effector RipAW triggers ETI on Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum. Both the first 107 amino acids (N1‐107) and RipAW E3‐ligase activity are required but not sufficient for triggering ETI on N. benthamiana. However, on N. tabacum, the N1‐107 fragment is essential and sufficient for inducing cell death. The first 60 amino acids of the protein are not essential for RipAW‐triggered cell death on either N. benthamiana or N. tabacum. Furthermore, simultaneous mutation of both R75 and R78 disrupts RipAW‐triggered ETI on N. tabacum, but not on N. benthamiana. In addition, N. tabacum recognizes more RipAW orthologs than N. benthamiana. These data showcase the commonalities and specificities of RipAW‐activated ETI in two evolutionally related species, suggesting Nicotiana species have acquired different abilities to perceive RipAW and activate plant defences during plant–pathogen co‐evolution.

Citrus polyphenols can modulate gut microbiota and such bi-directional interaction that can yield metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) to aid in gut homeostasis. Such interaction provides citrus polyphenols with powerful prebiotic potential, contributing to guts' health status and metabolic regulation. Citrus polyphenols encompass unique polymethoxy flavonoids imparting non-polar nature that improve their bioactivities and ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Green extraction technology targeting recovery of these polyphenols has received increasing attention due to its advantages of high extraction yield, short extraction time, low solvent consumption, and environmental friendliness. However, the low bioavailability of citrus polyphenols limits their applications in extraction from citrus by-products. Meanwhile, nano-encapsulation technology may serve as a promising approach to improve citrus polyphenols' bioavailability. As citrus polyphenols encompass multiple hydroxyl groups, they are potential to interact with bio-macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides in nano-encapsulated systems that can improve their bioavailability. This multifaceted review provides a research basis for the green and efficient extraction techniques of citrus polyphenols, as well as integrated mechanisms for its anti-inflammation, alleviating metabolic syndrome, and regulating gut homeostasis, which is more capitalized upon using nano-delivery systems as discussed in that review to maximize their health and food applications.

Background Focusing on key indicators of drought resistance is highly important for quickly mining candidate genes related to drought resistance in cotton. Results In the present study, drought resistance was identified in drought resistance-related RIL populations during the flowering and boll stages, and multiple traits were evaluated; these traits included three key indicators: plant height (PH), single boll weight (SBW) and transpiration rate (Tr). Based on these three key indicators, three groups of extreme mixing pools were constructed for BSA-seq. Based on the mapping interval of each trait, a total of 6.27 Mb QTL intervals were selected on chromosomes A13 (3.2 Mb), A10 (2.45 Mb) and A07 (0.62 Mb) as the focus of this study. Based on the annotation information and qRT‒PCR analysis, three key genes that may be involved in the drought stress response of cotton were screened: GhF6'H1 , Gh3AT1 and GhPER55 . qRT‒PCR analysis of parental and extreme germplasm materials revealed that the expression of these genes changed significantly under drought stress. Cotton VIGS experiments verified the important impact of key genes on cotton drought resistance. Conclusions This study focused on the key indicators of drought resistance, laying the foundation for the rapid mining of drought-resistant candidate genes in cotton and providing genetic resources for directed molecular breeding of drought resistance in cotton.

Colored potatoes have many health benefits because they are rich in anthocyanins. However, the constituent and property of anthocyanins in colored potatoes have not been systematically studied yet. Herein, metabolomic analysis was carried out to investigate the chemical composition of anthocyanins in the four different colored potatoes. After that, the extract and purification conditions, and the stability of the anthocyanins were further studied. The results indicated that the four colored potatoes contained abundant of polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Cyanidin, delphinidin, and malvidin were identified as the major anthocyanidins in purple potatoes, whereas red potatoes were mainly consisted of pelargonidin and its derivatives. 84.47 mg C3GE/100 g DW of anthocyanins was obtained at the optimal conditions, which could be effectively purified macroporous resin of D101. Moreover, the anthocyanins were sensitive to pH, temperature, light, redox agents, and divalent or trivalent metal ions, but stable to sugars and univalent metal ions.